The Analysis Carbon Footprint of TDG Bamboo Laminated Column

The Analysis Carbon Footprint of TDG Bamboo Laminated Column

Songkarn Kongsricharoen1

*1A Ph.D. Student in the Engineering Law and Inspection The program, Ramkhamhaeng University;

Asst. Prof. Dr. Waranon Kongsong2

*2Assistant Professor in the Engineering Law and Inspection

Faculty of Engineering, Ramkhamhaeng University ORCID: 0000-0003-2651-8476

Dr. Boontham Harnphanicp

*3Special Lecturer in the Engineering Law and Inspection Faculty of Engineering, Ramkhamhaeng University

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seree Tuprakay4

*4Associate Professor in the Engineering Law and Inspection Program, Faculty of Engineering, Ramkhamhaeng University.

Dr. Chaleeporn Thammapornram5

*5 Bamboo Research center Director, the Engineering Law and Inspection Program, Faculty of Engineering Ramkhamhaeng University

ORCID: 0000-0003-2273-5473

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sirawan Ruangchuay Tuprakay6

*6Assistant Professor in Urban and Industry Environment Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Dusit University

AbstractFrom the global warming problem at present caused by many sources, building materials are another cause that directly and indirectly affects the environment. A carbon footprint is another way to measure the environmental impact of the product. In this paper, TDG bamboo in Thailand used for processing into the standard- sized bamboo columns and analyzing the carbon footprint resulting from the production process. The strips of TDG bamboos glued together to the size 50×50×1000 mm. The results have shown that transportation produces the highest carbon footprint approximate 0.0716 CO2 ton compared to other processes.

KeywordsDendrocalamus Gigantues; Carbon footprint ; TDG laminated column

1. INTRODUCTION

   1. Carbon footprint in Thailand

      Carbon footprint analysis of the product by calculating the number of greenhouse gases emitted from the production process In each type to calculate it in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e). The carbon footprint of Thailand compared with other countries around the world, not to higher, but when studying the statistics of the increased carbon dioxide in the graph shows a rapid increase.[1]

      Fig 1 Carbon dioxide emissions in Thailand

      In Thailand, 2017, carbon dioxide emissions per capita average of 3.90 tons of carbon dioxide per person, down

      slightly from 2018, with average emissions level of 3.92 tons of carbon dioxide per person. Considering the last ten years found that per capita carbon dioxide emissions are likely to increase. [2] Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere caused by natural and human-made factors, such as deforestation, Residence, or agriculture. The most critical space probe that emits carbon dioxide into the atmosphere due to trees. The forest absorbed carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Decline in forest area, As a result, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases. [3] Results of the study of the amount of oxygen, carbon dioxide by the IPCC (Climate Change Intergovernmental Agency) in the year 1980 shown that the amount of carbon dioxide generated from deforestation for use as urban or agricultural areas is estimated. 1.6 Gtc. Thailand, the decline of forests equal to 0.39 percent or 1,261,761 rai. Ninety-eight hectares per year, an increase of population in the country on average 680,000 people a year that would show that. If the population increases by one person, forests decreased by

      1.86 rai (average period of 56 years from 2504 to 2560. [4]

   2. Dendrocalamus Gigantues bamboo(TDG)

      Thailand is the country where most of the population is agriculture.Following the economic development plan of Thailand year, 2060-2021(BC.) which, focuses on restructuring the production of Thailand, changed from the agricultural sector to the industry sector.[5] Economic development bamboo production and manufacturing provides job opportunities in less developed countries that need social and economic sustainability. China, the worlds largest bamboo producer, was valued at over 19.5 billion USD in 2012, employing over 7.5 million people. This serves as a model for other countries looking to develop a sustainable bamboo industry. [6]

      Bamboo is sustainable materials because of once time; if we grow the bamboo, they keep growing without replanting until 60-130 years, depending on the species of bamboo.[7] Renewable resource bamboo can be harvested in one to five years, depending on the species. In comparison, hardwoods like

      oak trees take at least forty years before they can be harvested. Over one million acres of forests are lost each week due to deforestation. As a substitute for hardwoods, bamboo offers a versatile solution. To use the bamboo for building nothing new for people in Thailand but to developing into the industrial process very low.[8][9][10]Bamboo absorbs greenhouse gases

      bamboo sequesters carbon dioxide from the environment and produces 35% more oxygen than its equivalent size of trees. Large-scale bamboo plantations can become effective carbon sinks or areas designed to reduce CO2 from the atmosphere. When bamboo fibers are used to construct buildings, the carbon is sequestered (stored away) for the lifetime of that building.

