Textural Feature Analysis and Classification Method for the Plant Disease Detection

Textural Feature Analysis and Classification Method for the Plant Disease Detection

Ranish Kumar

Research Scholar,

Dept. of CSE,Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technology,

Baddi, India

ranish2kumar@gmail.com

Renuka Rattan

Assistant Professor

Dept. of CSE,Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technology,

Baddi, India

renukarattan17@gmail.com

Abstract The technique used for the processing of digital data obtained from pictures is identified as image processing. Plants and crops are ruining because of the excessive use of fertilizers and insecticides. The experts observe the plant disease with their naked eye and identify and detect the type of diseases plant is suffering from. In order to identify infections from input pictures, plant disease detection approach is implemented. An image processing approach is implemented in this research study. This approach is relied on the extraction of textural feature, segmentation and classification. The textural features are extracted from the picture with the help of GLCM algorithm. The input picture is segmented with the help of k- mean clustering algorithm. For classification, the KNN classification is used in this research. This leads to improve accuracy of detection and also leads to classify data into multiple classes. The results of the proposed algorithm are analyzed in terms of various parameters accuracy, precision, recall and execution time. The accuracy of proposed algorithm is increased up to 10 to 15 percent.

Keywords SVM, KNN, K-mean, GLCM

1. INTRODUCTION

   Image processing is the technique used for the conversion of the image in digital form and which is used to perform some mathematical operation. This process [1] is used get a good quality of images and extracts some beneficial information from that image. It is the type of process in which image works as the input and the characteristics, features acts as an output of that image. Sometimes, image processing analyzes the images on two-dimensional signals and implements already set signal processing methods. The signals involve the transmission signals, sound signals or voice signals in which the image acts as both the input as well as the output. The processing deals with all the processing of images. It is one the most rapidly growing and developing technology. It is widely spread [2] throughout the industries and large amount of research is still going on. Digital image acquisition is the very first step towards the designing of an image analysis system with the help of sensors in optical as well as thermal wavelengths. These sensors are used to record mapping of the three dimensional visual world. The images are captured in two dimensional forms; it is sampled and quantized in order to have digital images. Sometimes there is presence of background noises, which degrades the quality [3] of the images. One of the most common sources which degrade the images is the optical lens of the camera which

   acquires all the visual information about the image. If the camera is not properly focused then, the image obtained can be blurring. Blurring of images is the result of defocused camera. Sometimes, the images are captured in foggy environment, which is another reason of image degradation. Therefore, any image captured in foggy winter morning will lead to the blurriness of the images. In that case the image is degraded due to fog and mist in the surrounding and this type of degradation is called atmospheric degradation. There are relative motion between the object and the camera. There are certain applications of image processing that is image enhancement, filtering and restoration. These applications have their own advantages and disadvantages in different fields of technology. India is an agricultural country as about 70% of the population earning depends on the agriculture [4]. The agriculture is widely spread and the entire farmers families relay on their lands and crops for their economic growth. But the plants and the crops are affected by the disease which leads to the reduced amount of quality as well as volume of farming goods. The visible samples are described through the analysis of plant infections. It observes the shape and infections of plants. In previous time, this monitoring takes place manually by the person who is expert in that field. This needs a lot of hard work and time too. The plant infections are detected with the help of image processing approach. The indications are perceived on the leaf, stem and produce. Plants and the crops are ruining because of the excessive use of fertilizers and insecticides. The maximum population of India depends on the agriculture and hence the decline the economic growth.

   There are some basic steps to detect the diseases in plants. The first step is the image acquisition, in which the images are captured from the environment by using digital camera. The second step is the image pre-processing, in which the features are extracted from the [5] acquired images for further analysis. After, this many analytical differentiating techniques are employed for the classification of images as per the specific diseases. A deep learning algorithm is implemented which is used to classify the specific images into particular diseases. It makes easy to detect the diseases and finds the cure for the infected plants [6]. It determines the relevant count of the pixels by comparing the images with data sets. Recognition of infection is the last phase. The plants are classified according to the type of infection within the provided data suite. The deep learning approach is applied to detect and classify the infections. Working of ANN is shown with the help of the figure: once, the features are extracted the database images are

   classified on the basis of the neural networks. These are considered as the vectors in ANN. Support vector machine classifier is proposed for regression, classification and pattern recognition of the data. Because of its highly generalized results without getting any prior knowledge to add, this respective classifier is one of the best classifier proposed by the researchers [7]. It gives better performance when the dimension of the input space is very high. -Nearest neighbor depends on similarity knowledge. N-dimensional features are used for the generation of patterns. In any dimension, every pattern exhibits a point. The utmost part of training patterns is accumulated in n-dimensional prototype along with all these lines. The K-Nearest neighbor classifier searches pattern space for training samples placed closest to the anonymous sample in case of an unidentified pattern.

