Utilization of Rice Husk Ash and Waste Paper Sludge Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete

DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV7IS080074

Download Full-Text PDF Cite this Publication

Text Only Version

Utilization of Rice Husk Ash and Waste Paper Sludge Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete

Utilization of Rice Husk Ash and Waste Paper Sludge Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete

Rasik Fayaz

2. Er. Parvinderjeet Kaur

Student, Assistant Professor,

Department of structural engineering, Department of structural engineering,

Indo Global College Of Engineering, Indo Global College Of Engineering, Mohali, Punjab 140109 Mohali, Punjab 140109

3. Er Kiran Talwar

Assistant Professor, Department of Structural Engineering,

Indo Global Group of Colleges, Mohali, Punjab 140109

Abstract – Cement mortar and concrete are the most widely used construction materials. Due to growing environmental awareness, as well as regulations on managing industrial waste, the world is increasingly turning to researching properties of industrial wastes and finding solutions on using their valuable component parts so that those might be used as secondary raw material for other industrial applications. Paper sludge production is a by-product of paper making in the Paper Mill Industries and Rice Husk is a by-product of rice processing.In the present scenario, these by-products are being used in other industrial branches and in the field of civil constructions, such as in cement manufacturing along with clinker and in masonry work for civil works. This research work demonstrates the possibilities of using rice husk ash and waste paper sludge ash together as partial replacements of cement in concrete. This research work presents an investigation of compressive strength, and split tensile strength of concrete by adding rice husk ash and waste paper sludge ash as partial replacement of cement in various percentages.In this project Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Waste Paper Sludge Ash (WPSA) obtained from uncontrolled combustion are used as an alternative construction material for concrete. In the present investigation, a feasibility study is made to use Rice Husk Ash and Waste Paper Sludge Ash as an admixture to Ordinary Portland Cement in Concrete, and an attempt has been made to investigate the strength parameters of concrete (Compressive and Splitting Strength). For control concrete, IS method of mix design is adopted and considering this a basis, mix design for replacement method has been made. Four differentreplacement levels namely 5%,10%, 15%and 20% are chosen for the study concern to replacement method. Large range of curing periods starting from 7days and 28days are considered in the present study. Cubes (150×150×150mm) and Cylinders (150ø×300mm) with varying ratios of RHA, WPSA and mix of both will be casted. Total no of cubes casted would be 78 and cylinder would be78. The various tests would be performed to evaluate the action of these materials will be normal consistency, setting time, compressive strength, splitting strength and water absorption. The study would be conducted in the framework of a research project aiming at improving the utilization potential of Rice Husk &Waste paper Sludge Ash.

1.1GENERAL

  1. INTRODUCTION

    Concrete is one of the most widely used construction products in the world. It is mixture of cement, fine aggregate, course aggregate and water. Concrete construction does not require highly skilled labour. The durability of concrete depends upon proportioning, mixing and compacting of the ingredients. The cost of construction materials is increasing day by day because of high demand, scarcity of raw materials, and high price of energy.Agricultural waste (rice husk ash) and industrial by product (silica fume) (waste paper) have been widely used as partial replacement materials or cement replacement materials in concrete works. The advantages by incorporating these supplementary cementing materials include energy consumption saving (in cement production), low cost, engineering properties improvement, and environmental conservation through reduction of waste deposit. Durability is linked to the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of materials and permeability. Any improvement in these properties is likely to aid durability. Addition of a pozzolanic material to concrete mix may lead a considerable improvement in the quality of the concrete and its durability. A pozzolanic material or pozzolan has been described as a siliceous and aluminous material. At ordinary temperature and with the presence of moisture it chemically reacts with calcium hydroxide (lime) to form compounds possessing cementitious properties. Rice husk ash (RHA) and silica fume (SF) waste paper sludge ash (WPSA)are considered as rich-silica materials or pozzolanic materials used to replace a portion by mass basic of Portland cement in order to modify the physical and engineering properties of cement and concrete. When these materials blended with cement and in the presence of water, they can react with Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) which forms in hydrated Portland cement to produce additional CalciumSilicate Hydrate (C-S-H). With the addition of the these pozzolanic materials, many aspects of concrete properties can be favorably influenced, some by physical effects associated with small particles which have generally a finer particle size distribution than ordinary Portland cement and others by pozzolanic and cementitious reactions resulting in certain