      In Thailand, bamboo growth everywhere in Thailand, but most growth in the north. The resource capacity of TDG bamboo Nan province the yield of bamboo 6-10 inches long 25-35 meters 120-150 culms/rai per year. The bamboo harvest from Nans Bamboo Garden, which total of culms approximately 840,000-1,050,000 culm/years. The bamboo grows in the three types of forest. [11] The data from the Ministry of Natural and Environment Thailand.

      1. Mixed forest with the density of bamboo approximately 37.511 grove /Rai or 424 culms/Rai

      2. Dry evergreen forest with the density of bamboo approximately 7.34 grove /Rai or 88 culms/Rai

      3. Evergreen forest with the density of bamboo approximately 6.1 grove /Rai or 76 culms/Rai

   3. Dendrocalamus Gigantues bamboo laminate (TDG)

   [11][12][13] First study the physical properties, mechanical properties of TDG bamboo, and has processed bamboo for construction by testing the standard of engineering. The research found that the compressive strength of the TDG bamboo laminated column size standard 50×50×200 [14] mm can be classified as a hardwood .The average results as shown in table 1

   Table 1. Average of the test result of TDG bamboo laminated

   Weight		Density	Moisture	Load	Stress
   	g	g/cm3	%	kgf	kg/cm2
   MA1	299	0.60	21.20	13450.00	538.00
   MA2	336	0.67	7.10	15479.57	619.18
   MA3	335	0.67	26.30	13950.00	558.00

   Weight		Density	Moisture	Load	Stress
   	g	g/cm3	%	kgf	kg/cm2
   MA1	299	0.60	21.20	13450.00	538.00
   MA2	336	0.67	7.10	15479.57	619.18
   MA3	335	0.67	26.30	13950.00	558.00

   column

   Type

   The mechanical properties of bamboo are based on ASTM D143-09 [15] and Standard for the wood test in Thailand (DPT 1221-51). [16] The details of the specimens size 63×50×50mm with the test results range of the stress between 52-117 kg/cm2. The bending strength of TDG laminated [11] Average of the modulus of elasticity; TDG beam coated with resin 270140.87kgcm2, TDG beam without coated with resin 159457.74kgcm2.From the test, results can be classified as a hardwood . From past research studies, it found that TDG bamboo has qualities that can be used to replace wood in the future. For TDG bamboo to be able to be environmentally friendly construction materials, this research has studied the carbon footprint of bamboo column production processes.

2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

   The scope of a study; TDG bamboo used for experimental taken from Nan province, Tha Wang Pha at age 3 years. The TDG culms measured above 6 meters from the bottom culms

   and cut into 2 meters long set the code to 3 parts; bottom middle and top. In this paper, analysis of the carbon footprint from the production process of the standard bamboo column as shown in fig 1

   Fig 1 the TDG bamboo column laminated design

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

   In the study, the production process divided into 3 part as the following

   1. The circle of the process 1

      Begin with transportation and treatment of the bamboo, as shown in fig 2 .Transportation analysis the distance of traveling and gas that used during travel in both direction.

      Fig 2. The circle of the process of production 1

   2. The circle of process2

      Strips making process analysis any process as shown in fig 3, which start from drawing the line, measurement, cut into strips size, cut the node, and planer. To analysis the strips maker involved with the part of bamboo in this study bamboo divided into three-part; bottom middle and top as shown in fig 3

      Fig 3 physical properties of the TDG bamboo

      .

      Fig 3. The circle of the process of production 2

   3. The circle of process 3

      TDG bamboo column forming process; glue the strip in a block and clamp more than 8 hours after that cut into the size and planer as shown in fig 4

      Fig 4. The circle of the process of production 3

   4. the basic Information for calculation

   The basic information for calculating the carbon footprint of the column laminated in this paper analysis from transportation to construct the column by analysis different part of the selection bamboo as shown in fig 1

   Production Process part selection at the bottom

   Production Process part selection at the middle

   Production Process part selection at the top

   Carbon footprint

   Production Process part selection at the bottom

   Production Process part selection at the middle

   Production Process part selection at the top

   Carbon footprint

   Fig 5. The basic calculation different part of a bamboo

4. EXPERIMENT RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The carbon footprint analysis of the circle of the process production 1 as the following

