Psychological Impact, Coping Among College Students using Social Networking Sites: A Comparative Study

Psychological Impact, Coping Among College Students using Social Networking Sites: A Comparative Study

Rupa Sanadi

Psychiatric Social Worker Department of Psychiatric Social Work,

National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India

Dr. R. Dhanasekhar Pandian Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Psychiatric Social Work,

National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India

Abstract: Social networking sites give a good platform for discussion on various topics and issues and that helps to do messaging, blogging, sharing photos, audio & videos and generates for social interaction, making dialogues and exchange their thoughts and views. Especially youngsters recognized as I- generation, who are the keen users of social media. The current social media revolution is impacting on demonstrating the changing mindset of the youth. The aim of the study was to understand the positive and negative effect, psychological impact and coping among college students and comparing between the genders which are using social networking sites. The purposive sampling method was used for recruitment of 100 undergraduate students (male= 50, female=50) from the degree college of Bangalore urban. Semi-structured questionnaires and self- reported standardized inventory has been used for the data collection. Study reveals that male students are more users than female students, and a mild level of psychological distress was found in the higher number of users. And it also concluded that there was both positive and negative impact of social networking sites usages among the college students and male students are more users and prone to get addicted as well. Male students are found psychologically distressed but in terms of adopting coping styles, there were no differences among both respondents using social networking sites.

Keywords: College students, Social Network Sites, Psychological Impact and Coping style.

1. INTRODUCTION

   Social networking services utilize the technology and software tools to facilitate communication and interaction between members. A social networking site (SNS) may also know as a social website or social media. Social media are the platforms that enable the interactive web by engaging users to participate in, comment on and create content as means of communicating with their social graph, other users, and the public [4]. Many of the young adults use social media networks to communicate with family, friends, and strangers, some may use for academic and educational purposes. Members use these tools to share online ideas, documents, photos, videos, and favorite websites almost anything [17]. The social networking site has become daily life part of fashionable people and these websites are immensely popular among the youth and they contribute the majority percentage of the users. In general, most prolific users of social media are young under 25, when it comes to creating, updating, and viewing social media [25]. The study found that most of the college students have a social media profile using at least once a day [19]. Some of the pathological users

   reported more perceived academic, social, and interpersonal problems as well as lower self-esteem [27].

   Psychological distress is like an emotional disturbance that can impact on the day-to-day life of individuals. The relationships between Internet addiction and perceived impact on academics, daily life routines, and relationships with friends, family, and teachers among college students [6]. It is a positive indicator that Indian youth are not only techno-savvy and socially active, but they also possess social consciousness [26]. Youths and adolescents are at some risk as they navigate and experiment with social media because of their limited capacity for self-regulation and susceptibility to peer pressure. There are frequent online expressions of offline behaviours, as clique-forming, harassment, and sexual testing according to recent research [20]. Cyberbullying is quite common, can occur to any young person online, and can cause profound psychosocial problems/issues including depression, anxiety, severe isolation and tragically suicide [10]. The study was intended to clarify the psychological literature concerning the use of the Internet and its effect on social engagement in a college-aged population with attention to levels of social anxiety and depression. In a more recent study of Taiwanese college students found that major depression was related to addiction, but only for men [15].

   There is a study reported problems of addiction included: experienced academic problems, unable to control Internet use, spent limited time with real people in their lives, avoided daily chores, faced finical debt for the Internet fee, and jeopardized their marriage status from online romance. He had concluded that the Internet itself is not addictive but specific applications play a significant role in the development of pathological problems among users [38]. There was a negative attitude toward social media when college students used them. Eighty percent of the sample admitted that they posted or responded while completing homework. It has affected their efficiencies and their grades. For instance, imagine one student spent over six hours checking social media sites and responded while completing their homework; it would be likely increase distraction of the students which can be detrimental to student performance [37]. The study findings indicate that electronic media use is negatively associated with grades. It also found that about two-thirds of the students reported using electronic media while in class, studying, or doing homework. This

   multitasking likely increases distraction, something prior research has shown to be detrimental to student performance [12].

