Removal of Hardened Cement Deposited on PV Panels and Its Effect on Power Generation

Removal of Hardened Cement Deposited on PV Panels and Its Effect on Power Generation

Hardeep Rajput

Student, School of Energy Studies, SPPU

Vaibhav Lavhale

Student, School of Energy Studies, SPPU

Sujit Patil

Student, School of Energy Studies, SPPU

Jayeshkumar Pindoriya

Student, School of Energy Studies, SPPU

AbstractUrban environment effects the power generation capacity of PV plant. There is various type of matter present in urban area. Dust from a construction site can be categorized as

(i) Silica dust (ii)Wood dust (iii)Low toxity dust like gypsum, limestone, dolomite. When this dust gets deposited on surface of solar panel they block sun light from reaching cells. Shading of photovoltaic panel affect energy output generation. Shading of PV panel cause hotspot and other issue. Thus decreasing the life of PV panel. For this background, the purpose of our experiment (i) Removing of hardened cement on glass at low rate possible (ii) Observing after effect of acid on PV panel (iii) Observing change in PR of solar PV plant before and after cleaning The result of the experiment is increased PR of 86% and after 6 months of observation. There is no sign of damage due to use of acid for cleaning purpose.

Keywords: Anti Reflective coating(ARC), Mutric acid or Hydrochloric acid(HCl), Photovoltaic (PV), kilo-Watt hour (kWh) etc.

1. Causes of deposition
   1. INTRODUCTIONAnalyzing current scenario, the world energy demand is rising day-by-day. Nevertheless, the prices of fossil fuel are growing exponentially. Along with fossil fuel comes environmental problem which are rising at an alarming rate. There is a huge gap between supply and demand of energy. It is being predicted by 2040 fifty percent of energy will come from renewable source[1]. Solar energy, playing a major role in meeting future energy demand.

      PV systems have a life expectancy of 25 years. To ensure that they perform at full efficiency, maintenance of plants must be done regularly.

      Depending upon the type of system O&M service differs for every PV plant. Every site has different problems hence, innovation is needed. Existing method of removing cement include use of product which are expensive. This may also require more human time to manually remove and scrub each inch of area to remove cement. This scrubbing will definitely remove ARC coating. We began by observing the site and trying out various method to clean it. A small patch had been clean with HCl acid and result were satisfactory without any trouble of scrubbing. Nowadays many automation tool are available in market to remove soil from panel but there is small segment present rooftop solar. The challenges are different from ground mounted solar project. Along with soil many other man-made and natural debris get deposited on module.

      Fig. 1. Construction near PV power plant

      Fig. 2. Hardened cement on solar panel

      At the site there is construction of 5 storey building. The building is on West side of solar plant and about 7 meter apart. Thus cement particle size is 3-100 microns, hence it gets easily carried away by wind. The surface of panel is rugged thus deposition of particle becomes permanent after it is allowed to settle over a period of time.

2. Effect of Shadowing

The cause of the hot spot could be a variety of cell failures, including partial shadowing. When a cell is shadowed, it could operate in reverse mode in which the cell

consumes energy instead of generating it. shaded cell can overheat, and damage can occur in the cell or module. This can be considered a defect in the PV module[2]. The study revealed the impact of cement particles to be the most significant, with a 73 g/m2 deposition of cement dust resulting in an 80% drop in PV short-circuit voltage[3].

1. SYSTEM PERFORMANCEThe power output delivered by photovoltaic system highly depends on amount of irradiance, which reaches solar cells. Shading is divided into 2 categories, namely soft shading such as air pollution and hard shading due accumulation of dust particle. In our case it is Hard Shading and all solar cell were shaded by dust particle.

   The effect was observed as low voltage appearing across PV terminal i.e. 100 V.

