Modified DO-Sag Equation to Assess River Water Quality

Modified DO-Sag Equation to Assess River Water Quality

Ravindra Sharma1

Research Scholar,

Department of Civil Engg. NIT, Raipur (C.G.)

Dr. M. K. Verma2

Professor,

Department of Civil Engg. NIT, Raipur (C.G.)

Dr. Meena Murmu3 Department of Civil Engg., NIT, Raipur (C.G.)

Dr. P. K. Ghosh4

Principal,

Krishna Engg. College, Bhilai (C.G.)

NOMENCLATURE-

Following terms have been used to define DO-Sag Equation by alternative algorithm

1. DORef Reference DO Model made by Streeter Phelps equation

2. DONew- DO Model made using new equation (quadratic polynomial)

3. De-oxidation Coefficient k1

4. Re-oxygenation Coefficient k2

5. A- Re-aeration Coefficient in DONew Model

1. Abstract- The presence of dissolved oxygen (DO) in river water is primary criterion to evince the water quality. The river may receive point and nonpoint pollution from various sources like municipal, industrial and agricultural land on its way to the downstream. Pioneer work to assess river water quality was done by Streeter and Phelps (1925) when they 1st time noticed the importance of DO present in the river water. Variation of DO in water depends on de-oxidation coefficient (k1), and re-aeration (k2) rate of oxygen transfer between the water surface and the atmosphere. Off late many authors derived empirical formulae to determine hydraulic parameters of the stream to compute coefficients (k1), and (k2) depending upon their place of study. Present research work is planned with two fold objectives: (i) to make use of Streeter and Phelps equation to test Shivnath River water quality flowing near Durg-Bhilai in C.G. India and (ii) To understand River Water DO Mechanics for best location of water treatment plant and supply of drinking water to the township.

2. Key words- Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Molecular Diffusion, Surface Re-aeration, Water Quality Modeling, River Water DO Mechanics, G_Mat DO software

3. INTRODUCTION-

Streeter-Phelps (1925) developed equation (1) to assess river water quality of a river

Dt

k1La k k

——- (1) refer Fig.(1):

a

a

2 1

Where Dt = DO saturation deficit downstream, (mg/L)

= (DOsat DOa) at time t

t = time of travel from upstream to downstream, ( No. of days) Da= initial DO saturation deficit of upstream, (mg/L)

La= Ultimate upstream BOD at t = 0, (mg/L) K1= De-oxidation Coefficient (per day)

K2= Re-aeration Coefficient (per day)

Streeter-Phelps Model equation needs following field data of a river: T = temperature of water, ºC

H= average depth of flow, m v = mean stream velocity, m/s

Equation (1) simulates the variations of the parameters: DO (Dissolved oxygen), BOD (Biological De-oxygenation and Re- aeration coefficients) over time at each point of a river. DO of river water is required for following:

• Evaluation of surface water quality

• Waste-treatment processes control

• Photosynthetic activity of natural water

Sources of DO in surface waters are primarily atmospheric re-aeration and photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants. DO is an important factor in chemical reactions in water and in the survival of aquatic organisms. In surface water, DO concentrations typically range from 2-10 mg/l. DO saturation decreases as water temperature increases, and increases with increased atmospheric pressure. DO may be depleted in inorganic oxidation reaction or by biological and chemical processes that consume dissolved, suspended or precipitated organic matter.

1. DATA OBSERVATION PLANNING-

   Shivnath River Route Survey from villages: Chandkhuri, Kolihapuri, Durg city (Ganjpara), Chatagargh is planned for observing hydraulic data Fig.(2). The effluent waste streams from these localities join the main River.

   1. To determine coefficients k1, and k2 (hydraulic parameters): mean velocity of stream and depth are required.

   2. De-oxidation Rate Constant (K1) from river water samples BOD5 value is determined by standard method of incubation in the laboratory.

