Non-Linear Static Analysis on Roll Over Protective Structure (ROPS) of Asphalt Compactor

DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV10IS080221

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Non-Linear Static Analysis on Roll Over Protective Structure (ROPS) of Asphalt Compactor

Athreya Tallanje

Scholar in Mechanical Engineering Bangalore, Karnataka-560048 India

Anush Matty Rajesh

Scholar in Mechanical Engineering Bangalore, Karnataka-560061 India

Abstract :- Roll Over Protective Structure (ROPS) is a passive safety component that protects an operator in case of machine roll. The ROPS has been made mandatory to be installed in the earth moving machines such as compactor, grader, excavator etc., as these machines operate at different inclinations and at different earth irregularities. In this study a ROPS has been proposed for an Asphalt Compactor that is in compliance with ISO 3471 standard. The proposed structure has been designed to meet the packaging constraints of the compactor and to undergo non- elastic deformation without touching the operator at any point when the loads are applied. A Non-linear static analysis has been carried out on the proposed structure using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) tool ANSYS to predict its energy absorption under non-elastic deformation when the loads of lateral, vertical and longitudinal are applied.

Keywords Roll Over Protective Structure; Deflection Limiting Volume; Energy absorption; Non elastic deformation; Non-linear analysis.

  1. INTRODUCTION

    Earth moving machines are also known as off-highway vehicles. They have a wide application in construction, mining, demolition, etc. The different earth moving vehicles include excavators, bull-dozers, backhoe loaders, compactors, trenchers, tower cranes, graders, pavers, dump trucks, etc. In this study, an Asphalt compactor has been considered. Asphalt compactor/ Roller compactors/ rollers are used in the construction of roads by compacting the soil, asphalt and concrete. The Roller compactors operate at various inclinations or uneven terrains like at the edge of a cliff. While operating in such conditions, the machine may lose balance and might roll over which results in injuries or death to the operator. The accidents due to the machine roll over is depicted in the Fig-1a. To prevent this, a Roll Over Protective Structure (ROPS) is installed. ROPS is a passive safety component installed in earth moving machinery to undergo a non-elastic deformation in order to absorb the energy completely in case of a machine roll over. THE ROPS must be tested to check its efficacy by simulating the rolling condition. Various standards are used as a benchmark to test the ROPS. Among them ISO 3471 is a widely used standard. ISO 3471 depicts the structure requirements, loading condition and acceptance criterion of the structure. Since testing is very expensive and time consuming, a finite element analysis (FEA) is preferred. In this study, a two post ROPS for an Asphalt Compactor of 9-tonne capacity has been proposed. The proposed ROPS is checked for its

    compliance with the ISO 3471 standard by performing a non- linear static analysis.

    Fig. 1. Rollover Accident of a Compactor [17]

  2. OUTLINE OF ROLL OVER PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE (ROPS)

    The ROPS proposed in this study is based on the ISO 3471 and ISO 3164 standards. ISO 3471 specifies the magnitude of loads that has to be applied on the ROPS in lateral, longitudinal and vertical direction. It also specifies the minimum lateral energy to be absorbed by the ROPS under non-elastic conditions. Acceptance criteria for the design is depicted in this standard. ISO 3164 specifies the dimensions of DLV (Deflecting Limiting Volume). A DLV is a space where the operator sits and operates the machine. As per the acceptance criteria in this standard, to ensure the safety of the operator, the deformed of ROPS should not enter the DLV at any instance [2].

    Based on these standards, a ROPS is proposed for an Asphalt compactor. The specifications of the compactor are shown in Fig-2. The dimensions of ROPS are limited by the aspects of orthogonal DLV as per the standard and the packaging constraints in the machine. The proposed structure has a tower type vertical column. The cross section of the vertical column has been chosen by using an iterative approach to get the required stiffness. Simple square cross sectioned beams are used throughout the structure. The entire structure is made of ASTM A36 steel and has a thickness of 5 mm. The proposed structure has a total mass of 154.29 kg. The dimensions of the proposed ROPS and the DLV are shown in Fig-3 and Fig-4 respectively.