   As social media websites, such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter gain popularity, they are also are becoming increasingly dangerous as they create modes to procrastinate while trying to complete homework. Hence, in a survey of 102 students, 57% stated that social media has made them less productive. The relationship between social media and grades, a study released by Ohio State University reveals that college students who utilize Facebook spend less time studying and have lower grades than students who do not use the popular social networking sites [14]. Relationships with family and friends have a large influence on health and well-being and social support can help to diminish the negative effects of stressful life events of college students [32]. The Internet is a source of coping to escape from problems or stressors [1]. In the current scenario, most of the young generation is influenced by various social networking sites due to their day to day functions, services, and applications. Social networking sites have both negative and positive impacts on youth [17]. Youth especially, college students are attracted towards social sites due to various features. The many research studies show that social networking sites are the psychological impact on users and helping as a support agent in stressful situations and there are fewer studies on psychological distress of using sites and coping to reduce the distress. The research examined potential associations among perceived stress, time spent on the Internet, underlying motives for engaging in Internet use, problematic Internet use, and traditional approaches to coping. Avoidant emotional coping was significantly and positively associated with perceived stress. In contrast, active emotion- focused coping emerged as a negative predictor of perceived stress and problem-focused coping was not a predictor of stress [7].

2. METHODOLOGY

   Social networking websites are immensely popular among the youth and many research studies show that there are huge positive and negative impacts on the youth who uses Social Networking Sites (SNS). So, the researcher wanted to study the psychological impact of these social networking sites on college students and how they are coping up.

   Objectives of the study:

   • To explore the socio-demographic details of the respondents and related factors to the usage of social networking sites

   • To explore the positive and negative effects of using SNS

   • To understand the psychological distress and coping strategies of using SNS

   • To compare the gender differences of using SNS

   • To understand the relationship between psychological distress and coping styles of using SNS among both genders of college students

     Hypothesis:

   • Significant difference in psychological distress among college students using SNS

   • Significant difference in coping skills among college students using SNS.

   • Significant difference in psychological distress and coping skills among college students based on gender using SNS

     Data collection:

     The descriptive research design was adopted for an understanding of the proposed quantitative research objectives. And the purposive sampling method has been used effectively. Semi-structured questionnaires for collecting socio-demographic details and other factors related to the usage of social networking sites and self-inventory instruments, DASS (42 items) and Brief Cope (28 items) were used for the data collection. A survey was conducted in undergraduate college of Bangalore urban district wherein 300 samples were screened among 100 active users have been recruited for study and divided each gender equally. All questionnaires were filled and reciprocated enthusiastically by the respondents.

     Data analysis:

     SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) version 22.0, used for data transformation and data was analyzed using specific statistical tools. ShapiroWilk test was used to test normality for the obtained data. Since the data variable does not follow a normal distribution, a non-parametric test was used to analyze the data. The descriptive statistics such as median, range, and frequency distribution were used to describe the socio-demographic variables and the other study variables. The non-parametric statistical tests such as Mann- Whitney U Test was used to identify the differences between the variables.

3. RESULTS

   Section 1: Socio-demographic profile of the respondents: Since the age of the respondents is not following a normal distribution, the median and range are used as the statistical inferences.

   The table 1.1 describes that, Majority of the respondent i.e. 95% belongs to urban domicile among both genders wherein 51.5% are male and 48.4% are female. Majority of the respondent i.e. 71% belongs to Hindu religion among both genders wherein 53.5% are female and 46.4% are male. In terms of family size, majority of the respondent i.e. 58% belongs to less than 4 members wherein 51.7% are male and 48.2% are female. With respective of family monthly income, majority of the respondents i.e 42% belong to less than Rs.50000 of monthly income wherein 52.3% are male and 47.6% are female.