   3. Route Reconnaissance Survey with Google Map-

   The sampling points S5 to S7 are situated on Shivnath river reach = 24 Km. Pollution through streams and sewers from villages on the route join main river. The municipal, agricultural and industrial waste makes the river water unhealthy, therefore sampling point near to these places are selected for the study.

2. METHODOLOGY OF DATA OBSERVATION-

   Water Samples of the river have been collected from points marked Fig.(2). All samples have been collected at about 20 cm depth from the river mid-point, as per Hydro-Bios standard water sampler by dip/grab method. The samples were stored in pre- cleaned polythene bottles. Sample collection is done on date 15th each of each month- Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, and May 2017. Study of temperature and other physiochemical property effect on de-oxidation and re-aeration is the part of research work.

   3.1 River Velocity & Depth-

   To determine river-traverse lengths from A to D sampling points, GPS device (smart mobile phone) is used. Mean Velocity of river is found = 0.36 m/sec and mean depth = 2.53 m

3. RESULTS & ANALYSIS: DO AND BOD TEST RESULTS: obtained from laboratory test for the month Jan. 2017, to May 2017 is shown in Table (1).

   ————————————————————————————–

   <——–DO (mg/L) ———–

   Distance in Km Sample Stn. Jan Feb Mar Apr May

   —————————————————————————————

   0	S5	5.4	5.1	5	4.9	4.8
   5	S6	5.2	4.8	4.5	4.2	4.7
   17	S7	4.1	3.5	3.4	3.6	3.8
   24	S8	4	3.1	2.8	3.2	3.3

   ————————————————————————————–

   Table (1) DO variation from Jan to May 2017 at Station S7

   24 Km. It is apparent that DO on upstream points S5 and S6 are higher than DO at S7, near to the intake well on Shivnath River (near NH-6). It is therefore concluded that waste water stream sources meet the river at points S5 and S6. Study of DO variation in a river over the distances is useful in correspondence with Streeter-Phelps equation. It shows De-oxidation (k1) in Jan Feb useful in determining the point sources of waste water streams joining the main river.

   The DO value at station S7 ranges from 4.1 to 3.8 from Jan to May months justify the location of present intake well/ waste water treatment plant because at no point of time DO level goes below 2.4 mg/L. Further confirmation of DO presence at S7, Lab test for BOD5 determination is performed for waste sample collected at S7 in the month May 2017. The results are shown below:

   Table (2) DO/BOD5 Lab Test on water sample Station S7 May 2017

   ———————————————————————————–

   Sample Stn. Days DO BOD (mg/L)

   ———————————————————————————— S7 0 6.40 0

   1 4.64 5.4

   2 4.47 12.1

   3 4.40 13.9

   4 4.37 10.2

   5 4.35 14.5

   ———————————————————————————–

   It is evident that the treatment plant located on Shivnath river to supply drinking water to the township meets the requirement of DO present.

   1. DO predictive Model of Streeter-Phelps equation:

      Determination of k1 –

      LA = 14.2 mg/L ; L B = 5.4 mg/L from Table (1)

      t = (24 x103)/[(0.36)(8.64×104)] = 0.77days k1 = (1/0.77) log10 (14.2/5.4) = 0.56/day

      0.5 T 20 1.5

      0.5 T 20 1.5

      k2 0.5×3.9v [(1.025) ](H )

      Substituting v = 0.36 m/sec and h = 2.53 m, mean temp. t = 300C K2 = 0.37/day

      Oxygen Saturation & DO deficits-

      For fresh water the saturation DO level Cs is given by } CS = 14.61 – 0.394 x T + 0.007714 x T2 – 0.0000646 x T3 (mg/L) }——-(2)

      Cs the saturated DO level at 100 C is given by = 11.38 mg/l }

      Therefore DO of Sample Collected = mean vel. x Cs = 4.44 mg/l DO Variation for 5 days due to BOD demand

      Days	DO Value	BOD
      0	6.0	7.22
      1	4.40	8.20
      2	4.16	9.14
      3	3.18	9.88
      4	2.23	9.88
      5	1.50	10.39

      Applying Streeter-Phelps equation, it is apparent from above graph, that DO3 = 3.18, DO4 = 2.23, and DO5 = 1.50 mg/L. The shape of the curve of DO/BOD5 versus time Appendix Graph (3) clearly indicates a minimum DO concentration occurs in less than 2.4 Mg/L after 3 days. It implies that the water collected at the intake well must be subject to re-aeration for sufficient number of days to improve DO value.