    desirable physical effects. Concrete mix proportion and rheological behavior of plastic concrete are caused by the physical effects associated with the particle size and morphology of pozzolans. Strength and permeability of hardened concrete are the main effects associated with the pozzolanic and cementitious reactions. Several studies in developing countries, including Guyana,Thailand, Pakistan and Brazil, have shown that rice husk ash (RHA) can be used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. The ability to use an agricultural waste product to substitute a percentage of Portland cement would not only reduce the cost of concrete construction in these countries, but would also provide a means of disposing of this ash, which has little alternative uses. Additionally, cement manufacturing is an energy-intensive process, so in addition to reducing the cost of concrete construction and providing a means for disposing of an agricultural waste product, incorporating RHA into concrete as a partial substitute for Portland cement would also stand to reduce the amount of energy associated with concrete construction. The rapid industrialization has resulted in generation of large quantities of wastes. Most of the wastes do not find any effective use and create environmental and ecological problems apart from occupying large tracts of valuable cultivable land. It has been observed that some of these wastes have high potential and can be gainfully utilized as raw mix / blending component in cement manufacturing. The utilization of the industrial solid wastes in cement manufacture will not only help in solving the environmental pollution problems associated with the disposal of these wastes but also help in conservation of natural resources ( such as limestone) which are fast depleting. The other benefits to cement industry include lower cost of cement production and lower greenhouse gas emission per ton of cement production. This may also enable cement industries to take benefits of carbon trading.

    2.1GENERAL

  2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

    This chapter describes the properties of material used for making concrete mixes determined in laboratory as per relevant codes of practice. Different materials used in tests were OPC, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, rice husk ash and wate paper sludge ash. The description of various tests which were used in this study is given below:

    1. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

      Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 53 Grade (Ambuja cement) was used throughout the course of the investigation. The physical properties of the cement as determined from various tests conforming to Indian Standard IS: 12269:1987 are listed in Table 2.1.

      Table 2.1: Properties of OPC 53 Grade

      Sr. No.

      Characteristics

      Values Obtained Experimentally

      Values Specified By IS 12269:1987

      1.

      Specific Gravity

      3.10

      3.10-3.15

      2.

      Standard Consistency

      31%

      30-35

      3.

      Initial Setting Time

      115 minutes

      30min(minimum)

      4.

      Final Setting Time

      283 minutes

      600min(maximum)

      5.

      Compressive Strength(N/mm2) 7 days

      28 days

      38.49 N/mm2

      52.31 N/mm2

      37 N/mm2

      53 N/mm2

    2. Aggregates

      Aggregates constitute the bulk of a concrete mixture and give dimensional stability to concrete. The aggregates provide about 75% of the body of the concrete and hence its influence is extremely important.

      1. Fine Aggregates

        The sand used for the work was locally procured and conformed to Indian Standard Specifications IS: 383-1970. The results are given below in Table 2.3.1 (A) and 2.3.1(B). The fine aggregated belonged to grading zone III.