    Fig. 2. Specifications of Chosen Asphalt Comactor[15]

    The compactor shown in the Fig-2 is just for the depiction of the specifications and does not represent any model or any brand. Also, the ROPS in Fig-2 does not represent the ROPS that has been proposed in this study.

    TABLE I. SPECIFICATIONS OF CHOSEN ASPHALT COMPACTOR

    Parameters

    Values

    Overall Length (L)

    5710 mm

    Overall Width (W)

    2300 mm

    Height with ROPS/FOPS (H)

    3010 mm

    Wheel Base (L)

    2900 mm

    Operating Weight – with ROPS/FOPS

    9000

    Fig. 3. Dimensions of Proposed ROPS

    Fig. 4. Dimensions of the Deflection Limiting Volume (DLV) [2]

    ASTM A 36 is a low carbon steel with carbon content less than 0.3%. The properties of material are as specified in Table-2 and the Fig-5. shows the stress- strain curve of ASTM A36 [16].

    TABLE II. MATERIAL PROPERTY DATA

    Properties

    Values

    Yield Strength

    250 MPa

    Young's Modulus

    200 GPa

    Poisson's Ratio

    0.3

    Bulk Modulus

    166.67 GPa

    Shear Modulus

    76.923 GPa

    Tangent Modulus

    1.45 GPa

    Ultimate Strength

    460 MPa

    Fig. 5. Stress-Strain Curve of ASTM A36

    The structure has been modelled using Catia V5, the model is depicted in the Fig-6.

    Fig. 6. Catia V5 model of the proposed structure

    The loads acting on the ROPS are calculated as per ISO 3471. These loads are dependent on the machine mass. Table-3 depicts the forces acting along lateral, longitudinal, vertical directions and the energy to be absorbed by the ROPS when lateral load is applied.

    As per the ISO 3471, for a compactor of mass(m) 9010 kg, Lateral load force (N)=5*m

    Vertical load force (N)=19.61*m Longitudinal load force (N)=4*m

    Lateral Energy Absorption (J)=9 500* (m/10 000)1.25

    TABLE III. LOADS AND ENERGY CALCULATIONS [1]

    Parameter

    Value

    Mass of the machine (kg)

    9010

    Lateral load force (N)

    45050

    Vertical load force (N)

    176686.1

    Longitudinal load force (N)

    36040

    Lateral load energy (J)

    8339.29

  3. LOADING AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS The proposed structure has been meshed with both

    hexagonal and tetrahedron mesh of 10 mm size at appropriate locations. There are 105758 elements in the meshed model. The Fig-7 and Fig-8 shows the finite element model of the structure.

    Base of the vertical columns of the sructure are fixed and the loads of lateral, vertical and longitudinal are applied on the ROPS sequentially as per standards as shown in the Fig-9, Fig-10 and Fig-11.

    Fig. 7. Finite Element Model of the ROPS

    Fig. 8. Finite Element Model of the ROPS

    Fig. 9. Boundary Conditions for Lateral Loading

    Fig. 10. Boundary Conditions for Vertical Loading

    Fig. 11. Boundary Conditions for Longitudinal Loading

  4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

    A Non-linear static analysis is carried out using Finite Element Analysis to predict the energy absorption capacity of the ROPS when it undergoes a non-elastic deformation. Both material and geometric nonlinearities are considered and the loads are applied gradually until the force-energy requirements as specified in ISO 3471 are reached. The studies reveal that the most roll over takes place in the lateral direction, hence it is very important to check the energy absorption capacity of the ROPS for the lateral load. The energy absorption capacity of the structure is found by plotting load vs deformation curve as specified in ISO 3471.