2. LITRATURE REVIEW

   First Hase et al.[8] proposed a system used for the detection of plant diseases and classifies them using image processing technique. The main issue which was resolved by using the proposed approach was the early detection of the diseases. The approach reimburses the huge grasslands crops. The perception of human eye is not much accurate for the detection of infected plants. The diagnosis of the diseases at right time and place is very important. An android application is introduced which tells the cause and the solution of the diseases. In this method, the farmer observes the plant with their naked eyes and detects the diseases. This method is very time consuming and very expensive also. It requires the supervision of experts and it is very difficult to observe the crops in large farming areas.

   kaur et al.[9]analyzed diseases caused due to fruit harvesting. A technique called image processing is used to analyze the degradation of the fruits and the crops. This analysis is based on the distortion of the crops and this distortion is detecte using image processing in a very comprehensive manner. The analysis shows that approach is useful in detecting diseases within the fruits and this methodology requires very less time as compared to the other manual approach. As, the noises distorts the images so, the concept of denoising is also elaborated in this paper. The researchers concludes that the work done in this research shows that blight is very common diseases which is infecting many plants and crops.

   Ranjith et al.[10] proposed a smart irrigation method which controls the irrigation supply automatically by using android application. Other than this the images are captured and forwarded to the cloud sever for further processing and compared with the infected plant images in the database. The diseases can be detected with the help of cloud server which helps the users to detect the diseases with the help of android phones from any desired location. One can control the entire irrigation system by a mobile application by using cloud server and solves the all the issues of irrigation. The irrigation system works according to the moisture content and the varying temperature. The application with the camera can be used to detect the affected part of the plant, by just capturing

   the photo of the affected portion and transferring them to the cloud server for further processing and detection of diseases.

   Khan et al.[11] describes the machine vision framework and identifies the manifestation of plant diseases and analyzes the images in CIELab. The main objective of this purpose is to create a procedure for the detection of plant diseases by using cascading unsupervised image segmentation approaches. Additionally, RGB color model for digital images and CIELab color model for performing pre-processing step which increases the each channel timing. The researchers also introduced multilevel segmentation technique which uses expectation maximization with minimum constraint visual information loss. Various experiments were conducted and indicate that the new cascaded design outcomes a superior color segmentation with the confirmation of infected regions.

   Dhaware et al.[12] proposed technique of image processing is used to discover and recognition of plant conditions. This approach provides a suggestion to the farmers for the improved framing techniques. Hence, the researchers concluded that the images of the infected plants should be captured by using mobile camera and forward it to the DSS without any additional modifications. Diseases are the major cause of reduction in agronomics in India. Farmers are facing many problems in controlling the diseases on crops and fruits. The detection of diseases at their early stages is very important task and it includes judicious diagnosis and appropriate supervision. In this paper, the researcher proposed a system which mainly focuses on the detection of plant diseases and recognition. It consists of four stages that is pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. The researcher mainly focused on the image segmentation and classification of images.

   Ashourloo et al.[13] presents a spectrum for the infected and non-infected leaves having different symptoms which were observed by using image processing spectro radiometer having 350 to 2500nm electromagnetic region. The ground trust dataset is produced by employing photos on a digital camera and compute the diseases and their symptoms. The paper mainly focuses on the use of machine learning techniques for the detection and classification of plant diseases. Thus, the research concludes that the proposed approach is very useful for the detection and the classification of the diseases.do not alter them. You may note peculiarities. For example, the head margin in this template measures proportionately more than is customary. This measurement and others are deliberate, using specifications that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire proceedings, and not as an independent document. Please do not revise any of the current designations.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

   This research work is based on the plant disease detection. The plant disease detection technique is based on the segmentation, feature extraction and classification. The methodology describes the complete process which is carried out in this research work.