        Table 2.3.1(A): Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate

        Weight of sample taken =1000 gm

        Sr. No

        IS-Sieve (mm)

        Mass Retained (gm)

        Cumulative mass Retained

        Cumulative %age mass

        Retained

        Cumulative %mass passing through

        1

        4.74

        1

        1

        0.1

        99.9

        2

        2.36

        22

        23

        2.3

        97.7

        3

        1.18

        77

        100

        10

        90

        5

        600µ

        153

        253

        25.3

        74.7

        6

        300µ

        264

        517

        51.7

        48.3

        7

        150 µ

        425

        942

        94.2

        5.8

        8

        Below150µ

        58

        1000

        100

        0

        Total

        283.6

        FM of fine aggregate = 283.6/100=2.836

        Table 2.3.1(B): Physical Properties of fine aggregates

        Characteristics

        Value

        Specific gravity

        2.63

        Bulk density

        5%

        Fineness modulus

        2.83

      2. Coarse Aggregates

        Locally available coarse aggregate having the maximum size of 20 mm was used in this work. The aggregates were tested as per IS: 383-1970. The results are shown in Table 2.3.2(A) and Table 2.3.2(B).

        Table 2.3.2(A): Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate (20 mm)

        Weight of sample taken =2000 gm

        Sr. No

        IS-Sieve (mm)

        Mass Retained (gm)

        Cumulative mass Retained

        Cumulative %age mass Retained

        Cumulative % mass passing through

        1

        40

        0

        0

        0

        100

        2

        20

        145

        145

        7.25

        92.75

        3

        10

        1829

        1974

        98.7

        1.3

        5

        4.74

        124

        1998

        99.9

        0.1

        6

        2.36

        0

        1998

        99.9

        0.1

        7

        1.18

        0

        1998

        99.9

        0.1

        8

        600µ

        0

        1998

        99.9

        0.1

        9

        300µ

        0

        1998

        99.9

        0.1

        10

        150 µ

        0

        1998

        99.9

        0.1

        11

        Below150µ

        2

        2000

        100

        0

        Total

        805.35

        FM of Coarse aggregate = 805.35/100=8.0535

        Table 2.3.2(B): Properties of Coarse Aggregates

        Characteristics

        Value

        Type

        Crushed

        Colour

        Grey

        Shape

        Angular

        Nominal Size

        20 mm

        Specific Gravity

        2.62

        Total Water Absorption

        0.89

        Fineness Modulus

        8.05

    3. RHA

      In this work, Rice Husk was taken from the locality around Awantipora. Rice husk firstly wash with portable water then dried in the sun. After then rice husk burnt in the open atmosphere so as to convert it into ash.

      Table 2.4: Physical properties of Rice Husk Ash

      Appearance

      Fine powder

      Particle Size

      Sieved through 90 micron sieve

      Specific gravity

      2.21

      Color

      Light grey

    4. WASTE PAPER SLUDGE ASH

      Waste paper sludge was taken from JML Waste Paper Corporation, Pathankot, Punjab. Waste paper was burnt in the open atmosphere so as to convert it into ash.

      Table 2.5: Physical properties of Waste Paper Ash

      Appearance

      Fine powder

      Particle Size

      Sieved through 90 micron sieve

      Color

      Dark grey

      Specific gravity

      2.09

      4.5 MIX DESIGN

      Grade designation

      M20

      Type of cement grade

      OPC 53 grade confirming to IS12269:1987

      Maximum nominal size of aggregates

      20 mm

      Minimum cement content kg/m3

      320 kg/m3

      Maximum water cement ratio

      0.55

      Workability

      75 mm (slump)

      Exposure condition

      Mild

      Degree of supervision

      Good

      Type of aggregate

      Crushed angular aggregate

      Maximum cement content

      450 kg/m3

      Chemical admixture

      Not

      The concrete mix design was done by using IS 10262 for M-20 grade of concrete. Design stipulations for proportioning

      Test Data for Materials

      Cemet used

      OPC 53 grade confirming to IS 12269:1987

      Specific gravity of cement

      3.10

      Specific gravity of Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate

      2.88

      2.63

      Sieve analysis Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate

      Coarse aggregate : Conforming to Table 2 of IS: 383 Fine aggregate : Conforming to Zone III of IS: 383

