Experimental Investigation of a Solid / Moist Air Thermo chemical Storage Process for Waste Heat Recovery

Experimental Investigation of a Solid / Moist Air Thermo chemical Storage Process for Waste Heat Recovery

Mr. Jeffy Scaria

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering LBS College of Engineering Kasaragod, India

Prof. Swaraj Kumar B

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering LBS College of Engineering Kasaragod, India

Abstract Thermal energy storage (TES) is regarded as an enabling technology with a variety of applications, especially regarding energy efficiency and usage of renewable and waste heat. TES materials, in this aspect, provide much higher storage capacities per mass or volume compared to sensible or latent heat storage, often by a factor of 10 or more compared to water storage, which is the most often used storage type. Moreover, thermo chemical storage materials can store the heat for infinite time without insulation and are regarded as a key technology for heat transport and long term storage. TES is based on two reactions, one endothermic and one exothermic which are reversible. In this work our aim was to design a thermo chemical heat storage system that can store waste heat from a stationary IC engine exhaust for long durations and which should be able to heat water for household purposes when required. In this study we reviewed various thermo chemical materials based on its characteristics and our requirements, MgCl2·6H2O or magnesium chloride hex hydrate was chosen. Dehydration of MgCl2·6H2O at about 120°C into MgCl2·H2O stored heat energy (charging), and hydration of this mono hydrate released the stored heat (discharging). A reactor for the reversible reaction and heat transfers from the chemical to water and from exhaust to chemical was designed and fabricated. In this work the TES capability of the reactor is investigated. Making of an efficient, compact and practical reactor was the core idea of the work. Promising results were obtained from the magnesium chloride hex hydrate filled thermo chemical reactor. Upto 65.35% of the stored thermal energy were recovered from the reactor after one day of storing. And 37.72% of the stored thermal energy were recovered after one month of storage.

KeywordsThermal Energy Storage,Thermochemical Heat, Magnesium Chloride.

1. INTRODUCTION

   The main principle of thermo chemical TES is based on a reaction that can be reversed:

   Let A,B and C be some chemical compounds.

   C + heat <=> A + B

   In this reaction, a thermo chemical material (C) absorbs energy and is converted chemically into two components (A and B), which can be stored separately. The reverse reaction occurs when materials A and B are combined together and C is formed. Energy is released during this reaction and constitutes the recovered thermal energy from the TES. The storage capacity of this system is the heat of reaction when

   material C is formed. When energy is released, the reaction is exothermic.

   Thermo chemical TES systems have several advantages over other types of TES:

   • Components (A and B) can usually be stored separately at ambient temperature, after cooling to ambient conditions subsequent to their formation. Therefore there is little or no heat loss during the storing period and, as a consequence, insulation is not needed.

   • As a result of the low heat losses, thermo chemical TES systems are especially suitable for long-term energy storage (e.g., seasonal storage).

   • Thermo chemical materials have higher energy densities relative to PCMs and sensible storage media. Because of higher energy density, thermo chemical TES systems can provide more compact energy storage relative to latent and sensible TES. This attribute is particularly beneficial where space for the TES is limited or valuable.

   The main objective of this work is to study the feasibility of thermo chemical energy storage system. Compared to sensible and latent thermal energy storage systems, chemical thermal energy storage system has very high energy storage density. Also in the process, thermal energy is stored as chemical energy. Hence thermal energy can be stored in room temperatures, which means there will be no loss due to convection or radiation.

   In this work, first objective is to select the source of heat used for storing. Even though the first idea was to use solar heat, due to difficulties in obtaining high temperatures and maintaining that temperature it was discarded. Then the waste heat from the exhaust of diesel engine was selected. The next main objective is to select a suitable thermo chemical compound. Chemical compound is selected according to the temperature availability from the source. Chemical compound selection is through a wide literature survey.

   After selecting the thermo chemical compound, its reactions and enthalpy changes during the reactions are to be studied. Then a reactor for the charging and discharging reactions is to be designed and fabricated. After fabrication, the reactor is to be tested for its thermal storage capabilities under various conditions.

