Water Quality and Heavy Metal Analysis of Kunchenahalli Lake in Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India

DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV9IS060867

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Water Quality and Heavy Metal Analysis of Kunchenahalli Lake in Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India

Ganesh Prasanna S

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering

J.N.N. College of Engineering Navule, Shivamogga : 577204

Shashikumar M. Hiremath

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering

J.N.N.College of Engineering Navule, Shivamogga : 577204

Abstract : An attempt has been made to evaluate the Physico – Chemical Parameters and heavy metals in the water and sediment samples of Kunchenahalli lake in Shivamogga District, Karnataka. Water and soil samples were collected during pre-monsoon from January 2019 to April 2019 and subjected to Physical and Chemical analysis viz., Dissolved Solids, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Hardness, Acidity, Alkalinity, Turbidity and Heavy metals. The results indicate that the Lake is contaminated with high concentrations of Iron and Manganese, threatening to use of lake water for the Domestic and Irrigation purposes and also for survival of aquatic flora and fauna.

Keywords:- Physico-Chemical Parameters; Heavy Metals; Topo sheet; Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

INTRODUCTION

Land uses and the water quality of adjacent aquatic systems within a watershed area shows strong bonds exists between them. Recently, studies of the relationships between land uses and water quality begun to increase considerably (Sang-Woo Lee et.al., 2009). Fe and Mn are essential minerals, neurotoxicity by inhalation/digestion of these minerals have been widely described, particularly in workers and miners, where exposure is relatively high. Recently, there has been concern over a number of studies that have suggested that

exposure to high concentrations of Fe and Mn in drinking water may have neurological adverse effects in terms of intellectual and cognitive development. (Paul Rumsby et.al., 2014). Water is one of the most important components of the ecosystem, the increased human population, industrialization, use of fertilizers in the agriculture and man-made activity has deteriorated the quality of the surface as well as ground waters rendering them to unfit for usage. Moreover in addition to this the increase in the levels of heavy metals has enormously summed up a threat to the aquatic and human races. It is therefore necessary that the quality of water should be checked at regular time of intervals.

The Present Study involves the Analysis of water Quality in Terms of Physico-chemical parameters and Heavy metals detection of Kunchenahalli Lake, Shivamogga District, Karnataka. It is located in 14.06N, 75.55E and is covered in 48N/12 Toposheet of Survey of India. This Lake is having an area of 4 sq kmtrs and serving around 5000 population with 1300 households in Kunchenahalli village. This Lake water is used basically for agriculture and partially for domestic activities. The mean annual rainfall in the study area is 901 mm during the period from 1991-2005.

Location Map with Sampling Points

Figure 1: Location map with Sampling points for water samples and soil samples at Kunchenahalli Lake

Figure 2: Photographical picture of Kunchenahalli Lake

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eight Water samples and Four Soil Samples from Kunchenahalli Lake were collected during the months from January 2019 to April 2019 in clean and dry Polythene bottles. The Water samples and soil samples were immediately brought in to Laboratory for the Estimation of various Physico-chemical parameters. Whereas pH and DO was recorded at the time of sample collection by using Pocket Digital pH Meter and DO meter. While other Parameters Such as TDS, Hardness, Alkalinity, Acidity and heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were estimated in the Laboratory by using Indian Standard Procedures (Titration method, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) Thermo M5 Model) (Trivedy and Goel,1986, APHA 1985).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 5.1 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples :

SL

No.

Samples

Colour

Turbidity NTU

pH

TDS

(mg/L)

Acidity (mg/L)

Ca Hardness (mg/L)

TH

(mg/L)

DO

(mg/L)

Alk (mg/L)

01

Sample 1

10

4

8.76

155.62

40.13

100

200

1.54

200.12

02

Sample 2

10

4

8.87

162.44

30.33

131

206

1.80

205.32

03

Sample 3

10

4

8.91

160.58

40.12

106

194

2.05

200.23

04

Sample 4

10

4

8.67

156.24

30.66

135

204

1.71

205.00

05

Sample 5

10

4

8.71

159.34

36.21

124

187

1.85

190.33

06

Sample 6

10

4

8.90

161.20

40.02

116

174

1.65

187.05

07

Sample 7

10

4

8.85

160.58

36.51

126

185

1.70

190.63

08

Sample 8

10

4

8.54

159.96

40.36

115

171

1.90

170.28

09

BIS (max)