      Target Strength For Mix Proportioning fck = fck + 1.65 s

      Where,

      fck = Target average compressive strength at 28 days, fck = Characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, s= Standard deviation

      From Table 1 standard deviation, s = 4.6 N/mm2

      Therefore target strength = 20 + 1.65 x 4.6 = 27.59 N/mm2

      Selection of Water Cement Ratio

      From Table 5 of IS:456-2000, maximum water cement ratio = 0.55 (Mild exposure) Based on experience adopt water cement ratio as 0.50

      0.5 < 0.55, hence ok

      Selection of water and sand content From Table 4 of IS 10262:1982

      Maximum Size of Aggregate(mm)

      Water Content including Surface Water, Per Cubic Meter of Concrete(kg)

      Sand as percent of Total Aggregate by Absolute volume

      20

      186

      35

      Adjustments from Table 6 of IS 10262:1982

      Change in condition

      Percent adjustment required

      Water Content

      Sand in total Aggregate

      Increase or decrease in water- cement ratio that is 0.05

      0

      -2

      Increase or decrease in value of compacting by 0.10

      0

      0

      For Sand

      0

      -1.5

      Therefore, required sand content as percentage of total aggregate by absolute volume =35-3.5=31.5% Volume of aggregate= 100-31.5=68.5%

      Calculation of Cement Content Water cement ratio = 0.50

      Cement content = 186/0.5 = 372 kg/m3 >320 kg/m3(given)

      From Table 5 of IS: 456, minimum cement content for mild exposure condition = 300 kg/m3 Hence OK

      Determination of Coarse and Fine Aggregate contents

      From Table 3 of IS 10262:1982,for the specified maximum size of aggregate of 20mm,the amount of entrapped air in the wet concrete is 2 percent.Taking this into account and applying

      V= (W+C/SC+1/P × fa/Sfa) ×1/1000

      Ca =1-P/P ×fa ×Sca/Sfa Where,

      V = absolute volume of fresh concrete,which is equal to gross volume(m3) minus the volume of entrapped air. W = mass of water (Kg) per m3 of concrete

      C =mass of cement (Kg) per m3 of concrete Sc = specific gravity of cement

      P =ratio of FA to total aggregate by absolute volume

      Fa, Ca = total masses of FA and CA (Kg) per m3 of concrete respectively

      Sfa, Sca = specific gravity of saturated, surface dry fine aggregate and coarse aggregate respectively. 0.98= 186+372/3.10+1/.315 × fa/2.63)× 1/1000

      980 = 306+1.20 fa

      fa = 561.66 Kg/m3 Ca=1216.74 Kg/m3

      The mix proportion then becomes: Water:Cement:Fine Aggregate:Coarse Aggregate 186:372:561.66:1216.74

      0.5:1:1.5:3.2

      %

      Table 2.6: The mixture proportions used in laboratory for experimentation are shown in table

      Mix

      w/c ratio

      Water (Kg/m3)

      Cement (Kg/m3)

      Fine Aggregate (kg/m3)

      Coarse Aggregate (Kg/m3)

      RHA

      (Kg/m3)

      WPSA

      (Kg/m3)

      Control

      0.50

      186

      372

      562

      1217

      Rice Husk Ash

      5

      0.50

      186

      353.4

      562

      1217

      18.6

      10

      0.50

      186

      334.8

      562

      1217

      37.2

      15

      0.50

      186

      316.2

      562

      1217

      55.8

      20

      0.50

      186

      297.6

      562

      1217

      74.4

      Waste Paper Sludge Ash

      5

      0.50

      186

      353.4

      562

      1217

      18.6

      10

      0.50

      186

      334.8

      562

      1217

      37.2

      15

      0.50

      186

      316.2

      562

      1217

      55.8

      20

      0.50

      186

      297.6

      562

      1217

      74.4

      Mixture of RHA and WPSA

      5

      0.50

      186

      353.4

      562

      1217

      9.3

      9.3

      10

      0.50

      186

      334.8

      562

      1217

      18.6

      18.6

      15

      0.50

      186

      316.2

      562

      1217

      27.9

      27.9

      20

      0.50

      186

      297.6

      562

      1217

      37.2

      37.2

      GENERAL

  3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    This chapter presents a summary of the results obtained from laboratory tests that have been done on the specimen. Tests were done on materials (cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, RHA and WPSA), fresh and hardened concrete.