   Properties of various thermo chemical compounds were reviewed on various research papers and review papers. MgCl2 6H2O and CaCl2 6 H2O had temperature levels useful for space and water heating and Mg(OH) 2 and Ca(OH) 2 were good for higher temperature levels (> 500 K ). While Ca(OH)

   2 showed good reactivity and overall behavior, but only relevant for high-temperature heat storage. Mg(OH) 2 and the hydrated sulphates showed less sufficient reactivity in the hydration process. The calcium sulphate can be used only for low temperature applications. The chloride salt hydrates on the other hand showed good reactivity under all circumstances. But they are known to be quite corrosive and show a certain tendency to over-hydrate, developing a gel- like consistency which significantly hinders the ability to store and release heat. Moreover, when using MgCl2 6 H2O, care is to be taken, as the material shows thermal decomposition releasing HCl above certain temperatures. Whereas reviewed papers state that thermal decomposition of MgCl2 6 H2O starts at temperatures above 100-130°C, in their experiments at low pressures.

   Hence comparing all factors observed from other research papers , it is concluded that magnesium chloride is the best material to be used for thermo chemical application in the charging temperature range of 100°C to 130°C.

2. CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED

   Enthalpy data for the reactions were obtained from national institute of standards and technology (NIST), chemistry web book.

   Charging reactions

   1. MgCl2.6H2O => MgCl2.4H2O + 2H2O reaction starts at 70°C , H = +133.94

      Mass of MgCl2·2H2O to test in the reactor is 600g. which is

      4.57 moles. Hence total hydration enthalpy is 4.57 mol x -164.24 kJ mol-1 = 751.6 kJ.

      Hence 600g of MgCl2·2H2O can store 751.6 kJ of thermal energy.

3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE

   The thermo chemical reaction requires sufficient quantity of moisture to come in contact with the chemical compound. The heat released during the reaction should be transferred to the flowing water. Both these requirements are made possible in thermo chemical reactor system. The reactor fabricated for the experiment is shown in Fig 1. The thermo chemical reactor was made with stainless steel material. Water inlet is supplied through the centre pipe, from which water travels through 6 branches in radial direction, which individually branches into double pipes. The double pipes are enclosed in rectangular trays, which carries the thermo chemical compound. The branched out water joins into the outer cicular pipe, and hot water is taken out from a single outlet. The moisture needed for the thermo chemical reaction is supplied from the top directly to the trays.

   kJ mol-1

   1. MgCl2.4H2O => MgCl2.2H2O + 2H2O reaction starts at 105°C , H = +30.36 kJ

      mol-1

      Above two are the requird reactions . further dehydration of MgCl2.2H2O is not possible by heating. Further heating starts following reaction, which is irreversible and must be avoided.

   2. MgCl2.2H2O => Mg.O.HCl + HCl (g) reaction starts at 130°C

   Discharging reactions

   1. MgCl2·2H2O + 2H2O => MgCl2·4H2O

   H = -30.36 kJ mol-1

   2. MgCl2·4H2O + 2H2O => MgCl2·6H2O

   H = -133.94 kJ mol-1

   (NIST chemistry web book)

   Where , H is the enthalpy change during reaction. Molar mass of MgCl2·6H2O is 203.3 g/mol

   Molar mass of MgCl2·2H2O is 131.1 g/mol Total enthalpy change

   -133.94 kJ mol-1 + -30.36 kJ mol-1 = -164.24 kJ mol-1

   Fig 1. Thermo chemical reactor

   In first test, reactor trays were filled with MgCl2.6H2O. Engine exhaust was connected to the reactor inlet. Engine was started and temperature started building up. In 5 minutes the double pipe wall temperature reached 118°C and dehydration started. After 20 minutes chemical compound around the double pipe were completely dehydrated , but heat was not reaching the bulk in whole tray. The engine was turned off. After a cooling off time of 20 minutes, the discharging performance was tested ,Water inlet at 2lpm (liters per min) was supplied at inlet and water sprayed on top of dome to start the reaction. hot water temperature was measured at outlet and results were plotted. In the second test