5

1

8.5

500

200

100

2.5

2

ppm

ppm

1.5

1

0.5

0

DO variations in water samples

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Water Sample id

Fig : 5.1.1 DO variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples

pH Variations in water samples

pH Variations in water samples

8.95

8.9

8.85

8.8

8.75

8.7

8.65

8.6

8.55

8.5

8.95

8.9

8.85

8.8

8.75

8.7

8.65

8.6

8.55

8.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Water Sample id

Water Sample id

mg/L

mg/L

pH value

pH value

Fig : 5.1.2 pH variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples

TDS variations in water samples

TDS variations in water samples

163

162

161

160

159

158

157

156

155

163

162

161

160

159

158

157

156

155

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Water Sample id

Water Sample id

mg/L asCaCO3

mg/L asCaCO3

Fig : 5.1.3 TDS variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples

Chemical Variations in water samples

250

200

150

100

50

Acidity

alkalinity

Ca Hardness Total hardness

Chemical Variations in water samples

250

200

150

100

50

Acidity

alkalinity

Ca Hardness Total hardness

0

0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Water Sample id

Water Sample id

Fig : 5.1.4 Chemical variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples

The Physico-chemical analysis of Kunchenahalli Lake water samples (samples taken at the surface level) exhibited normal distribution (Table 5.1) varying in between 8.54 to 8.91 for pH (Fig 5.1.2) and varying between 155.62 mg/L to 162.44 mg/L for Total Dissolved Solids (Fig 5.1.3) within permissible BIS standard levels 8.5 (pH) and 500 mg/L (TDS). Slightly high values of Total Hardness i.e., 200 mg/L, 206 mg/L and 204 mg/L for sample no. 1,2 and 4 respectively (Fig 5.1.4) have been reported against BIS standard limit (200 mg/L) indicating mineral contamination. Lake water is augmented with pollutants reflecting in Dissolved Oxygen analysis of all samples being reported with less DO varying between 1.54 mg/L to 2.05 mg/L (Fig 5.1.1) making water body unfit for the survival of aquatic flora and fauna.

Table 5.2 Chemical Characteristics of Water at 10m Depth

SL NO

SAMPLE DETAILS

pH

Turbidity NTU

pH

TDS

(mg/L)

Acidity (mg/L)

Ca Hardness (mg/L)

TH

(mg/L)

01

Sample 1

8.7

164.32

40.44

115

215

1.31

204.65

02

Sample 2

8.7

161.34

31.21

133

223

1.56

210.12

03

Sample 3

8.9

167.68

41.32

111

201

1.89

202.90

04

Sample 4

8.7

156.28

30.44

145

208

1.52

207.27

05

Sample 5

8.5

157.24

38.32

132

200

1.77

194.21

06

Sample 6

8.81

170.20

40.07

127

196

1.45

189.11

07

Sample 7

8.75

159.58

38.21

121

201

1.59

194.32

08

Sample 8

8.64

160.96

41.45

125

213

1.61

181.32

09

BIS(max)

8.3

500

200

100

DO variations in 10mt deep water samples

2

1.5

ppm

ppm

1

0.5

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Water Sample id

Fig : 5.2.1 DO variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples (10mt Deep)

9

8.9

pH value

pH value

8.8

8.7

8.6

8.5

8.4

pH Variations in 10mt deep water samples

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Water Sample id

Fig : 5.2.2 pH variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples (10mt Deep)

175

170

mg/L

mg/L

165

160

155

150

TDS variations in 10mt deep water samples

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Water Sample id

Fig : 5.2.3 pH variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples (10mt Deep)

Chemical Variations in 10mt deep water samples

250

200

mg/L asCaCO3

mg/L asCaCO3

150

100

50

Acidity alkalinity

Ca Hardness Total hardness

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Water Sample id

Fig : 5.2.4 Chemical variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples (10mt Deep)