      1. FRESH CONCRETE

        1. Slump Test

          The slump value of all the mixture are represented in Table 5.1.1

          Table 3.1.1: Slump Tests Results

          Mix

          Percentage

          SlumpValue

          Control

          0%

          90mm

          RHA

          5%

          65mm

          10%

          55mm

          15%

          25mm

          20%

          20mm

          WPSA

          5%

          60mm

          10%

          55mm

          15%

          50mm

          20%

          20mm

          Mix (RHA+WPSA)

          5%

          30mm

          10%

          20mm

          15%

          15mm

          20%

          7mm

          The slump value v/s percentage of replacement was shown in Fig 5.1.1. The slump decreased when a higher amount of RHA, WPSA and combination of both (RHA+WPSA) was mix was added in concrete.

        2. Compaction Factor Test

    The Compaction factor values of all the mixture are represented in Table 5.1.2

    Table 3.1.2: Compaction Factor Results

    Mix

    Percentage

    Compaction Factor

    CONTROL

    0%

    0.93

    RHA

    5%

    0.90

    1%

    0.87

    15%

    0.83

    20%

    0.82

    WPSA

    5%

    0.92

    10%

    0.90

    15%

    0.85

    20%

    0.81

    MIX (RHA+WPSA)

    5%

    0.84

    10%

    0.83

    15%

    0.80

    20%

    0.78

    The compaction factor value of control concrete is 0.93. As we go on increasing the % replacement of cement with the RHA from 5 to 20% the compaction factor value decreases from 0.92 to 0.82. In the case of WPSA the compaction factor value decreases gradually from 0.92 to 0.81. And same as in case of Mix (RHA+WPSA) the compaction factor value decreases gradually from 0.84 to 0.78.

      1. Hardened Concrete

        1. : Effect of Age on Compressive Strength

          The 28 days strength obtained for M20 Grade Control concrete is 30.93 N/mm2.The strength results reported in table no 5.2.1 are presented in the form of graphical variations, where the compressive strength is plotted against the % of cement replacement.

          Table 3.2.1: Compressive Strength of Control concrete in N/mm2

          Grade of concrete

          7Days

          28Days

          M20

          20.4

          30.93

          The strength achieved at different ages namely, 7 and 28 for Control concrete.

          It is clear that as the age advances, the strength of Control concrete increases. The rate of increase of strength is higher at curing period up to 28 days. However the strength gain continues at a slower rate after 28 days.

        2. Effect of Age on Split Tensile Strength of Control Concrete

    The 28 days tensile strength obtained for M20 Grade Control concrete is 2.71 N/mm2.The strength results reported in table no

    5.2.2 are presented in the form of graphical variations, where the compressive strength is plotted against the % of cement replacement.

    Table 3.2.2: Split Tensile Strength of Control concrete in N/mm2

    Grade of concrete

    7Days

    28Days

    M20

    1.94

    2.71

    It is clear that as the age advances, the split tensile strength of Control concrete increases. The rate of increase of strength is higher at curing period up to 28 days. However the strength gain continues at a slower rate after 28 days.

        1. : Effect on Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing various percentages of RHA.

