Volume 10, Issue 10 (October 2021)

Laboratory Investigation on Application of Slag in Dense Bituminous Mix

DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV10IS100168

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Chandrashekar Gowda K N , Naveen G M, 2021, Laboratory Investigation on Application of Slag in Dense Bituminous Mix, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT) Volume 10, Issue 10 (October 2021),

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Laboratory Investigation on Application of Slag in Dense Bituminous Mix

Chandrashekar Gowda K N Department of Civil Engineering MIT Mysore

Mandya, India

Naveen G M

Department of Civil Engineering Government Engineering College Chamarajanagar

Chamarajanagar, India

Abstract Aggregates are significant constituent of any infrastructure building including roads. Advancement and extraction of natural aggregate resources (essentially sand, broken up stone and rock) are increasingly being restricted by zoning regulations, urbanization, environmental concerns and increased costs. For every ton of crude steel produced 400kgs of slag is produced. Considering the Indian scenario, the total steel production is recorded as 110 million tons (2018) leading to generation of 8 million tons of slag by-product. Though the utilization of slag has begun in India, technologies and studies should be advanced to make full utilization of slag. But use of slag aggregates in road construction is least practiced in India. Limited utilization of slag is made in preparation of hot asphalt mixes. Hence there is a need to study the properties of hot asphalt mixes prepared using slag aggregates.

In the present study an effort is made to study the strength properties of hot asphalt mixes prepared using steel slag and blast furnace slag aggregates by conducting laboratory tests. Steel slag and blast furnace slag aggregates were used as partial replacement of conventional coarse and fine aggregates respectively. Dense Bituminous Macadam grade-I as per Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) specification is selected for the present study. The conventional aggregates were replaced with varying dosages of 10, 20 and 30% of steel slag and blast furnace slag in the hot asphalt mixes of Dense Bituminous Macadam grade-I. Marshall Stability tests were conducted on Dense Bituminous Macadam grade-I asphalt mix samples prepared using steel and blast furnace slag aggregates.

Marshall Stability test conducted indicated highest stability for mix containing 20% steel slag and 20% blast furnace slag and the increase in Marshall Stability is about 10.5% and 12% respectively compared to conventional mix.

Keywords Aggregates, Bitumen, Steel Slag(LD Slag), Blast Furnace Sla, Marshall Stability, Optimum Binder Content.

  1. INTRODUCTION

    Demand and extraction of natural materials like sand and aggregates is a great concern in road industry. To prevail over from this crisis, partial or full replacement of both coarser and finer material with slag aggregates may be an economic alternative. Therefore more sustainable practices towards the utilization of marginal materials are gaining importance. Use of marginal/alternative materials, stabilization, recycling, and use of by products are some of the important mitigation options available; Slag is one of the important industrial by product from steel industry. Due to increase in production of steel, the production of slag is also increasing. The demand for good road infrastructure for economical and inclusive growth of country has resulted in massive road development

    projects. Majority of our road network warrants rehabilitation or reconstruction. This reconstruction/ rehabilitation of our road network posing several challenges to road industry. Depletion of good natural soil and aggregates, increase in transportation and fuel consumption, strict regulations on utilization of some natural materials are some of the challenges facing by the road construction industry.

    Necessity of the Use of Steel Slag

    Due to increase in production of steel, the production of slag is also increasing. Steel slag is being used as pavement construction material from several decades. Since it was known that the remains from the production of steel could be crushed and processed into a product that looked like crushed rock. Further studies and tests were performed to find the usefulness of this by product which lead to the conclusion that, the rough textured, vesicular, highly angular, pitted surfaces offer good particle interlock, and if appropriately compacted, the required stability can be achieved for good serviceable pavements.

    The key technical index of bituminous concrete containing steel slag is its strength and is due to the reason that steel slag materials are rich in carbon and silicon content and are brittle.

    The total estimate of crude steel produced in the whole world is 1200 million tonnes (2018) which leads to a simultaneous production of 300Mt of solid waste. Hence for every ton of crude steel produced 400kgs of solid waste is produced. Considering the Indian scenario, the total steel production is recorded as 110 million tons (2018) further leading to generation of 8 million tons of solid waste. Some developed countries of world are making full utilization of generated waste with technologies developed accordingly. Though the utilization of the generated waste has begun in India, technologies and researches should be emerged to make full utilization of waste generated.

  2. OBJECTIVES

    In the present study an effort has been made to assess the aptness of steel slag aggregates as a replacement to coarse and fine aggregates. The following are the objectives

    1. The physical properties o Conventional aggregates.

    2. The physical properties of steel slag.

    3. The physical properties of bitumen

    4. The Marshall properties of bituminous mix containing conventional aggregate and various percentages of steel slag and blast furnace slag.