   2. DO mechanics of River water & determination of (K1 & K2):

      Basics of river water DO mechanics can be derived from Streeter and Phelps equation (1925). The equation (1), Fig.(1) gives DO deficit over particular distance of river reach. The DO Sag curve when expressed in Cartesian coordinates, where:

      X- Axis represents No. of days or distances Y- Axis represents DO values in mg/L

      Experimentally the extreme coordinates of points on ideal DO-Sag curve are expressed as follows:

      1. Point O- Origin (0, 0) (d=0.DO=0)

      2. Point A- Coordinates (0, 12) fully DO saturated river water in contact with atmosphere

      3. Point B- Coordinates (0, 6) DO of river water before waste water stream joins

      4. Point C- Coordinates (2, 2.4) DO reaches minimum level due to de-oxidation process and become dangerous for aquatic life. The process takes 2 days time for completion. Thereafter re-oxygenation begins.

      5. Point D- Coordinates (5, 6) Re-aeration continues and DO becomes equal to point C.

      6. Point E- Coordinates (12,12) Re-aeration continues to wards super saturation zone and DO finally after 12 days becomes 12 mg/L.

      MODIFIED STREETER PHELPS DO-SAG EQUATION-

      In the classical equation, the rate of de-oxidation is taken = e-k1t and re-aeration is taken = e-k2t rate coefficients k1 and k2 are determined from river hydraulic parameters: v (velocity) and d (depth). Also it is evident from above DO mechanics that the

      two processes de-oxidation and re-aeration for 5 days over distances in km of river reach. It is proportional to river mean velocity and depth of river bed. The classical equation assimilates a theoretical DO Model from river site data as well as lab tests conducted on water samples collected over a period of completion of de-oxidation and re-aeration process after a waste water stream meets the main river. This period is 5 days cycle apparent from Streeter Phelps equation application takes place in following steps:

      1. Initially atmospheric surface at DO level is 12 mg/L, when comes in contact with river surface becomes 6 mg/L (0-day to begin BOD test).

         t

         t

      2. As soon as polluted stream meets the river, de-oxidation process (e-k1 exponential function) begins and DO level starts falling. De-oxidation coefficient k1 depends upon river velocity and depth. DO-level becomes 2.4 mg/L (minimum -danger for aquatic life) with 2 days time.

         2

         2

      3. There-after re-oxygenation begins. Re-aeration process (e-k t exponential function) continues till DO-level is restored to 6 mg/L within 4 days. Re-aeration coefficient k2 also depends upon river velocity and depth.

      4. DO Sag curve formation by combining d-oxidation and re-aeration process can be better represented by a quadratic polynomial than the exponential function adopted by Streeter Phelps. Hence modified Streeter Phelps equation as a quadratic polynomial can be stated as:

         DOn = k1 d2 k2 d + DOs ——-(3)

         Where, n number of days 1 to 5 k1- De-oxidation coefficient

         k2- Re-aeration coefficient

         Substituting d as 0, 2, 6 we have following equations from (3)

         k1(0)2 k2(0) +DOs = 6, }Therefore initial Coordinate (0, 6) i.e. (d, DO) k1(2)2 k2(2) + 6 = 2.4 } ———– (4)

         k1(5)2 k2(25) + 6 = 6 }

         Solving set of equations (4) we have k1 = 0.6 k2 = 3

         Hence DO5 computation of theoretical model is: DO5 = 0.6 d2 3 d + 6 ———-(5) Therefore DO1, DO2 etc. can be computed from eqn. (3)