Similarly the Physico-chemical analysis of Kunchenahalli Lake water samples (samples taken at 10mt depth) exhibited normal distribution (Table 5.2) varying in between 8.5 to 8.9 for pH (Fig 5.2.2) and varying between 156.28 mg/L to 170.20 mg/L for Total Dissolved Solids (Fig 5.2.3), showing higher than the concentration at the surface level and within permissible BIS standard levels 8.5 (pH) and 500 mg/L (TDS). But showed significant high values of Total Hardness i.e., 201 mg/L to 223 mg/L for almost all samples highest being in respect of sample no. 2 (Fig 5.2.4) have been reported against BIS standard limit (200 mg/L) indicating mineral contamination. Similar results were obtained for Dissolved Oxygen analysis of all water samples at 10 mt depth being reported with less DO varying between 1.31 mg/L to 1.89 mg/L (Fig 5.2.1) threatening for the survival of aquatic flora and fauna.

Table 5.3 Heavy Metal analysis of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples.

SL NO

SAMPLE DETAILS

IRON (Fe)

mg/L

Zinc(Zn) mg/L

Copper(cu) mg/L

Manganese (Mn) mg/L

01

Sample 1

2.878

0.006

0.038

2.554

02

Sample 2

2.267

0.003

0.028

2.438

03

Sample 3

2.280

0.001

0.024

2.502

04

Sample 4

2.481

0.004

0.024

2.526

05

Sample 5

2.325

0.004

0.021

2.445

06

Sample 6

2.241

0.003

0.032

2.598

07

Sample 7

2.455

0.006

0.034

2.214

08

Sample 8

2.412

0.005

0.031

2.638

09

BIS (max)

0.3

5

0.050

0.1

Fe and Mn variations in Surface Water Samples

Fe and Mn variations in Surface Water Samples

3

3

2.5

2.5

2

Fe

Mn

2

Fe

Mn

1.5

1.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sample id

Sample id

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

Fig : 5.3.1 Fe and Mn variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples

Zn and Cu variations in Surface Water Samples

Zn and Cu variations in Surface Water Samples

0.04

0.035

0.03

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0

Zn

Cu

0.04

0.035

0.03

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0

Zn

Cu

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sample id

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sample id

Fig : 5.3.2 Zn and Cu variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples

Heavy metal analysis of Lake water samples (at the surface level) particularly for Fe,Mn, Zn and Cu (Table 5.3) clearly indicates the significant contamination of Lake water with Fe and Mn concentrations much more high varying from 2.241 ppm to 2.878 ppm for Fe and varying from 2.214 ppm to 2.638 ppm for Mn (Fig 5.3.1) against BIS standard limits 0.3 ppm (Fe) and

0.1 ppm (Mn) respectively. Whereas Zn and Cu analysis of Lake water samples revealed concentrations well within the BIS standard limits varying from 0.001 ppm to 0.006 ppm for Zn against limit of 5 ppm (Zn) and varying from 0.021ppm to 0.038 ppm for Cu (Fig 5.3.2) against limit of 0.050 ppm (Cu).

Table 5.4 Heavy Metal of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples at Depth of 10m

SL NO

SAMPLE DETAILS

IRON (Fe)

mg/L

Zinc(Zn) mg/L

Copper(cu) mg/L

Manganese (Mn) mg/L

01

Sample 1

2.894

0.007

0.039

2.612

02

Sample 2

2.281

0.004

0.024

2.467

03

Sample 3

2.301

0.005

0.026

2.533

04

Sample 4

2.501

0.003

0.032

2.500

05

Sample 5

2.351

0.002

0.026

2.435

06

Sample 6

2.241

0.005

0.031

2.465

07

Sample 7

2.467

0.004

0.037

2.671

08

Sample 8

2.552

0.005

0.046

2.668

09

BIS (max)

0.3

5

0.050

0.1

Fe and Mn variations in Surface Water Samples

Fe and Mn variations in Surface Water Samples

3

3

2.5

2.5

2

Fe

Mn

2

Fe

Mn

1.5

1.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sample id

Sample id

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

Fig : 5.4.1 Fe and Mn variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples at 10mt deep