  3. METHODOLOGY

    The intention of this course work was to study the likelihood of using slag aggregates in Dense Bituminous Macadam grade-I mix. The necessary basic tests are carried out to check the suitability of the materials such as coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, bitumen and slag. The comparative study on the strength of hot bituminous mixes containing slag and conventional aggregates were carried out. The bituminous mix properties were studied by carrying out Marshall Stability test in the laboratory.

    The following material are used for the present

    1. Constituents of Hot Bituminous Mix

      1. Coarse aggregate: Material retained on 2.36mm IS sieve is considered as coarser fraction. LD slag and blast furnace slag are used as replacement to conventional coarse aggregate in the present study.

      2. Fine aggregate: Fractions passing 2.36mm IS sieve and retained on 0.075mm IS sieve is considered as fine fractions. Blast furnace slag is used as partial replacement to conventional fine aggregates in the present study.

      3. Filler: Stone dust and cement is used as filler in the present study.

      4. Binder: Viscosity Grade-30 (VG-30) has been used as binder in the present study.

  4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Table I. Results of Basic Tests on Conventional

    Aggregates

    Sl. No

    Aggregate tests

    Test result

    Requirements as per MoRT&H Specifications

    1

    Aggregate Crushing Value (%)

    26.8

    Maximum 30

    2

    Aggregate Impact Value (%)

    14.4

    Maximum 27

    3

    Combined Flakiness and Elongation Index (%)

    27.5

    Maximum 30

    4

    Water absorption (%)

    0.45

    Maximum 2

    5

    Aggreate Specific gravity Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate

    2.6

    2.6

    2.5-3.0

    TABLE II. Basic Properties of Viscosity Grade-30

    Bitumen (VG-30)

    Sl.

    No.

    Basic Tests Conducted

    Test Results

    Specifications as per IRC SP:53-2002

    1

    Penetration at 25C, 0.1mm, 100g, 5sec

    63.5

    60-70

    2

    Softening point (R&B), C

    47

    55(minimum)

    3

    Ductility, cm

    90

    50 (minimum)

    4

    Specific gravity at 25C

    1.01

    Min 0.99

    TABLE III. Material Properties of Slag Aggregates

    Bulk Density (KN/m3)

    1.4

    –

    Specific gravity

    3.6

    2.8

    Water Absorption (%)

    1.0

    2.6

    Combined Flakiness and Elongation Index (%)

    24.1

    27

    TABLE IV. Chemical Composition of Steel Slag Aggregates

    Compounds

    Steel slag general composition (%)

    Steel slag used in present study (%)

    CaO

    47-55

    49

    Free CaO

    6.50

    6.50

    SiO2

    7.5-15

    12.40

    Al2O3

    1.20-1.70

    1.45

    MgO

    1.30-1.50

    1.35

    Iron

    20-26

    23.00

    MnO

    3.50-5.30

    3.60

    CaO/SiO2

    3.70-6.25

    5.35

    A. Filler Material

    Stone dust and cement is used as filler material in the present study. The specific gravity test results of Stone dust is2.60 and cement 3.02.

    TABLE V. Specific Gravity Values of Filler Material

    Filler Material

    Specific gravity

    Stone dust

    2.60

    Cement

    3.02

    TABLE VI. Aggregate Gradation for Dense Bituminous Macadam Grade-I Mix According to

    MoRT&H (V Revision)

    Sieve size, mm

    Adopted mid gradation

    %

    Weight retained

    Weight retained, grams

    37.5

    97.5

    2

    30

    26.5

    78

    20

    246

    19

    –

    0

    0

    13.2

    65

    13

    162

    9.5

    –

    0

    0

    4.75

    46

    19

    234

    2.36

    35

    11

    138

    1.18

    –

    0

    0

    0.6

    –

    0

    0

    0.3

    14

    21

    258

    0.15

    –

    0

    0

    0.075

    5

    9

    108

    <0.075

    0

    5

    24

    TABLE VII. Aggregate Gradation for Dense Bituminous Macadam Grade-I Mix According to

    Sl.

    No.

    Bitumen Content,

    %

    Bulk density, kN/m3

    Air Voids,

    %

    VMA,

    %

    VFB,

    %

    Marshall stability, Kg

    Flow, mm

    1

    4.5

    2.40

    5.8

    15.5

    62.1

    1916

    4.2

    2

    5.0

    2.39

    5.4

    16.2

    66.5

    1802

    3.1

    3

    5.5

    2.45

    2.4

    14.7

    83.5

    2098

    4.4

    4

    6.0

    2.41

    3.2

    16.5

    80.4

    1909

    4.7

    5

    6.5

    2.38

    3.6

    17.9

    80.0

    1447

    5.1

    Sl.

    No.