   , MgCl2.6H2O was dehydrated by heating it on a gas burner.So that the whole compound could be dehydrated evenly to test the compounds storing capability. In this test 1 kg of MgCl2.6H2O was heated to obtain 600 g of MgCl2.2H2O. Each tray filled with 100 g of MgCl2.2H2O. Water inlet at 2lpm was supplied at inlet and water sprayed on top of dome to start the reaction. hot water temperature was measured at outlet.

   Fig 2. Tray half filled with MgCl2.6H2O, double pipe passing through tray visible

   In third test, the dehydrated MgCl2.2H2O was stored for 1 month in an air tight jar, so as to test the storing potential of the compound. The performance was tested for same quantity and method as in second test. And the results were noted down and plotted.

   By the inferences from second and third tests, fourth test was conducted with an additive mixed with the thermo chemical compound. Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 , hydrated magnesium silicate or also called as talc was added as anti caking agent to improve the heat discharge during hydration. Same quantity of 600 g and same water flow rate of 2lpm were used in the experiment to compare it with previous performances

4. EXPERIMENT RESULTS

   In first test, MgCl2.6H2O in the tray was heated with the exhaust heat from the engine for 20 minutes. But the whole compound in the tray could not be dehydrated, as the contact area was not sufficient. The compound which was in contact with the double pipe inside the tray was dehydrated to MgCl2.2H2O. Total energy required to dehydrate 930.43g of MgCl2.6H2O into 600g of MgCl2.2H2O is 751.6 kJ.

   As we could not obtain required dehydration, the percentage of recovered energy was not calculated.

   Fig 3. Temperature of chemical compound inside reactor tray, test 1

   Fig 4. Temperature of water outlet from the reactor , test 1

   In test 2, MgCl2.6H2O was heated on a gas burner to completely dehydrate it. Dehydration started at 100°C. Above 120°C pungent smell was observed, which was the emission of HCl gas. So temperature was maintained between 100°C and 120°C. After dehydration the compound was stored in an air tight jar. After 24 hrs the stored compound was taken out and 600 g of MgCl2.2H2O was filled into 6 trays 100g each. Water at initial temperature 28°C was supplied to the inlet at 2lpm. Moist air for reaction was supplied from top with water sprayer.

   Fig 5. Temperature of chemical compound inside reactor tray, test 2

   Fig 6. Temperature of water outlet from the reactor , test 2

   A maximum temperature of 80°C was observed inside the tray. For water outlet maximum temperature rise of 7°C was observed after 120s. temperature difference became 0 after 900s.

   To calculate the heat recovered following method of integration was used.

   Total heat recovered , Q = .V .Cp

   The function of temperature difference to integrate for this test estimated from MS EXCEL is

   t = 0.2829+ 0.103T 5.73×10-4T2+1.24×10-6T3 1.23×10-9T4

   +4.53×10-13 T5

   Q = 0.1385

   = 0.1385 x 2728.29

   = 377.93 kJ

   The total heat of hydration being 751.6 kJ, 50.28 % was recovered from the thermo chemical compound

   In test 3, the long term thermal storage capability of the thermo chemical compound was tested. The dehydrated MgCl2.2H2O 600 g was stored in a closed air tight glass jar for 1 month. Being rainy season, atmosphere relative humidity was 90 95 %. After 1 month the compound seemed same but was clogged into small lumps. The compound was filled in reactor for test. Water initial temperature was 29 °C, and flow rate was 2 lpm.