   Training Phase Testing Phase START START Input N no. of images for the training set Input Test image for the disease detection Apply GLCM algorithm for the feature Apply K-mean clustering for the region- extraction based segmentation Extract Features of each images Select region of interest for the further processing a. Cluster 1	b. Cluster 2
   Apply GLCM algorithm for the feature extraction Database Apply KNN classifier for the prediction Predicted disease name STOP b. Cluster 3

   Fig. 1: Proposed Flowchart

   The stages depicted in the presented Flowchart are given below:

   Stage 1: In the primary stage, the training pictures are used in the form of input for the identification of plant infection.

   Fig. 2 Input Image

   As shown in figure 2, the image is taken as input from which disease need to be detected

   Stage 2: In the secondary stage, the characteristics of the training pictures are retrieved and amassed in the folder

   Stage 3: The test picture is utilized as input and descriptions of the picture are retrieved by law texture algorithm in the third stage.

   Stage 4: In the step four, the area based segmentation algorithm is implemented for the segmentation of test picture into definite domains.

   Fig. 3: The three different clusters are shown which are formed with the k- mean clustering algorithm

   Stage 5: In the last step, the KNN classifier is implemented in the final stage for the classification of the test picture into distinct classes in accordance with training set.

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

   Comparison of the existing and proposed system is done on the basis of three parameters which are precision, recall and accuracy. Comparative analysis shows that the proposed system has the higher precision, recall and accuracy than the existing system. In this paper the comparison is shown in the form of table and graphs. Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 shows the values of precision, recall and accuracy of both existing and proposed system. Fig. 6, Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 shows the graphical representation of the comparison of precision recall and accuracy of proposed and existing system.

   Table 1 shows the comparative results of precision.

   TABLE I. COMPARISION OF PRECISION

   Test Images	Precision
   	Existing System	Proposed System
   Image 1	93.77	99.20
   Image 2	93.66	98.77
   Image 3	93.05	99.04
   Image 4	92.40	97.76
   Image 5	93.13	98.99

   From Table 1, it is analyzed that the proposed system achieved higher precision rate as compared to the existing system.

   Table 2 shows the comparative results of recall.

   TABLE II. COMPARISON OF RECALL

   Test Images	Recall
   	Existing System	Proposed System
   Image 1	73.87	83.07
   Image 2	74.04	83.85
   Image 3	75.09	83.36
   Image 4	76.22	85.72
   Image 5	74.95	83.46

   From Table 2, it is analyzed that the proposed system achieved higher recall rate as compared to the existing system.

   Table 3 shows the comparative results of Accuracy.

   TABLE III. COMPARISON OF ACCURACY

   Test Images	Accuracy
   	Existing System	Proposed System
   Test Image 1	92.26	96.07
   Test Image 2	92.46	96.79
   Test Image 3	94.20	95.98
   Test Image 4	92.37	96.22
   Test Image 5	92.90	95.48

   From Table 3, it is analyzed that the proposed system achieved higher accuracy as compared to the existing system.

   Fig. 7 shows the comparative results of precision.

   Fig. 7: Precision Comparison

   From Fig. 7 it is analyzed that the value of precision generated by the proposed system is high as compared to the existing system.

   Fig. 8 shows the comparative results of recall.

   Fig. 8: Recall Comparison

   From Fig. 8 it is analyzed that the value of recall generated by the proposed system is high as compared to the existing system.

   Fig. 9 shows the comparative results of accuracy.

   Fig. 9: Accuracy Comparison

   From Fig. 9, it is analyzed that the proposed system achieved high accuracy.

5. CONCLUSION

In the proposed research study, it is analyzed that feature extraction, segmentation and classification are three essential phases of plant infection detection. The GLCM algorithm is applied for the extraction of textural features in the earlier approach. The input pictures are segmented with the help of k-mean clustering. In the proposed study, The KNN classifier is utilized in place of multi-class SVM classifier for the classification of information into numerous classes. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with existing in terms of accuracy and execution time. The proposed KNN algorithm has high accuracy and low execution time than SVM algorithm. It is analyzed that approximately 10 to 15 percent results are improved with the proposed method as compared to existing method.

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