    Fig. 12. Load vs Deformation graph as specified in ISO 3471 [1]

    The area under the curve shown in the Fig-12 is used to predict the energy absorption, therefore

    U=(1*F1)/2+((2-1)*(F1+F2)/2)+………+((N-N-

    1)*(FN-1+FN)/2)) ———————-(1)

    where, U is the Energy absorption, is the deformation and F is the load [1]

    1. Lateral Loading

      The loads are applied gradually until a magnitude of 45050 N is attained. The direction of load is as depicted in Fig-9. The Fig-13 shows the non-elastic deformation of the structure that is predicted using the FEA tool ANSYS for these loads. The

      maximum deformation of the structure for the applied loads is 316mm.

      Fig. 13. Deformation due to non-linear Lateral Loading

      Fig. 14. Load vs Deflection graph for lateral load

      As shown in Fig. 14, the curve is linear up to a limit. In this region the lateral load is directly proportional to the structure's deformation. Following the limit, a substantial change in deformation is observed for a small change in load. This section of the graph shows the material non-linearity of the structure.

      From equation 1, Energy absorption for the curve shown in Fig-14 is calculated and tabulated in Table-4.

      TABLE IV. ENERGY ABSORPTION CALCULATION TABLE FOR

      S. No.

      Time (Sec)

      Lateral Load (N)

      Deflection (mm)

      Energy Absorption(J)

      1

      1

      0

      0

      0

      2

      1.2

      1001.1

      1.55

      0.77

      3

      1.4

      2002.2

      3.11

      3.11

      4

      1.7

      3503.9

      5.44

      9.54

      5

      2

      5005.6

      7.78

      19.48

      6

      2.2

      6006.7

      9.34

      28.07

      S. No.

      Time (Sec)

      Lateral Load (N)

      Deflection (mm)

      Energy Absorption(J)