   Fig 7. Temperature of chemical compound inside reactor tray, test 3

   Fig 8. Temperature of water outlet from the reactor , test 3

   The maximum tray temperature was only 57 °C, and maximum temperature difference obtained for water flow was 3 °C. 14 minutes ( 840 s) after start became 0. On stirring the chemical compound inside the tray, small lumps

   of compound were crushed. Again a rise in chemical temperature was observed. There was a corresponding rise in water outlet temperature. After 32 minutes (1920s) from the start of the test water again was 0. This time hydration of the chemical seemed complete. The function of temperature difference to integrate for this test estimated from MS EXCEL is

   t = 0.933+ 0.023T 08.84×10-5T2 +1.12×10-7T3 5.94×10-11T4

   +1.115×10-14 T5

   Q = 0.1385

   = 0.1385 x 2047.37

   = 283.56 kJ

   The total heat of hydration being 751.6 kJ, 37.72 % was recovered from the thermo chemical compound even after 1 month storage .

   From test 3 it was observed that , MgCl2.2H2O attracts moisture from atmosphere very fast . It tends to form lumps of crystals. Which during hydration process, prevents the MgCl2.2H2O in the inner part of the lump to be in contact with moisture. Hence prevents or slows down heat release from the chemical compound.

   Use of anti caking agents can prevent lump formation in powdered substances. One of the most common anti caking agent is hydrated magnesium silicate also called as talc ( Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 ).

   In test 4 after dehydrating MgCl2.6H2O on gas burner, 600g of MgCl2.2H2O was mixed with 50g of talc and was stored in a glass jar. After 24 hrs the mixture was taken for the test. 108 g on each tray, water initial temperature was 28°C. water flow rate was kept same as other tests, 2 lpm.

   Fig 9. Temperature of chemical compound inside reactor tray, test 4

   Fig 10. Temperature of water outlet from the reactor , test 4

   The function of temperature difference to integrate for this test estimated from MS EXCEL is

   t = 0.92 + 0.143T 8.25×10-4T2 + 1.84×10-6T31.83×10-9T4 + 6.79×10-13T5

   Q = 0.1385

   = 0.1385 x 3546.4

   = 491.17 kJ

   The total heat of hydration being 751.6 kJ, 65.35 % was recovered from the thermo chemical compound. So addition of talc improved the heat recovery efficiency by avoiding lump formation.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Thermo chemical heat storage materials (TCM) have been subject of research for quite a long time. From the data obtained from various research papers and considering the heat source and requirements, a thermo chemical heat storage system was designed and fabricated.

REFERENCES

1. Ali H. Abedin and Marc A. Rosen A Critical Reviewof Thermochemical Energy Storage Systems Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, 2011.

2. H.A. Zondag,V.M. van Essen,L.P.J. Bleijendaal, B.W.J. Kikkert, M. Bakker Application of MgCl2·6H2O for thermochemical seasonal solar heat storage 5th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference IRES November 2010, Berlin, Germany

3. a) N.B. Singh, b) B. Middendorf. Calcium sulphate hemihydrate hydration leading to gypsum crystallization a) DDU Gorakhpur University, Chemistry Department, Gorakhpur, India ,b) University of Dortmund, Department of Building Materials, Dortmund,

   Germany.2007

4. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), chemistry web book

Magnesium chloride gave a storage density of 0.717 GJ/m3. Which is very high compared to ordinary sensible and latent heat storage systems. In first test it was found that the heat exchange from the exhaust to chemical was not efficient, because of smaller contact area. But for the given engines back pressure limitation, adding the number of pipes was not safe. Tests were conducted in the period of April to June of the year 2015 Relative humidity during tests were in the range 90%- 94%. Still in long storage period test 37.72% heat was recovered after 1 month storage. As the wall temperature were highly fluctuating and partially filled pipe flows, conduction/convection heat losses were not calculated separately.

Efficiency of the system in various tests were calculated by comparing the heat recovered from system to the total enthalpy of the reaction, that is the total energy stored in the chemical. Heat recovered from system was calculated by integration method, as the water outlet temperatures were varying continuously with time. Test 2 gave an efficiency of 50.28%. From test 2 and 3 ,the problem of lump formation was observed. Hence talc was mixed as anti caking agent. It reduced lump formation, and improved the efficiency drastically. Test 4 with talc additive gave an efficiency of 65.35%.