2. METHODOLOGY
   1. Experimental SetupThe plant was installed in 2015. It is a fixed structure facing magnetic south. The total capacity of 3kW(DC) solar PV plant. MODERN solar polycrystalline cell panels of dimension 1645*995*42 mm total of 12 panel. Growatt 3000 Series inverter was used of capacity 3kW(AC) was used. Efficiency of inverter is 97.6%.
   2. Different methods used for cleaning
      1. Pressure (water) spray
      2. Vinegar +water
      3. Washing soda +water
      4. ½ cup of baking soda+1gallon of water+ 1/8cup of liquid dish wash detergent.
      5. Shampoo + waterBy using above methods, we did not get satisfactory result, as this method are time consuming and requires too much hard work, so we decided to try different acidic solution for cleaning. Finally, we got better results from HCL solution.
      6. HCL solution (30% w/w)
   3. Calculation
      • Total area: 19.64 m2
      • Solar insolation for that month: 5.22 kWh/m2/day
      • Panel efficiency after considering annual degradation: 245 W
      • Expected output: 12.5kWh/day
      • Actual generation: 1.8kWh/day Loss of power(%) : = 100 – ( 1.8 )*100

      12.5

      = 85.6%

   4. Duration of experimentReading of 3 consecutive days before and after cleaning the panels were taken. To observe the effect of acid on ARC coating we observed the panel for 6 months. The panel during this period were cleaned as schedule without use acid or any other cleaning agent.
   5. Data Collection

   To compare and evaluate energy and power output between cleaned and cement deposited panel data collected for three consecutive days.

   Fig. 3. Reading at end of day

   TABLE 1: ELECTRIC UNIT GENERATION BEFORE CLEANING

   Date	kWh/Day
   28 Nov. 2018	1.8
   29 Nov. 2018	1.8
   30 Nov. 2018	1.8

   Cleaning of panel included great care as no pressure can be applied or it will crack solar panel. The method used is same as acid etching concrete. Acid solution was 60% concentrated using it directly would have reacted with ARC and damaged it. To avoid any damage to ARC, solution was made with 1 part of acid mixed with 3 part of water. Chemical equations when diluted HCl react with cement are given below [6].

   1. 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O
   2. CaCl2+3CaO.Al2O3+10H2O

   3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.10H2

   The above reaction is exothermic and releases fumes.

   Now we discuss about the scrub time, the scrub was kept as short as possible. Hence as solution was poured it was allowed to react and scrubbing would follow immediately. Care was taken of not using metal scrubber hence non scratcher sponge were to clean the panel After thoroughly cleaning using solution. The panel were washed again with clean water to remove and other residue present. The total time required was 40-man hour.

   Fig. 4. Foam created due chemical reaction

   Fig. 5. Cement dropping

   There were few panel on which cement particle bonded together and made Cement Droppings. This dropping act as shadow for singe cell, but reduces the electricity output of whole panel. Thus creating a hotspot which increase the temperature of panel. These stain were hard to remove and can only be removed by using acid.

   Fig. 6. Cement covering solar power plant

   Fig. 7. Solar power plant after cleaning

3. CONCLUSION

After cleaning of panel following reading were observed

TABLE 2 : ELECTRIC UNIT GENERATION AFTER CLEANING

Generation/Day

12 After

10

8

6

Generation/Day

12 After

10

8

6

4

4

Before Shutdown

Before Shutdown

2

0

2

0

Electricity generation in kWh

Electricity generation in kWh

28-11-2018

29-11-2018

30-11-2018

01-12-2018

02-12-2018

03-12-2018

04-12-2018

05-12-2018

06-12-2018

07-12-2018

08-12-2018

28-11-2018

29-11-2018

30-11-2018

01-12-2018

02-12-2018

03-12-2018

04-12-2018

05-12-2018

06-12-2018

07-12-2018

08-12-2018

Fig. 8. Graph comparing performance before and after O&M

The main concern was after effect of acid on panel component like aluminum casing. After 6 months of inspection, the panel are working as new ones. There are no yellow patches formed which occur due to damaged ARC. Aluminum is damaged due to acid. Hence it is advised to only use acid when above condition of cement deposition occur and not to use on regular O & M.

Hard water used for cleaning of panel can accumulate over a period of time and cause scaling. This scaling cause reduction in electricity generation and become hotspots. This scaling can also be removed by acidic solution.

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