      1

      1

      0

      0

      0

      2

      1.2

      1001.1

      1.55

      0.77

      3

      1.4

      2002.2

      3.11

      3.11

      4

      1.7

      3503.9

      5.44

      9.54

      5

      2

      5005.6

      7.78

      19.48

      6

      2.2

      6006.7

      9.34

      28.07

      LATERAL LOADING

      7

      2.4

      7007.8

      10.90

      48.34

      8

      2.7

      8509.4

      13.24

      66.50

      9

      3

      10011

      15.58

      88.20

      10

      3.2

      11012

      17.15

      104.64

      11

      3.4

      12013

      18.71

      122.66

      12

      3.7

      13515

      21.06

      152.64

      13

      4

      15017

      23.41

      186.18

      14

      4.2

      16018

      24.98

      210.51

      15

      4.4

      17019

      26.55

      251.88

      16

      4.7

      18521

      28.90

      293.73

      17

      5

      20022

      31.26

      339.17

      18

      5.2

      21023

      32.83

      371.45

      19

      5.4

      22024

      34.41

      405.40

      20

      5.7

      23526

      36.79

      459.53

      21

      6

      25028

      39.18

      517.63

      22

      6.2

      26029

      40.79

      558.75

      23

      6.4

      27030

      42.45

      617.68

      24

      6.7

      28532

      45.13

      692.30

      25

      7

      30033

      48.15

      780.53

      26

      7.2

      31034

      50.37

      848.43

      27

      7.4

      32036

      52.81

      925.38

      28

      7.7

      33537

      56.92

      1060.23

      29

      8

      35039

      61.94

      1232.36

      30

      8.2

      36040

      66.08

      1379.17

      31

      8.4

      37041

      71.02

      1496.05

      32

      8.7

      38543

      81.48

      1891.54

      33

      9

      40044

      97.54

      2522.60

      34

      9.2

      41046

      115.52

      3099.45

      35

      9.4

      42047

      145.12

      4329.22

      36

      9.7

      43548

      217.53

      7428.19

      37

      10

      45050

      315.99

      11479.35

      td>

      13515

      7

      2.4

      7007.8

      10.90

      48.34

      8

      2.7

      8509.4

      13.24

      66.50

      9

      3

      10011

      15.58

      88.20

      10

      3.2

      11012

      17.15

      104.64

      11

      3.4

      12013

      18.71

      122.66

      12

      3.7

      21.06

      152.64

      13

      4

      15017

      23.41

      186.18

      14

      4.2

      16018

      24.98

      210.51

      15

      4.4

      17019

      26.55

      251.88

      16

      4.7

      18521

      28.90

      293.73

      17

      5

      20022

      31.26

      339.17

      18

      5.2

      21023

      32.83

      371.45

      19

      5.4

      22024

      34.41

      405.40

      20

      5.7

      23526

      36.79

      459.53

      21

      6

      25028

      39.18

      517.63

      22

      6.2

      26029

      40.79

      558.75

      23

      6.4

      27030

      42.45

      617.68

      24

      6.7

      28532

      45.13

      692.30

      25

      7

      30033

      48.15

      780.53

      26

      7.2

      31034

      50.37

      848.43

      27

      7.4

      32036

      52.81

      925.38

      28

      7.7

      33537

      56.92

      1060.23

      29

      8

      35039

      61.94

      1232.36

      30

      8.2

      36040

      66.08

      1379.17

      31

      8.4

      37041

      71.02

      1496.05

      32

      8.7

      38543

      81.48

      1891.54

      33

      9

      40044

      97.54

      2522.60

      34

      9.2

      41046

      115.52

      3099.45

      35

      9.4

      42047

      145.12

      4329.22

      36

      9.7

      43548

      217.53

      7428.19

      37

      10

      45050

      315.99

      11479.35

      Fig. 15. Energy Absorption vs time for lateral load

      In this study, the loads are applied to the structure gradually with respect to time. From the Fig-15, it can be clearly observed that up to 8 seconds the energy absorption is very less. This is because the material in that region behaves linearly. After 8 seconds the energy absorption has increased drastically due to material non-linearity.

      Fig. 16. Energy Absorption vs deformation

      As per the ISO 3471, the minimum energy absorption for the lateral load of 45050 N should be 8339.30J. The energy absorbed by the proposed structure is 11479.35 J and the maximum deformation is 315.99 mm. In the proposed structure there is a clearance of about 520 mm in the lateral direction. Therefore, the deformation does not enter the Deflection Limiting Volume (DLV) at any instance. Energy absorption vs time and Energy absorption vs Lateral Load are plotted to understand the behaviour of the ROPS when lateral loads are applied.

      The plot in the Fig-16 shows that up to 100mm deformation, the energy absorbed by the structure is quite low. Following that, the energy absorption in the structure steadily increases due to the material's non-linear behaviour.

    2. Vertical Loading

      The loads are applied gradually until a magnitude of 176686.1 N is attained. The direction of load is as depicted in the Fig-10. The Fig-17 shows the non-elastic deformation of the structure. The maximum deformation of the structure for the applied load is 352.56mm.