          Table 3.2.3: Compressive Strength of RHA Concrete

          Mix

          Percentage of Cement Replacement

          Cube Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

          7 days

          28 Days

          CONTROL

          0%

          20.4

          30.93

          RHA

          5%

          19.67

          29.26

          10%

          19.63

          28.85

          15%

          18.66

          24.74

          20%

          15.22

          21.48

          Cube Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

          35

          30

          25

          20

          15

          10

          5

          0

          7 days

          0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

          %age of cement replacement by RHA

          As per experimental program and results shown in table no. 3.2.3. We can replace cement by RHA up to 10%. Because the compressive strength up to 10% replacement of cement is comparatively equal to control mix design. If cement is replaced by RHA more than 10% the loss in compressive strength is comparatively greater than the replacement up to 10%.

        2. :Effect on Split Tensile Strength of Concrete Containing various percentages of RHA.

          Table 3.2.4: Split Tensile Strength of RHA Concrete

          Mix

          Percentage of Cement Replacement

          Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

          7 days

          28 Days

          M20

          0%

          1.94

          2.71

          RHA

          5%

          2.03

          2.94

          10%

          1.99

          2.72

          15%

          1.89

          2.34

          20%

          1.34

          1.97

          Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

          3.5

          3

          2.5

          2

          7 days

          1.5 28 Days

          1

          0.5

          0

          0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

          %age of cement replacement by RHA

          As per table no.3.2.4 the split tensile strength for replacement of 5% is higher than control mix design and decreases with further increase in RHA but up to 10% of replacement the split tensile strength is still more than the split tensile strength of control mix design.

        3. : Effect on Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing various percentages of WPSA

          Table 3.2.5: Compressive Strength of WPSA Concrete

          Mix

          Percentage of Cement Replacement

          Cube Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

          7 days

          28 Days

          CONTROL

          0%

          20.4

          30.93

          WPSA

          5%

          24.07

          31.26

          10%

          22.3

          27.59

          15%

          19.67

          25.1

          20%

          16.89

          23.04

          Cube Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

          35

          30

          25

          20

          7 days

          15 28 Days

          10

          5

          0

          0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

          %age of cement replacement by WPSA

          As per the results shown in table no.3.2.5 the compressive strength at 7 days for 5% and 10% replacement of cement by WPSA are higher than Control Mix, further increases in % replacement the compressive strength goes on decreases.The compressive strength at 28 Days for 5% replacement is found out to be 31.26 N/mm2which is higher than the compressive strength of 30.93N/mm2 of control mix. For 10% replacement the compressive strength is comparatively nearer to the control mix and for further increases in % replacement the compressive strength decreases.

        4. : Effect on Split Tensile Strength of Concrete Containing various percentages of WPSA

          Table 3.2.6: Split Tensile Strength of WPSA Concrete

          Mix

          Percentage of Cement Replacement

          Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

          7 days

          28 Days

          M20

          0%

          1.94

          2.71

          WPSA

          5%

          2.34

          3.11

          10%

          2.1

          2.92

          15%

          1.82

          2.78

          20%

          1.69

          2.02

          3.5

          Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

          3

          2.5

          2

          1.5

          7 days

          28 Days

          1

          0.5

          0

          0%

          5%

          10%

          15%

          20%

          %age of cement replacement by WPSA

          From the results shown in table no 3.2.6 the split tensile strength at 7 Days and 28 Days for 5% and 10% replacement by WPSA is found to be higher than the Control Mix. For 15% the split tensile strength is comparatively equal to the control Mix and for further increase in % replacement of cement the split tensile strength decreases.

        5. : Effect of Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing various percentages of Mix(RHA+ WPSA)

          Table 3.3.7: Compressive Strength of Mix (RHA+ WPSA)Concrete

          Mix

          Percentage of Cement Replacement

          Cube Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

          7 days

          28 Days

          CONTROL

          0%

          20.4

          30.93

          MIX (RHA+WPSA)

          5%

          19.84

          28.89

          10%

          18.82

          27.66

          15%

          18.6

          24.52

          20%

          16.03

          18.82

          Cube Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

          35

          30

          25

          20 7 days

          15 28 Days

          10

          5

          0

          0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

          %age of cement replacement by mix (RHA+WPSA)

          The results from table no 3.3.7 represents that 10% replacement with Mix(RHA+WPSA) the compressive strength are comparatively equal to Control Mix strength, and further increase in % replacement the strength decreases.