Zn and Cu variations in Surface Water Samples

Zn and Cu variations in Surface Water Samples

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

Zn

Cu

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

Zn

Cu

0

0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sample id

Sample id

Fig : 5.4.2 Zn and Cu variations of Kunchenahalli Lake Water Samples at 10mt deep

Similar results were obtained in case of heavy metal analysis of Lake water samples (at 10 mt depth) for Fe,Mn, Zn and Cu (Table 5.4) pointing the contamination of Lake water with Fe and Mn concentrations much more high varying from

    1. ppm to 2.894 ppm for Fe and varying from 2.465 ppm to 2.668 ppm for Mn (Fig 5.4.1) against BIS standard limits 0.3 ppm (Fe) and 0.1 ppm (Mn) respectively. Whereas Zn and Cu analysis of Lake water samples revealed concentrations well within the BIS standard limits varying from 0.002 ppm to 0.007 ppm for Zn against limit of 5 ppm (Zn) and varying from 0.024ppm to 0.046 ppm for Cu (Fig 5.4.2) against limit of 0.050 ppm (Cu).

      Table 5.5 Heavy Metal analysis of Settled Solids.

      SL NO

      SAMPLE DETAILS

      IRON (Fe)

      ppm

      Zinc(Zn) ppm

      Copper(cu) ppm

      Manganese (Mn)

      ppm

      01

      Sample 1

      30.92

      18.36

      0.88

      7.46

      02

      Sample 2

      27.60

      18.13

      0.51

      6.25

      03

      Sample 3

      17.40

      12.50

      0.28

      2.36

      04

      Sample 4

      25.56

      15.12

      0.48

      4.47

      Fe and Zn variations in sediment samples

      Fe and Zn variations in sediment samples

      35

      30

      25

      20

      15

      10

      5

      0

      Fe

      Zn

      35

      30

      25

      20

      15

      10

      5

      0

      Fe

      Zn

      0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

      Sample id

      0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

      Sample id

      ppm

      ppm

      ppm

      ppm

      Fig : 5.5.1 Fe and Mn variations of Sediments Samples

      Cu and Mn variations in sediment samples

      Cu and Mn variations in sediment samples

      8

      7

      6

      5

      4

      3

      2

      1

      0

      Cu

      Mn

      8

      7

      6

      5

      4

      3

      2

      1

      0

      Cu

      Mn

      0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

      Sample id

      0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

      Sample id

      Fig : 5.5.2 Zn and Cu variations of Sediments Samples

      Further the sediment samples from 4 selected points around the Lake were taken and when subjected to Heavy metal analysis (Table 5.5), Fe concentrations found to vary from 17.40 ppm to 30.92 ppm (Fig 5.5.1), Zn ranged between 12.50 ppm to 18.36 ppm (Fig 5.5.1), Cu found to vary from 0.28 ppm to 0.88 ppm (Fig 5.5.2)and Mn ranged between 2.36 ppm to 7.46 ppm (Fig 5.5.2). This sediment analysis has solidified the heavy metal pollution in the Kunchenahalli Lake water body owing to threaten for the useofwater for the domestic purpose. There is a need for action to treat the Lake water and make use of the water body for public usage.

      CONCLUSIONS

      The Quantitative and Qualitative conclusions through this study are definitive by itself, the core parameters of chemical and physical characteristics especially Total Hardness and Dissolved Oxygen not comply with the BIS standard limits, which is enough proof that the water source is polluted and this pollution is directly or indirectly related or caused by large amount of Manganese and Iron present in the surrounding area.

      Heavy metal analysis conducted by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry clearly proves that manganese and iron are fully concentrated in the surrounding soil which encircle the lake and the amount of these metals leeching into the water results in the content of metal oxides present in the water exceeding the BIS limit standards by Ten to twenty times which is not acceptable. This seeping of metal oxides is due to the environmental factors where surface runoff seeps into the lake due to the bund of soil being at a higher elevation than the Water source which is present at a lower elevation level. The results lead towards the

      necessity of treating the Lake water if it is to put for domestic purpose. The simplest form of treatment would be Oxidation with aeration to precipitate out the Iron and Manganese.

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