      7

      2.4

      28652

      13.06

      237.76

      8

      2.7

      33427

      15.99

      328.59

      9

      3

      38202

      18.97

      435.38

      10

      3.2

      42978

      20.98

      517.13

      11

      3.4

      47753

      23.02

      609.45

      12

      3.7

      52528

      26.12

      765.14

      13

      4

      57304

      29.29

      938.89

      14

      4.2

      62079

      31.43

      1066.81

      15

      4.4

      66854

      33.60

      1263.10

      16

      4.7

      71630

      36.92

      1492.85

      17

      5

      76405

      40.30

      1743.32

      18

      5.2

      81180

      42.60

      1924.23

      19

      5.4

      85955

      44.92

      2118.61

      20

      5.7

      90731

      48.47

      2431.79

      21

      6

      95506

      52.12

      2771.766

      22

      6.2

      100280

      54.61

      3015.32

      23

      6.4

      105060

      57.17

      3267.01

      24

      6.7

      109830

      61.14

      3693.56

      25

      7

      114610

      65.46

      4177.90

      26

      7.2

      119,380

      68.80

      4568.55

      27

      7.4

      124160

      72.75

      5049.54

      28

      7.7

      133710

      81

      6112.87

      29

      8

      138480

      87.99

      7064.72

      30

      8.2

      143260

      94.11

      7926.42

      31

      8.4

      148030

      99.48

      8146.51

      32

      8.7

      152810

      110.33

      9777.52

      33

      9

      157,580.00

      149.2

      15809.95

      34

      9.2

      176,686.10

      352.56

      65134.40

      7

      2.4

      28652

      13.06

      237.76

      8

      2.7

      33427

      15.99

      328.59

      9

      3

      38202

      18.97

      435.38

      10

      3.2

      42978

      20.98

      517.13

      11

      3.4

      47753

      23.02

      609.45

      12

      3.7

      52528

      26.12

      765.14

      13

      4

      57304

      29.29

      938.89

      14

      4.2

      62079

      31.43

      1066.81

      15

      4.4

      66854

      33.60

      1263.10

      16

      4.7

      71630

      36.92

      1492.85

      17

      5

      76405

      40.30

      1743.32

      18

      5.2

      81180

      42.60

      1924.23

      19

      5.4

      85955

      44.92

      2118.61

      20

      5.7

      90731

      48.47

      2431.79

      21

      6

      95506

      52.12

      2771.766

      22

      6.2

      100280

      54.61

      3015.32

      23

      6.4

      105060

      57.17

      3267.01

      24

      6.7

      109830

      61.14

      3693.56

      25

      7

      114610

      65.46

      4177.90

      26

      7.2

      119,380

      68.80

      4568.55

      27

      7.4

      124160

      72.75

      5049.54

      28

      7.7

      133710

      81

      6112.87

      29

      8

      138480

      87.99

      7064.72

      30

      8.2

      143260

      94.11

      7926.42

      31

      8.4

      148030

      99.48

      8146.51

      32

      8.7

      152810

      110.33

      9777.52

      33

      9

      157,580.00

      149.2

      15809.95

      34

      9.2

      176,686.10

      352.56

      65134.40

      Fig. 17. Deformation due to Non-Linear static Vertical load

      Fig. 18. Load vs Deflection graph for vertical load

      The curve shown in Fig-18 is linear up to a limit. In this region the vertical load is directly proportional to the structure's deformation. Following the limit, a substantial change in deformation is observed for a small change in load. This section of the graph shows the material non-linearity of the structure.

      From equation 1, Energy absorption for the curve shown in Fig-18 is calculated and tabulated in Table-5.

      Sl. No.

      Time (Sec)

      Vertical Load (N)

      Deflection (mm)

      Energy Absorption(J)

      1

      1

      0

      0

      0

      2

      1.2

      4775.3

      1.8

      4.31

      3

      1.4

      9550.6

      3.63

      17.40

      4

      1.7

      14326

      6.40

      50.53

      5

      2

      19101

      9.22

      97.64

      6

      2.2

      23877

      11.14

      138.71

      Sl. No.

      Time (Sec)

      Vertical Load (N)

      Deflection (mm)

      Energy Absorption(J)

      1

      1

      0

      0

      0

      2

      1.2

      4775.3

      1.8

      4.31

      3

      1.4

      9550.6

      3.63

      17.40

      4

      1.7

      14326

      6.40

      50.53

      5

      2

      19101

      9.22

      97.64

      6

      2.2

      23877

      11.14

      138.71

      TABLE V. ENERGY ABSORPTION CALCULATION TABLE FOR VERTICAL LOADING

      For the maximum vertical load of 176686.1 N, the energy absorbed by the structure is 65134.40 J and the maximum deformation is 352.56 mm. In the proposed structure there is a clearance of about 475 mm in the vertical direction. Therefore, the deformation does not enter the Deflection Limiting Volume (DLV) at any instance. Energy absorption vs time and Energy absorption vs Vertical Load are plotted to understand the behaviour of the ROPS when vertical loads are applied.

      Fig. 19. Energy Absorption vs time for vertical load

      Fig. 20. Energy Absorption vs deformation

      The graphs in Fig-19 & Fig-20 depict that the energy absorbed by the structure is significantly low for smaller loads as the material behaves elastically. As the load increases over time, the deformation of the structure rises owing to non-elastic behaviour, which increases energy absorption.