        6. : Effect of Split Tensile Strength of Concrete Containing various percentages of Mix(RHA+ WPSA)

    Table 3.2.8: Split TensileStrength of Mix (RHA+ WPSA)Concrete

    Mix

    Percentage of Cement Replacement

    Splitting Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

    7 days

    28 Days

    M20

    0%

    1.94

    2.71

    MIX (RHA+WPSA)

    5%

    1.96

    2.95

    10%

    1.86

    2.81

    15%

    1.71

    2.64

    20%

    1.65

    2.24

    Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

    3.5

    3

    2.5

    2

    1.5

    7 days

    28 Days

    1

    0.5

    0

    0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

    %age of cement replacement by mix (RHA+WPSA)

    As per the results from table no.3.2.8. The split tensile strength of 5% replacement of cement with Mix(RHA+WPSA) has higher value than the control mix and 10% replacement has comparatively equal split tensile strength to Control Mix. For the 15% and 20

    % the split tensile structure decreases gradually.

      1. GENERAL

  4. CONCLUSIONS

The objective of this experimentation has been to evaluate the possibility of successful replacement of cement with RHA, WPSA and MIX (RHA+WPSA) in concrete.

The conclusion drawn during the experimentations are as follows:

    1. : Split Tensile Strength of Control Concrete, RHA Concrete, WPSA Concrete & Mix(RHA+WPSA) at 28 Days

The compressive strength and split tensile strength increased up to 20% with 5% replacement of WPSA. Further increase in WPSA decreases the strength gradually and up to 10% replacement it can be used as a supplementary material in M20 grade of Concrete.

The above results shows that it is possible to design M20 grade of concrete incorporating with RHA content up to 10%.

As test results shows the Mix (RHA+WPSA) can also be used as a replacement of cement.

Control mix with 5% WPSA showed higher Compressive Strength than Control mix, RHA concrete and Mix(RHA+WPSA) concrete.

The study showed that the early strength of RHA, WPSA and Mix (RHA+WPSA) concrete was found to be less and the strength increased with age.

The workability of RHA,WPSA and Mix(RHA+WPSA) concrete has been found to decrease with the increase in replacements.

Based on the results of Split Tensile Strength test,it is convenient to state that there is substantial increase in Tensile Strength due to the addition of RHA, WPSA and Mix (RHA+WPSA).

Use of Waste Paper Sludge Ash, Rice Husk Ash and Mix (RHA+WPSA) in concrete can prove to be economical as it is non useful waste and free of cost.

Use of waste paper sludge ash in concrete will preserve natural resources that are used for cement manufacture and thus make concrete construction industry sustainable and waste paper sludge can be used as fuel before using its ash in concrete for partial cement replacement and also the disposal problem for paper industries for this waste material is fully solved.

REFERENCES

[1] Ahmad S, Malik M.I., Wani M.B., Ahmad R. (2013). Study of Concrete Involving Use of Waste Paper Sludge Ash As Partial Replacement of Cement. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), Vol. 3, Issue 11, pp. 6-15.

[2] Alwash J.J.H., Use of Rice Husk Ash in cement mortar.

[3] Balwik S.A., Raut S.P. Utilization of Waste paper Pulp by Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp. 300-309.

[4] Chun Y.M., Naik T.R., Kraus R.N. (2005). Durable concrete through use of pulp and paper mill residuals. Composites in Construction, pp. 1-8.

[5] Hossain T., Sarker S.K., Basak B.C. (2011). Utilization potential of Rice Husk Ash as a construction material in rural areas. Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), pp. 175-188.