   Table 1.1: Socio-demographic details of the respondents

   Sl N o	Variables	Attribute	Gender				Total
   			Male		Female
   			N= 50	%	N = 50	%	N = 100	%
   1	Age	20 (18-24) years
   2	Domicile	Urban	49	51. 5	46	48. 4	95	95
   		Rural	01	20	04	80	05	05
   3	Religion	Hindu	33	46. 4	38	53. 5	71	71
   		Muslim	12	63. 1	07	36. 8	19	19
   		Christia n	04	50	04	50	08	08
   		Other	01	50	01	50	02	02
   4	Family Size	< 4	30	51. 7	28	48. 2	58	58
   		5-10	16	44. 4	20	55. 5	36	36
   		>10	04	66. 6	02	33. 3	06	06
   5	Family Monthly Income	< 50,000	22	52. 3	20	47. 6	42	42
   		50,001 1lakh	15	36. 5	26	63. 4	41	41
   		1,00,001 1,50,000	04	80	01	20	05	05
   		1,50,001 2 lakhs	03	60	02	40	05	05
   		> 2 lakhs	06	85. 7	01	14. 2	07	07

   Section 2: Usage of Social Networking Sites and other related factors:

   The table 2.1(1) shows the duration of usage of SNS by the respondents. Majority i.e. 59% of the respondents are using in the last 4-6 years among both genders wherein 57.6% are male and 42.3% are female users.

   Table 2.1(1): Duration of usage of Social Networking Sites by the respondents

   Sl No	Duration of usage of SNS	Gender				Total
   		Male		Female
   		N	%	N	%
   1	1 year 3 years	10	33.3	20	66.7	30
   2	4 years6 years	34	57.6	25	42.3	59
   3	7 + years	06	54.5	05	45.4	11

   The table 2.1(2) shows how often respondents are using various social networking sites. Majority i.e. 82% of the respondents use social networking sites every day by both genders equally i.e. 50%.

   Table 2.1(2): Frequency of usage of social networking sites

   The table 2.1(3) shows how respondents are spending time on social networking sites. The majority i.e. 79% of the respondents are spening less than 2 hours wherein 54.4% are female and 45.5% are male.

   Table 2.1(3): Time spend on usage of social networking sites

   Sl No	Time spend on usage social networking sites	Gender				Total
   		Male		Female
   		N	%	N	%
   1	< 2 hours	36	45.5	43	54.4	79
   2	2 hours to 4 hours	08	66.6	04	33.3	12
   3	> 4 hours	06	66.6	03	33.3	09

   The table 2.1(4) depicts the different purposes of usages of SNS. Majority i.e. 87% of the respondents are using social networking sites for the friendly communication wherein 52.8% are male and 47.1% are female followed by 84% for chatting wherein 54.7% are male and 45.2% are female, and followed by 65% for entertainment wherein 56.9% are male and 43.1% are female, 59% for sharing photos & to find information wherein 55.9% are male and 44.1% are female respectively and 51% for sharing photos & picture etc. wherein 50.9% are male and 49% are female. However, in overall, majority of the male respondents uses the social networking sites for different purpose compare to female respondents.

   Sl No	Reasons for using social networking sites	Gender				Total
   		Male		Female
   		N	%	N	%
   1	Friendly communication	46	52.8	41	47.1	87
   2	Chatting	46	54.7	38	45.2	84
   3	Academic communication	26	63.4	15	36.5	41
   4	To discuss new ideas	22	57.8	16	42.1	38
   5	To publish writings	08	50.0	08	50.0	16
   6	To discuss social issues	19	59.3	13	40.6	32
   7	To promote for work	12	63.1	07	36.8	19
   8	Instant message	24	55.8	19	44.1	43
   9	To meet new people	34	70.8	14	29.1	48
   10	To find information	33	55.9	26	44.1	59
   11	Sharing information	26	54.1	22	45.8	48
   12	Seminar/Conferenc es	08	61.5	05	38.4	13
   13	Sharing photos	33	55.9	26	44.1	59
   14	Entertainment	37	56.9	28	43.1	65
   15	Sharing video and pictures	26	50.9	25	49.0	51