A. transportation

Transportation process for calculating the load and distance

.in this research used two truck to load the TDG bamboo 100 culms which the detail of load as shown in table 1

Table 1 detail of trip Load

The results of carbon footprint each load depending on the distance of travel for this total research distance ;one truck 1625.3 km ,two truck 3250.6 km with produced the carbon approximately 0.7586 ton the result as shown in table 2

Table 2 carbon footprint calculation

B .Preservation and Dry

The analysis in this process depending on the electric that used for drying the bamboo and the water that used for preservation The total carbon produced in this process approximately 0.002435 ton as shown in table 3

Table 3 carbon footprint calculation

The total carbon footprint that made from circle 1 approximately 0.718295 ton

The carbon footprint analysis of the circle of the process production 2 .This process of strip making depending on the size of the bamboo and the electric tool used during the process .In this research, the factor of parts such as the bottom, middle, and top. The results as following

A. Basic information

The strip makes depending on the physical property;TDG bamboo at the bottom have the most significant size in both circumference or thickness as shown in table 4 and fig 6

Table 4. Physical properties of TDG bamboo

No. circumference thickness Strip

Inch Inch p

D. strip making with the top part

The strip making at the top part produced the carbon footprint approximately 0.0003 ton

circrumference(cm)

circrumference(cm)

Fig 6. Circumference vs. Number of the strip

The physical property directly affects the carbon footprint during the process because the thickness of the bamboo is hard to cut the process used more time and tool to finish.as the following carbon footprint calculation

1. strip making with the bottom part

   The strip making at the bottom part produced the carbon footprint approximately 0.0004 ton

   Table 5 calculation the carbon footprint during the strips making

   Strip making process	Tool	Time	Kwh	Factor	CO2
   Mark the line	Ruler ,Pencil	0.1	0	0.6933	0
   Mark the line	String line	0.05	0	0.6933	0
   Cut along the line	Rotarazer Sa	0.15	0.06	0.6933	0.041598
   Cut along the line	Jig Saw	0.15	0.075	0.6933	0.051998
   cut the node	Knife	0.05	0	0.6933	0
   	Jig Saw	0.1	0.05	0.6933	0.034665
   Planer	Planer	0.15	0.27	0.6933	0.187191
   	Power Planer	0.15	0.087	0.6933	0.060317
   0.3758
   		0.9	T	Total	0.0004

2. strip making with the middle part

The strip making at the middle part produced the carbon footprint approximately 0.0004 ton

Table 5 calculation the carbon footprint during the strips making

Carbon footprint of strip making

0.00038

CO2(ton)

CO2(ton)

0.00036

0.00034

0.00032

0.

Fig 6. Comparison of bamboo production processes of the strips

The carbon footprint analysis of the circle of the process production 3.The bamboo column is a forming process; this process that affects carbon footprint while using the glue and electrical tool for cutting and sanding the columns. Following the results of the test

A. Glue weight

For the carbon footprint of forming the column, the critical factor as glue weight .The results show that the top part used more glue than another part. It applied more strip that other parts because of more glue to the adhesive. The results as shown in fig 7

Glue Weight

Weight (kg)

Weight (kg)

0.060

0.040

0.020

Fig 7. Glue weight different part

This process, the strip glued together with clamp compresses the column for more than 8 hours .In this process, only glue causes carbon during the process. The results as shown in table 6

Table 6 calculation the carbon footprint during the forming process

The comparison of the forming process different part as shown in fig 8 shown that the glue that used for top part more than Other parts cause produced more carbon credit.

Carbon footprint

Cabon footprint (ton)

Cabon footprint (ton)

0.00008

0.00006

0.00004

0.00002

Fig 8. Carbon footprint during the forming process

V. CONCLUSION

For the analysis of the carbon credit that making the TDG laminated column from the results shown that the most significant producer of the carbon footprint is transportation material. The results, as shown in fig 9.

Fig 9. Comparison of Carbon footprint

The carbon footprint that produced during made the TDG bamboo column laminated approximate 0.074 tons per size 2×2 inch long 1 meter, which can reduce the carbon credit by used the local bamboo.

Fig 10. Comparison of Carbon footprint

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   Journal of Cleaner Production diversity , 117-127

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    Faculty of Engineering Ramkhamhaeng University

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