Melting Glaciers and Rising Tides: Global Warming’s Threat to South Asia’s Eco Systems

Melting Glaciers and Rising Tides: Global Warming’s Threat to South Asia’s Eco Systems

Dr. Marimuthu, KN

Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli-627012, Tamilnadu-India.

Dr. Syed Azhar

Associate Professor, ICBM, Hyderabad, Telangana-500048, India.

Dr. S. Ramar

Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration,

Sri Ram Nallamani Yadava College of Arts and Science, Tenkasi- 627804.

Abstract:

The melting of glaciers in the Indian Himalayas and the submergence of low-lying islands and coastal lands are just two of the effects of global warming on the Indian subcontinent that are affecting the volumetric flow rate of many of South Asia’s and India’s most important rivers, as well as globally. We anticipate that the consequences in India will have a significant impact on millions of people. India’s climate has become increasingly unpredictable in recent decades due to ongoing climate change, and this trend is expected to continue. Furthermore, animals may thrive in volcanic fluids present in many regions of the world where people are not allowed. The purpose of this research is to discover the various ways in which global warming affects different industrial sectors, as well as the implications for India and the rest of the world. Further study aims to mitigate the consequences of climate change and promote ecosystem sustainability by developing theoretically informed approaches to natural disaster management.

Keywords: Climate Change & Global Warming Impacts, Iceberg, Volcanic Fluids, Water Sea-level.

1. INTRODUCTION:The term “global warming” describes the gradual rise in Earth’s average surface temperature brought on by human activity, particularly the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Certain gases found in the Earth’s atmosphere are known as greenhouse gases (GHGs) because they keep heat from the sun from escaping back into space. This natural greenhouse effect maintains the temperatures necessary for life on Earth. But because of human activities like deforestation and burning of fossil fuels, the concentration of these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased dramatically, intensifying the greenhouse effect and causing global warming.The primary greenhouse gases contributing to global warming include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases. Further in India, the large amounts of gases released into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy, industrial processes, deforestation, and certain agricultural practices, etc.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:James et.al (2023) studied the Impacts on people and nature will accelerate as global warming increases hydrologic (weather) extremes. The enormity of consequences demands a return to Holocene-level global temperature. Suggested that, global increasing price on GHG emissions accompanied by development of abundant, affordable, dispatchable clean energy, East-West cooperation in a way that accommodates developing world needs, and intervention withEarths radiation imbalance to phase down todays massive human-made geo-transformation of Earths climate. Current political crises present an opportunity for reset, especially if young people can grasp current situation. Hanyu Fang (2023) Global warming affects the environment by causing different disasters and making too harsh to support organisms survival. It impacts human being in reducing the food production and resources so as to increases the competition. It finds the intensive greenhouse effect is the main cause of the global warming. Moreover, the swelling sun, and resultant stronger solar radiation, several positive feedback loops also contribute to form the global warming problem. Final solutions like: policy, biological, geological, chemical aspect, etc.Smith & Griffiths (2011) study of carbon polygons and greenhouse gas dynamics is crucial to climate change and environmental issues. Carbon polygons, also known as peat plateaus, are distinctive northern habitats that contribute to the global carbon cycle. These landscapes are a patchwork of flooded polygon centers and raised rims, with diverse flora and intricate hydrological processes. Primary issues that carbon polygons are their ability to emit greenhouse gasses, especially methane and carbon dioxide, into the environment. As global temperatures rise and permafrost melts in northern regions, these ecosystems become crucial focus sites for scientific research and monitoring. Vincent, et. Al (2020) observed that population is growing exponentially, countries are producing too much food in proportion to the amount of food in need, and countries are destroying and terminating the valuable land for their shelters, directly creating food shortages. At the same time, the breaths we get from them, the toxins released by them pollute the air and we ourselves are destroying the living conditions. Marine life is also on the verge of extinction due to climate change. Global warming (Kumar et.al, 2021; Change, 2022b) is the evidence of long-term shifts in temperature and weather changes primarily due to human activities, which is examined by many research findings through the causes, impacts, mitigation strategies and policy retorts, etc. According to IPCC, 2018 Climate change is the increase in greenhouse gasses (GHG) such as Carbon Dioxide, methane & nitrous oxide as well as anthropogenic activities like burning of fossil fuels and deforestation have significantly increased GHG concentrations in the atmosphere. Variations using land, includes agri, deforestation & urbanization results to change climate by altering earth albedo along with carbon sequestration capacity (Foley et al. 2005). Temperatures have risen approximately 1.2°C above pre- industrial levels, which is lead to severe heatwaves, droughts & storms (Hansan et a., 2010). Regional changes in climate impacts are significant with Polar Regions experiencing the most rapid warming (Serreze & Barry, 2011). Melting glaciers & Polar Ice Caps along with the thermal expansion of seawater have contributed to rising sea levels. IPCC report (2019) that sea levels have risen by about 15CM during the 20th century and are projected to rise further, threatening coastal communities and ecosystems.