   Sl No	Reasons for using social networking sites	Gender				Total
   		Male		Female
   		N	%	N	%
   1	Friendly communication	46	52.8	41	47.1	87
   2	Chatting	46	54.7	38	45.2	84
   3	Academic communication	26	63.4	15	36.5	41
   4	To discuss new ideas	22	57.8	16	42.1	38
   5	To publish writings	08	50.0	08	50.0	16
   6	To discuss social issues	19	59.3	13	40.6	32
   7	To promote for work	12	63.1	07	36.8	19
   8	Instant message	24	55.8	19	44.1	43
   9	To meet new people	34	70.8	14	29.1	48
   10	To find information	33	55.9	26	44.1	59
   11	Sharing information	26	54.1	22	45.8	48
   12	Seminar/Conferenc es	08	61.5	05	38.4	13
   13	Sharing photos	33	55.9	26	44.1	59
   14	Entertainment	37	56.9	28	43.1	65
   15	Sharing video and pictures	26	50.9	25	49.0	51

   Table 2.1(4): Reasons for using social networking sites

   Sl No	Frequency of usage of social networking sites	Gender				Total
   		Male		Female
   		N	%	N	%
   1	Every day	41	50.0	41	50.0	82
   2	2 4 times in a week	07	46.6	08	53.3	15
   4	Once in 15 days	02	66.6	01	33.3	03

   The table 2.1(4) shows the various kinds of problems faced by the respondents while using social networking sites. Majority respondent i.e. 38% are reported that they had faced problem of lack of technical knowledge wherein 55.2% are female an 44.7% are male followed by 27% of respondents reported lack of security and any others wherein 55.5% are male and 44.4% are female respectively,23% of respondents expressed not user friendly wherein 60.8% are male and 39.1% are female and 22% reported lack of privacy wherein both genders shared equally i.e. 50%.

   Table 2.1(4): Problems faced by the respondents using social networking sites

   Sl No	Problems faced by the respondents using social networking sites	Gender				Total
   		Male		Female
   		N	%	N	%
   1	Lack of security	15	55.5	12	44.4	27
   2	Lack of privacy	11	50	11	50	22
   3	Not user friendly	14	60.8	09	39.1	23
   4	Poor internet connectivity	02	33.3	04	66.6	06
   5	Lack of technical knowledge	17	44.7	21	55.2	38
   6	Non-availability of full- fledged Internet facility	02	33.3	04	66.6	06
   7	Fear of misusing personnel information	02	50	02	50	04
   8	Any other	15	55.5	12	44.4	27

   The table 2.1(5) shows about negative experiences of the respondents while using social networking sites. 30% of the respondents reported that they had negative experiences while using social networking sites wherein 56.6% are male and 43.3% are female.

   Table 2.1(5): Negative experiences of using SNS

   Sl No	Negative experiences while using SNS	Gender				Total
   		Male		Female
   		N	%	N	%
   1	Yes	17	56.6	13	43.3	30
   2	No	33	47.1	37	52.8	70

   Section 3: Psychological distress levels of the respondents: The table 3.1 depict the median and range of the respondents based on their level of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. It indicates that male respondents experienced a mild level of depression compared to female respondents. Regarding the anxiety, male respondents experienced a moderate level of anxiety compared to female respondents. Subsequently, about the stress, where the mild level of stress was experienced by male respondents compared to the female respondents. The Mann Whitney U test computed for these were found to be statistically significant (Depression- p=0.045*, Anxiety- p=0.023* and Stress- p=0.049*) differences among the respondents.

   Table 3.1: Level of Depression, Anxiety and Stress of the respondents

   Variables	Gender				Mann- Whitney U test	P value
   	Male		Female
   	Median	Range	Median	Range
   Depressi on	11. 5000	1.00 – 33.00	9. 0000	0.00 – 32.00	959. 000	0.045 *
   Anxiety	10. 5000	1.00 29.00	7. 0000	0.00 27.00	919. 500	0.023 *
   Stress	14. 5000	2.00 31.00	12. 0000	2.00 33.00	965. 000	0.049 *

   Level of Significance: *=0.05, **=0.01 and ***=0.001

   Section 4: Coping behaviours of the respondents:

   The below table 4.1 indicates that the different coping methods adopted by the respondents. The median and range differences in coping styles were studied among the male and female respondents separately, further Mann-Whitney U test used to find a significant difference among male and female respondents. It was found that male and female respondents do not have a significant difference in adopting their coping behaviour.