    Bitumen Content,

    %

    Bulk density, kN/m3

    Air Voids,

    %

    VMA,

    %

    VFB,

    %

    Marshall stability, Kg

    Flow, mm

    1

    4.5

    2.40

    5.8

    15.5

    62.1

    1916

    4.2

    2

    5.0

    2.39

    5.4

    16.2

    66.5

    1802

    3.1

    3

    5.5

    2.45

    2.4

    14.7

    83.5

    2098

    4.4

    4

    6.0

    2.41

    3.2

    16.5

    80.4

    1909

    4.7

    5

    6.5

    2.38

    3.6

    17.9

    80.0

    1447

    5.1

    MoRT&H (V Revision)

    Material Properties

    Tests

    LD slag

    Blast furnace slag

    Aggregate Impact Value (%)

    19.3

    20.2

    Aggregate Crushing Value (%)

    26.2

    25.8

    1. Comparison of Marshall Properties Obtained for Steel Slag and Blast Furnace Slag

      Table VIII and IX presents the Marshall Test results of specimens casted at OBC for both conventional and mix containing steel slag and blast furnace slag aggregates respectively. Figure 5.1 to Figure 5.10 presents the variation of Marshall Properties with varying bitumen content of both conventional and bituminous mixes containing steel slag and blast furnace slag aggregates.

      TABLE VIII. Marshall Test Results for Mixes with Conventional and Steel Slag Aggregates

      Parameters

      Conventional

      10% steel slag

      20% steel slag

      30% steel slag

      Requirements as per MoRT&H

      V revision

      OBC (%)

      5.4

      5.8

      5.7

      5.7

      5.00-7.00

      Air Voids

      3.6

      5.2

      5.2

      6.0

      Min. 3.0

      Max. 6.0

      Bulk density (KN/m3)

      2.42

      2.38

      2.38

      2.35

      –

      Stability (Kg)

      1834

      1932

      2026

      1855

      900 Kg

      Flow (mm)

      4.3

      2.9

      3.4

      2.3

      		 <>Minimum 2.0

      VMA, %

      15.8

      17.1

      17.1

      17.8

      Minimum 13

      VFB, %

      76.6

      69.5

      69.1

      65.7

      Minimum 65

      TABLE IX. Marshall Test Results for Mixes with Conventional and Blast Furnace Slag Aggregates

      P

      a r a

      m e

      C

      o n

      1

      0

      %

      2

      0

      %

      3

      0

      %

      R

      e q u i r

      OBC (%)

      5.4

      5.9

      5.5

      5.8

      5.0-7.0

      Air Voids

      3.6

      6.1

      5.4

      5.7

      Min. 3.0

      Max. 6.0

      Bulk density (KN/m3)

      2.42

      2.36

      2.37

      2.36

      –

      Stability (Kg)

      1834

      1926

      2049

      1955

      900 Kg

      Flow (mm)

      4.3

      3.5

      3.6

      3.3

      Minimum 2.0

      VMA, %

      15.8

      17.9

      17.3

      17.6

      Minimum 13

      VFB, %

      76.6

      65.8

      68.5

      66.9

      Minimum 65

      From Table VIII and IX, it may be inferred that the stability value for Blast Furnace Slag is 2% higher than the bituminous mix consisting of Steel Slag.

      The below are the graphs that are obtained after conducting tests on bituminous mixes.

      Fig.1. Relationship between Stability and Binder Content for Conventional and Mix Containing LD Slag

      Fig.2. Bulk Density Comparisons of Conventional and Bituminous Mix Containing LD Slag

      Fig.03. Air Voids Comparisons of Conventional and Bituminous Mix Containing LD Slag

      Fig.4. Flow Comparisons of Conventional and Bituminous Mix Containing LD Slag

      Fig.5.Voids Filled with Bitumen Comparisons of Conventional and Bituminous Mix Containing LD Slag

      Fig.6. Marshall Stability Comparisons of Conventional and Modified Mixes Containing Blast Furnace Slag

      Fig.7. Bulk Density Comparisons of Conventional and Bituminous Mixes Containing Blast Furnace Slag

      Fig.8. Air Voids Comparisons of Conventional and Bituminous Mixes Containing Blast Furnace Slag

      Fig.9. Flow Comparisons of Conventional and Bituminous Mixes Containing

      Blast Furnace Slag

      Fig.10. Voids Filled with Bitumen Comparisons of Conventional and Bituminous Mix Containing Blast Furnace Slag

  5. CONCLUSION

      1. Basic tests performed on conventional aggregates, bitumen and slag aggregates (LD slag and Blast Furnace Slag) exhibited satisfactory results and thus satisfying all the requirements conforming to MoRT&H (V revision).

      2. Mix containing partially replaced steel slag and blast furnace slag aggregates exhibited maximum stability of 10.5% and 11.5% higher respectively compared to conventional mix. This may be due to slag aggregates possess high specific gravity and contains greater amount of iron.

      3. Optimum bitumen content for mixes contaning steel slag and blast furnace slag was 6% and 6.5% more respectively compared to conventional mix. This may be due to the reason that slag possess greater voids on the surface

  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I Thank my guide for his support in all aspect in preparing this paper. I also thank my institution and my research centre for providing facilities to conduct the experiments. I also thank every one who has involved in this research paper.

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