[6] IS: 10262-1982 (Reaffirmed 1999). Recommended guidelines for Concrete Mix Design. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (India). [7] IS: 2386 (Part IV)-1963 (Reaffirmed 1997). Methods of test for aggregates for concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (India).

[8] IS: 383-1970 (Reaffirmed 2002). Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (India).

[9] IS: 4031 (Part 11)-1988. Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (India).

[10] IS: 4031 (Part 15)-1991 (Reaffirmed 2005). Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (India). [11] IS: 456-2000 (Reaffirmed 2005). Plain and reinforced concrete-Code of practice. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (India).

[12] IS:1199-1959 (Reaffirmed 1999). Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi (India).

[13] Ishimoto B.H, Origuchi T., Yasuda M. (2000) Use of Papermaking Sludge As New Material. Journal of Material in Civil Engineering, Vol. 12, pp. 310- 312.

[14] Kartini. K (2011). Rice Husk Ash-Pozzolanic material for sustainability. Int. Journal of Applied Science and Technology, Vol. 1 No.6, pp. 169-178. [15] Kene S.D., Domke P.V., Deshmuh S.D., Deotale R.S. Assessment of concrete strength using Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash. Int. Journal of Engineering

Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol. 1, Issue. 3, pp. 524-534.

[16] Khassaf S.I., Jasim A.T., Mahdi F.K. (2014). Investigation the properties of concrete containing Rich Husk Ash to reduction the seepage in canals. Int.

Journal of Scientific and Technology Resaearch, Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp. 348-354.

[17] Kumar Sathish (2012). Experimental study on the properties of concrete made with alternate construction materials Int. Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol. 2, Issue. 5, pp. 3006-3012.

[18] Pitroda J.R., Umrigar F.S. (2013). Evaluation of Modulus of Elasticity of concrete with partial Replacement of Cement By Thermal Industry Waste (Fly Ash) and Paper Industry Waste (Hypo Sludge). Int. Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT), Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 133-138.

[19] Pitroda J.R., Zala L.B, Umrigar F.S.(2013). Utilization of Hypo Sluge by Eo- Efficient Development of Rigid Pavement in Rural Roads. Int. Journal of Engineering Trends and Techonology (IJETT), Vol. 4, pp. 3994-4000.

[20] Potty N.S., Vallyutham K., Yusoff M.F., Anwar A., Haron M.F., Alias M.N. (2014). Properties of Rice Husk Ash (RHA and MIRHA) mortar. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, pp. 3872-3882.

[21] Rajput J., Yadav R.K., Chandak R. (2013). The effect of Rice Husk Ash used as supplementary cementing material on strength of mortar. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol. 3, Issue. 3, pp. 133-136.

[22] Ramezanianpour A.A., Khani M.M., Ahmadibeni Gh. (2009). The effect of Rice Husk Ash on mechanical properties and durability of sustainable concretes. Int. Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 83-91.

[23] Rao P.P., Kumar A.P., Singh B.B. (2014). A study on use of Rice Husk Ash in concrete. Int. Journal of Education and Applies Research (IJEAR), Vol.

4, Issue Spl-2, pp. 75-81.

[24] Seyyedalipour S.F., Kebria D.Y., Malidarreh N.R., Norouznejad G. (2014). Study of Utilization of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastes in Production of Concrete. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 115-122.

[25] Shah R.A., Pitroda J.R. (2013). Effect of Hypo Sludge As Partial Replacement with Cement in Mortar. JIARM, Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp. 195-205.

[26] Shukeri R.B.M., Ghani A.N.A. (2008). Concrete mix with waste paper. 2nd Int. Conference on Built Environment in Developing Countries (ICBEDC), pp. 567-575.

[27] Srinivasan R., Sathiya K., Palanisamy M. (2010). Experimental Investigation in Developing Low Cost Concrete From Paper Industry Waste. pp. 43-56.

Leave a Reply