   Sl. No	Coping Domains	Gender	Median	Range	Mann- Whitney U test	P value
   1	Self- distractio n	Male	5.0000	2.00-8.00	1236.000	0.922
   		Female	5.0000	2.00-8.00
   2	Active coping	Male	5.0000	3.00-8.00	1234.000	0.910
   		Female	5.0000	2.00-8.00
   3	Denial	Male	4.0000	2.00-8.00	1070.000	0.207
   		Female	4.0000	2.00-8.00
   4	Substanc e use	Male	2.0000	2.00-8.00	1119.500	0.312
   		Female	2.0000	2.00-8.00
   5	Use of emotiona l support	Male	5.0000	2.00-8.00	1229.000	0.883
   		Female	5.0000	2.00-8.00
   6	Use of instrume ntal support	Male	4.5000	2.00-8.00	1173.500	0.587
   		Female	6.0000	2.00-8.00
   7	Behavior al disengag ement	Male	4.0000	2.00-7.00	1236.000	0.921
   		Female	4.0000	2.00-8.00
   8	Venting	Male	5.0000	2.00-8.00	1217.500	0.819
   		Female	4.0000	2.00-8.00
   9	Positive reframing	Male	5.0000	2.00-8.00	1154.000	0.500
   		Feale	5.0000	2.00-8.00
   10	Planning	Male	6.0000	2.00-8.00	1159.500	0.515
   		Female	6.0000	2.00-8.00
   11	Humor	Male	5.0000	2.00-8.00	1211.000	0.782
   		Female	4.0000	2.00-8.00
   12	Acceptan ce	Male	6.0000	2.00-8.00	1231.000	0.892
   		Female	6.0000	2.00-8.00
   13	Religion	Male	4.0000	2.00-8.00	1224.500	0.855
   		Female	4.0000	2.00-8.00
   14	Self- blaming	Male	4.0000	2.00-8.00	1063.000	0.178
   		Female	4.0000	2.00-8.00

   Sl. No	Coping Domains	Gender	Median	Range	Mann- Whitney U test	P value
   1	Self- distractio n	Male	5.0000	2.00-8.00	1236.000	0.922
   		Female	5.0000	2.00-8.00
   2	Active coping	Male	5.0000	3.00-8.00	1234.000	0.910
   		Female	5.0000	2.00-8.00
   3	Denial	Male	4.0000	2.00-8.00	1070.000	0.207
   		Female	4.0000	2.00-8.00
   4	Substanc e use	Male	2.0000	2.00-8.00	1119.500	0.312
   		Female	2.0000	2.00-8.00
   5	Use of emotiona l support	Male	5.0000	2.00-8.00	1229.000	0.883
   		Female	5.0000	2.00-8.00
   6	Use of instrume ntal support	Male	4.5000	2.00-8.00	1173.500	0.587
   		Female	6.0000	2.00-8.00
   7	Behavior al disengag ement	Male	4.0000	2.00-7.00	1236.000	0.921
   		Female	4.0000	2.00-8.00
   8	Venting	Male	5.0000	2.00-8.00	1217.500	0.819
   		Female	4.0000	2.00-8.00
   9	Positive reframing	Male	5.0000	2.00-8.00	1154.000	0.500
   		Female	5.0000	2.00-8.00
   10	Planning	Male	6.0000	2.00-8.00	1159.500	0.515
   		Female	6.0000	2.00-8.00
   11	Humor	Male	5.0000	2.00-8.00	1211.000	0.782
   		Female	4.0000	2.00-8.00
   12	Acceptan ce	Male	6.0000	2.00-8.00	1231.000	0.892
   		Female	6.0000	2.00-8.00
   13	Religion	Male	4.0000	2.00-8.00	1224.500	0.855
   		Female	4.0000	2.00-8.00
   14	Self- blaming	Male	4.0000	2.00-8.00	1063.000	0.178
   		Female	4.0000	2.00-8.00