    3. Longitudinal Loading

    The loads are applied gradually until a magnitude of 36040 N is attained. The direction of load is as depicted in the Fig-11. The Fig-21 shows the non-elastic deformation of the structure. The maximum deformation of the structure for the applied load is 185.33mm.

    Fig. 21. Deformation due to Non-Linear static Longitudinal load

    Fig. 22. Load vs Deflection graph for Longitudinal load

    The curve shown in Fig-22 is linear up to a limit. In this region the longitudinal load is directly proportional to the structure's deformation. Following the limit, a substantial change in deformation is observed for a subtle change in load. This section of the graph shows the material non- linearity of the structure.

    From equation 1, Energy absorption for the curve shown in Fig-22 is calculated and exhibited in Table-6.

    TABLE VI. ENERGY ABSORPTION CALCULATION

    S.

    No.

    Time (Sec)

    Longitudinal Load (N)

    Deflection (mm)

    Energy Absorption(J)

    1

    1

    0

    0.00

    0

    2

    1.2

    800.89

    1.59

    0.63

    3

    1.4

    1601.8

    3.18

    2.55

    4

    1.7

    2803.1

    5.57

    7.81

    5

    2

    4004.4

    7.96

    15.93

    6

    2.2

    4805.3

    9.55

    22.95

    7

    2.4

    5606.2

    11.14

    39.52

    8

    2.7

    6807.6

    13.53

    54.35

    9

    3

    8008.9

    15.92

    72.03

    10

    3.2

    8809.8

    17.51

    85.42

    11

    3.4

    9610.7

    19.10

    100.08

    12

    3.7

    10812

    21.49

    124.45

    13

    4

    12013

    23.87

    151.70

    14

    4.2

    12814

    25.47

    171.46

    15

    4.4

    13615

    27.06

    205.24

    16

    4.7

    14816

    29.44

    239.17

    17

    5

    16018

    31.83

    275.97

    18

    5.2

    16819

    33.42

    302.08

    19

    5.4

    17620

    35.01

    329.47

    20

    5.7

    18821

    37.40

    372.95

    21

    6

    20022

    39.78

    419.29

    22

    6.2

    20823

    41.37

    451.78

    23

    6.4

    21624

    42.96

    498.32

    24

    6.7

    22825

    45.35

    551.35

    25

    7

    24027

    47.74

    607.22

    26

    7.2

    24828

    49.33

    646.06

    27

    7.4

    25628

    50.91

    686.15

    28

    7.7

    26830

    53.30

    748.70

    29

    8

    28031

    55.68

    814.10

    30

    8.2

    28832

    57.27

    859.30

    31

    8.4

    29633

    58.98

    923.67

    32

    8.7

    30834

    62.66

    1035.02

    33

    9

    32036

    68.39

    1215.02

    34

    9.2

    32836

    74.94

    1442.91

    35

    9.4

    33637

    86.34

    1821.91

    36

    9.7

    34839

    118.05

    2907.43

    37

    10

    36040

    185.33

    5724.01

    For the maximum longitudinal load of 36040 N, the energy absorbed by the structure is 5724 J and the maximum deformation is 185.33 mm. In the structure there is a clearance of about 250 mm in the longitudinal direction. Therefore, the predicted deformation does not enter the Deflection Limiting Volume (DLV) at any instance. Energy absorption vs time and Energy absorption vs Longitudinal Load are plotted to understand the behaviour of the ROPS when Longitudinal loads are applied.

    Fig. 23. Energy Absorption vs time for Longitudinal load

    Fig. 24. Energy Absorption vs deformation

    The plots in the Fig-23 & Fig-24 show that the energy absorbed is significantly lower for smaller loads because the material behaves elastically. As the load increases over time, the deformation of the structure rises owing to non-elastic behaviour of the material, which increases energy absorption.