      5. It takes 5 days to complete de-oxidation and re-aeration process and DO mass balance is achieved. Thereafter DO is further

      computed from DO5 to super saturation level given by equation- DO = DO5 + k1Ad ———-(6) On substitution A = 1.46 Where A = Super aeration coefficient

      Therefore DO6, DO7 etc. can be computed from eqn. (4)

   3. Shivnath River DO Model from Lab Tests-

   1. Saturated DO of fresh river water at Atmospheric level is = 10 Mg/L and Surface level DO value is 6.0 Mg/L

   2. DO at Sample Station S7 on 15th May 2017. The sample was tested for DO Value in the lab to determine DO for 5 successive days. Lab Model & Ideal model DO values are shown below.

      	Day	DO(Ideal)		DO (Field)		BOD(Lab)
      0		6.0	6.0		9.76
      1		3.6	3.4		9.24
      2		2.4	2.2		8.99
      3		3.6	4.1		8.74
      4		6	6.3		8.51
      5		6.9	8.4
      6		7.8	9.1
      7		8.6	9.2
      8		10.4	9.4
      9		9.5	9.9
      10		10.4	10

      Graph (3)- DO ideal curve Vs DO variation at Sampling Station S7 (G_Mat Result) are shown. The DO ideal curve can be treated as universal DO model curve because the results are in close resemblance with Shivnath field DO values for river reach of 24 km.

4. CONCLUSION:

   Until recently, the classical Streeter-Phelps equation was widely used in predicting the dissolved oxygen deficit to organic waste load discharged into a stream. However the wide deviation of predicted values of oxygen deficit fromthe observed value lead several investigators to modify the Streeter-Phelps formulation by taking into account other factors like benthal demand, photosynthesis, algal respiration etc., which affect DO in the stream, in order to narrow the gap between the observed and the predicted values. Other investigators postulated statistical models for predicting critical oxygen concentration using stream flow, temperature, and 5-days BOD as independent variable mainly to avoid the errors involved experimental determination of K1 and K2 coefficients. This work attempts to develop a predictive model by employing DO mechanics that De-oxidation and Re-aeration vectors produced due to river velocity and depth follow a quadratic polynomial instead of using the exponential variation law. This property is apparent from the Ideal DO Sag Curve given by Streeter Phelps equation. It simplifies the determination of K1, K2 river velocity (v) and depth (h). Field measurement and analysis given in this paper fully support the use of lab DO model technique to determine the water quality.

5. REFERENCES:

1. H. W. Streeter and E. B. Phelps, A study of the Pollution and Natural Purification of the Ohio Rivers, US Public Health Service Bulletin No. 146, 1925.

2. G. M. Fair, The Dissolved Oxygen SagAn Analysis, Sewage Works Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1939, p. 445.

3. D. S. Bhargava, DO Sag Model for Extremely Fast River Purification, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 112, 1986, pp. 572-585.

4. Dr. S.M.Prasnna Kumar and Dr. S.K. Mahajan, Economical Applications of GPS in Road Projects in India publish in Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Elsevier Journal link-

   http://authors.elsevier.com/authorforms/SBSPRO11283/39553ccba3395493aaae48cdd9d35513

5. Er. Ravindra Shrama, Er. Manish Sacklecha, and Dr. S.K. Mahajan Paper entitled Multiple use of Laser Meter & Innovative Techniques In Engineering Surveys presented FIG International Conference, Kualalumpur, 16th may 2014

Appendix- Figs. & Graphs

Fig.(1)- Streeter and Phelps ideal DO-Sag curve & DO Mechanics

Fig.(2)- Sampling Points S5 to S6 = 5 km, S6 to S7 = 12 Km and S7 & S8 = 7 Km

Graph (1)- DO variation Jan to May 2017 at Sampling points S5 to S8 on River Reach

Graph (2)- DO/BOD5 Lab Test at Sampling Station S7 (May 2017)

Graph (3)- DO ideal curve Vs DO variation at Sampling Station S7