   Table 4.1: The various coping strategies of the respondents

   Section 5: Relationship between psychological distress and coping behaviour of the respondents:

   The table 5.1 shows the difference between psychological distress and coping behaviours among male and female respondents. The table indicates that there is high psychological distress in male respondents compared to female respondents while using social networking sites. The Mann- Whitney U test computed for this was found to be statistically significant (U=891.000, p=0.013*) differences among the male and female respondents. The table also indicates that there is no difference in the coping behaviour of the respondents. The Mann-Whitney U test computed for this was found to be no significant (U=1141.500, p=0.454) differences among the male and female respondents.

   Sl No	Domains	Gender				Mann-Whitney U test	P value
   		Male		Female
   		Median	Range	Median	Range
   			Min- Max		Min- Max
   1	DASS	40. 00	04 87	29. 50	05 92	891. 000	0.013**
   2	Brief COPE	64. 00	44 92	69. 00	34 94	1141. 500	0.454

   04

   87

   Sl No	Domains	Gender				Mann-Whitney U test	P value
   		Male		Female
   		Median	Range	Median	Range
   			Min- Max		Min- Max
   1	DASS	40. 00	29. 50	05 92	891. 000	0.013**
   2	Brief COPE	64. 00	44 92	69. 00	34 94	1141. 500	0.454

   Table 5.1: Psychological distress and coping behaviours among male and female respondents

   Level of Significance: *=0.05, **=0.01 and ***=0.001

4. DISCUSSION

   The exponential growth of the Internet has caused it to penetrate almost every corner of the world, and for many to impact almost every aspect of daily life across the age span. The study reveals that college students aged range between 18- 24 years are having their profiles on various social media websites [19]. With regards to the location of participants, most of the college students i.e., 95% are from the urban background wherein male are higher than female. Study findings confirms that and identified the study respondents have a monthly family income of Rs less than 50,000 wherein male are more than female college student. The study reveals that majority i.e. 82% of the college students use social networking sites every day by both genders equally. Study findings indicated that 79% of college students spend less than 2 hours in a day, almost it has become as part of daily life activity or access frequently, wherein female students access online for using various social networking sites when compares to male college students [23,19 & 32].

   The study investigation revealed that college students encountered different problems wherein male students have reported lack of technical knowledge, lack of security & privacy problems and not user friendly are the major concerns and some problems are not disclosed by them compare to female students, wherein other studies found that lack of time

   and poor internet connectivity are major problems [16]. Study found that male students are using social networking sites for the different reasons majorly for friendly communication, for chatting, for entertainment, for sharing photos & to find information for sharing photos & picture respectively by male students compare to female. However, in overall, majority of the male respondents uses the social networking sites for different purpose compare to female respondents. Some study's findings say that Internet use, in general, has a positive effect on well-being when it is used for interaction with existing friends [36]. In meta-analysis reported that Internet use is a positive predictor of psychological well-being when it is used for social communication [11].

   In the study most of the male students have reported negative experiences from using online social networking site compared to female students. The participants were asked to provide further information about their experience, wherein male students experience reflected like unwanted contact, strangers posting inappropriate or upsetting information on online and female students specified having experiences of online bullying, abusive messages, and harassment from someone of the opposite sex and hacked out of email ID. There is some concern about the risks of online social networking because sites access personal information and privacy-related issues. The use of social networking and other internet sites can become disruptive to daily life or lead to other negative outcomes.