    TABLE VII. COMPARISON TABLE

    Directio n of Loading

    Required Minimum Energy Absorption as per standard (J)

    Energy Absorpti on by the proposed structure (J)

    Deformat ion observed (mm)

    Actual Clear ance (mm)

    Lateral

    8339.30

    11479.37

    315.99

    520

    Vertical

    Not Specified in the standard

    65134.40

    352.56

    475

    Longitudin al

    Not Specified in the standard

    5724.01

    185.33

    250

    From the above table it can be inferred that the deformations due to the lateral, vertical and longitudinal loads do not enter the Deflection Limiting volume and the energy absorption in the lateral case is more than the required minimum energy absorption as specified in ISO 3471. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed ROPS is safe.

  5. CONCLUSION

A Roll Over Protective structure (ROPS) for an Asphalt compactor of 9-tonne has been proposed in this study. A Non-Linear static analysis has been carried out on the proposed structure and non-elastic deformations, energy absorptions are predicted for lateral, vertical and longitudinal loads using FEA tool ANSYS. As specified in the acceptance criterion of the standard, deformations are not entering the Deflection limiting point at any instance when the loads are applied. Also, the absorbed energy by the structure is more than the required minimum energy. Since the criterions specified in the standards are met, it can be concluded that the proposed ROPS is safe.

REFERENCES

  1. International Organization for Standardization (2008) ISO 3471:2008: Earth-moving machinery Roll-over protective structures Laboratory tests and performance requirements. Geneva, ISO.

  2. International Organization for Standardization (2008) ISO 3164:2013: Earth-moving machinery Laboratory evaluations of protective structures Specifications for deflection-limiting volume. Geneva, ISO.

  3. Sakthivel M, Dhandapani N, Vetriselvan V, Arunachalam J. Design and Analysis of Tractor Roll Over Protective Structure for the Influence of Deformation, Stress Distribution and Strain Energy. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2021;1717:012029.

  4. Yang Z, Yun C. Mechanical Analysis of ROPS Lateral Loading Test- bed for Mining Dump Truck. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2020;1575:012004.

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  6. Rajesh Kumar T, Haridass R, Dhandapani N V, Dinakar M. Non- Linear Static Analysis of Off-Road Vehicle Cabin ROPS Structure Using Finite Element Method. International Journal of Engineering & Technology. 2018;7(2.24):411.

  7. Vishnu P, Manjunath A R, H S Kumaraswamy. Finite Element Analysis and Cost Effective Design for Roll Over Protection Structure (ROPS) of Soil Compactor. International Journal of Engineering Research in Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IJERMCE). 2017;2(4):7.

  8. Li W, Tao J, Liu M. Nonlinear analysis and uncertainty optimisation of mining dump truck's ROPS based on TPS-HDMR. International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems. 2015;22(1):73.

  9. Vamshi Chennuri, Harish Kothagadi, Riyazuddin Mohammad. Design And Stress Analysis Of Four-post Rollover Protective Structure Of Agricultural-wheeled Tractor. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research. 2015;.

  10. Syed Khaisar Sardar, Kiran Narkar, D R Panchagade. Non- Linear Analysis Of Roll Over Protection Structure. International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering. 2014;2(9).

  11. Malik M, Kshirsagar S, Barve S. DOE for Non-Linear Structural Analysis of ROPS (Rollover Protective Structure). SAE Technical Paper Series. 2012;.

  12. J. Mangado, J.I. Arana, C. Jarén, S. Arazuri, P. Arnal. Design Calculations on Roll-over Protective Structures for Agricultural Tractors. Biosystems Engineering. 2007;96(2):181-191.

  13. Etherton J, Ronaghi M, Current R. Development of a pultruded FRP composite material ROPS for farm tractors. Composite Structures. 2007;78(2):162-169.

  14. Soil Compactor. (n.d.). Sakainet. Retrieved May 28, 2021, from https://www.sakainet.co.jp/en/products/soil_compactor/sv520series.ht ml

  15. AZoM. (2014, May 23). ASTM A36 Mild/Low Carbon Steel. https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6117#:%7E:text=AST

    M%20A36%20is%20the%20most,bend%20more%20readily%20than

    %20C1018.

  16. Compactor Rollover Injures Operator. (2014, November 3). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZRUDwuRufY

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