   Frightening rates of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and other stress-related problems and explored the outcome of using social networking sites have been found among college students. Different types of Internet use influence the relationship between use and its social and psychological outcomes [36]. It is noted some of the consequences for Internet usage including social isolation, fatigue, and feelings of anger [3]. And found that overall media use, media multitasking was a unique predictor of both depression and social anxiety [22]. The study findings show that there is a significant difference in the psychological distress among college students who are using social networking sites. Log in into online and social networking site usage may lead to psychological conditions like depression, anxiety, and stress. The study found that the mild level of depression is experienced by male college students compare to female college students who are actively using social networking sites. The relationship between the overuse of SNSs and depression may depend to the type of SNS used [13]. and the negative outcomes such as Internet addiction, depression, increased loneliness, procrastination, and sleep loss are commonly seen in the respondents [1, 24].

   The current study found that a moderate level of anxiety is experienced by male college students compare to female college students who are actively using social networking sites. The decrease in social skills and damage to relationships can lead to depression and anxiety. Participants who used social networking sites to communicate with their parents reported higher levels of loneliness and anxious attachment [9]. The study found that, using blog scores high on social anxiety which tends to make few new friends, communicate

   with fewer existing friends via blogs, and had lower quality of relationship with their existing friends, compared with that score lower on social anxiety. These findings may reflect the difficulties experienced by socially anxious individuals in real life as well. Socially anxious individuals have fewer friends and lower quality of relationship offline due to their anxiety and poor social skills for social interactions offline and online [35].

   With respect to the stress level, male college students experienced a mild level of stress wherein female college students experienced a normal level of stress. The study corroborates with findings that students spend more time on the computer, the higher was their stress. And increased use of computers (both in terms of window switching and duration) was associated with increased stress, so the results suggest that type of computer activity may be correlated with lower stress [22].

   The researcher found that there are no significant differences in college students who are using social networking sites while adopting coping strategies. And commonly adopted coping behaviours are denial, self-blaming and substance use, etc. Overall, the common coping responses for both genders were similar, such as interpreting sources of stress, taking direct action, and seeking for sharing [34]. The study interviewed with normal adults on a monthly basis and showed that males and females did not significantly differ in their coping behaviours [8]. Further, it was found that males were more likely to adopt direct action as compared with females, who were more likely to use distraction, relaxation, religion, and other coping strategies [33].

   Implications of the study:

   • The study attempts to compare SNS usage among college students based on gender which was suggested in previous studies.

   • From the study results, it could be reported that college students have both positive and negative impacts concerning the usage of social networking sites.

   • Usage of social networking sites became daily life activity since most of the respondents use at least once in a day.

   • The study found that those who are spending excessive time on social networking sites are more distressed and prone to get addicted.

   • Online negative experiences are reported by high users and many of the users do not want to disclose their negative experiences.

   • The overall study shows that male respondents are using a larger amount of SNS and reported higher psychological distress as compared to female respondents.

     Limitations of the study:

   • College students are a diverse population ranging in age, ethnicity, beliefs, and living situtions and many other factors and the study sample size are small; hence, the study results could not be generalized.

   • The correlation between the socio-demographic profile and study variables was not carried out. So, the researcher could not facilitate higher statistics like regression and correlations.

     Suggestions for the future study:

   • The same study can be replicated with a larger sample size are to generalize the study.

   • A qualitative study can be taken up to understand the different perspectives of different types of social network sites among college students.

   • Since the literature is suggesting there is a negative outcome of SNS uses, future interventions-based research could be initiated to address the issues.

5. CONCLUSION

   Social networking sites are playing major roles in the life of all human populations irrespective of caste and creed. In an advanced lifestyle, it is easy to access everyone, so the impact of SNSs like one coin two sides, positives, and negatives both the effects are influencing users. As many research studies reveal that young populations are the more risk and vulnerable group of people in this current aura. Users should be aware healthy ways of usage and handling ways of hazards. Further research should focus on developing effective evidence-based psychosocial intervention models and to address risk behaviours like online addiction and psychological distress and strengthen adaptive behaviour.

   ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

   First and foremost, I would like to thank research guide for his extraordinary support and for sharing their pearls of wisdom during the journey of academic course to successfully complete this research dissertation. And we are also immensely grateful to reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments on the manuscript.

   Conict of interest: There is no conict of interest.

   Financial Support: Nil

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