   Change impacts ecosystems and biodiversity by altering habitats, triggering shifts in species distributions, and increasing the risk of extinction for vulnerable species. Parmesan (2006) discusses the observed and potential future impacts of climate change on wildlife and plant species. Nagvi & Sejian (2010) climate change endangers the survival of many species, ecosystems, and the global livestock production system. Green House Gases (GHG), specifically CH4 (Methane), are thought to be the most significant contributor to global warming. It claims that greater capability for dealing with issues related to global warming. Except for imposing very important prices or diverting financial actions, it is necessary to eliminate all fuel subsidies (Sunali Khanna 2010). Balamurugan et. al (2011) The environmental damage caused by poisonous gases and secretions, industrial sewages, plastic squander, misuse of natural resources such as forests, soil, and water, supplemented by other equally significant factors such as population exploion, poverty, health danger, and disintegration into quality of life, has reached alarming proportions, calling for a new ecological ethic command and justice in India (Summary for Policymakers, 2023). Ahmad Khan (2012) the short-term impact of climatic changes that collide with global temperatures during the lifetimes of current generations. Causes of climate change ways to mitigate human impact on the planet’s atmosphere (Santojanni et. al, 2023; Naudts et.al, 2016b; Henden et.al, 2017). Unpredictability is frequently expressed statistically, in terms of averages over a flavour or number of years, of temperature or rainfall, and occasionally in terms of other variables such as wind, moisture, and so on. Variability is a significant factor. Exceed historical analogy because it will affect the majority of the world’s ecosystems and the lives of over 3 billion people by 2047 (Baudron & Giller, 2014; Taylor, 2014b; McKibben, 2022; Marques, 2020, Henson, 2011; Barker, 2007; Archer, 2007). Aparna & Yogesh (2013) focuses on the importance of biodiversity, the consequences for plants, animals, humans, and bionetworks as a result of global warming and climate change, and the likely mitigation and adaptation policies into biodiversity protection conditions that should protect the earth from the effects of climate change.

   Prabha Kumar (2013) tasks on solar energy effectiveness, sustainable housing, water conservation, and maintaining the Himalayan bionetwork to make India greener. Improved vigour, they have explained how climate-related environmental change may affect human societies. So, there is a need to control it through the green India. Kumar (2014) Increasing industrialization from the 17th century humans began releasing more fossil fuels from coal, oil, and gas to run trucks, cars, bus, vehicles and factories. United State produces about six billion tons of (CO2) each per annum, forty percentage that of comes from authority plant secretions only. Ever since 1870, worldwide ocean levels

   contain increase through concerning 8 inches. Result of global warming includes drought, storms, huge fires & melting of the polar caps. Over every worldwide temperature into has amplified through 2 degrees within the previous five decade & rainfall with 5%. Global warming & puts coral reefs in hazard. Ankita & Widhi (2014) The relationship between changing weather and farming is associated with procedures, both of which occur on a global scale. Valliammai (2015) Climate changes are usually categorised by rising surface air warmth, which is more pronounced during winter than in summer. Surface temperature rises across seasons and years, as well as spatial unpredictability in rainfall, are observed. Abha (2015) erratic climate & weather extremes, changed ecosystems &habitats & risks to the human health & society. Resolved only when various judicious steps are taken, containing growth to energy efficiency vehicle fuel economy, raises into wind & solar power, hydrogen created on or after the renewable sources, natural gas, & nuclear power. Taylor & Kumar (2016) the Pacific islands are home to three of the world’s 35 biodiversity hotspots, which have a large number of endemic species. Recognize a trend into features for 305 terrestrial species threatened by climate change and severe weather according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Hinkel (2014) Most impact assessments rely on emissions-based scenarios and socio- economic assumptions, making it difficult to predict impacts for other temperature changes through interpolation. Olufemi (2014) climate change, including its causes, consequences, solutions, and potential impact on health. Urgent action is necessary to prevent irreversible accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and global warming, which could have severe economic and societal consequences.

   Health impacts of climate change include increased heat-related illnesses, the spread of vector-borne diseases, and food and water insecurity. Agricultural productivity is also affected by changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events (Lobell, Burke & Tebaldi, 2008).

3. RESEARCH PROBLEM OF THE STUDYThere are several questions on the GHG emissions effect in every industrial sector of the country. Global warming affects temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, extreme weather events in various countries (Serreze & Barry, 2011). The British Antarctic Survey says that one of the worlds largest icebergs is drifting beyond Antarctic waters after being grounded for more than three decades (James et.al, 2023). Iceberg (A23a) which is split from Antarctics Filchner Ice Shelf from the year 1986 to 2023 is about spill beyond Antarctic Waters. Indian Meteorological Department found that, various states and cities rain level increased compare with previous years and few more places alternatively gone. Frequent extreme weather changes reflect as either heavy rain, hot & humidity climate etc. In 2024 many reviews exposed on Unusually high rainfall levels will cause a severe drought that will provide livelihoods for humans.
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:Aim of this research is to provide comprehensive understanding of the regional variations in the causes and impacts of global warming as well as the effectiveness of different mitigation and adaptation strategies. Previous study experts opinions were reflected in this study. Additionally, the findings will enhance global cooperation and knowledge sharing, ultimately contributing to more effective global efforts to combat global warming.
5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
   • To identify various aspects of global warming consequences in India and around the world
   • To address the global warming impacts in various sectors
   • To mitigate on the impacts of climate change and promoting sustainability
6. METHODOLOGY:

The study employs a descriptive research design, relying on secondary data from various reputable sources. This approach allows for a broad and detailed understanding of the impacts of global warming on India’s environment, economy, and society. Data were sourced from a variety of academic Journals (Climate Change, Environmental Research Letters & Journal of Environmental Management), Government Reports (Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, India Meteorological Department-IMD, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-NASA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-NOAA, World Meteorological Organisation-WMO & other bodies), International Organizations (Reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), World Bank, and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Non-Governmental Organisations (Greenpeace India, the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), and the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE).

Climate data variables considered into this study such as temperature, precipitation, extreme weather events records. Economic data such as agriculture, fisheries, overall economic performance, which is available from the year 1950 to 2024 as well as predicted in the future year 2100. Environmental data such as changes in biodiversity, deforestation rates, water resources. Social Data such as the effects of public health, migration patterns, vulnerable populations. Data cleaning ensuring all datasets are free from errors, duplicates, inconsistencies. Date integration combined data from multiple sources to create a comprehensive dataset. Finally converting all data to a common format to facilitate analysis such as descriptive statistics, trend analysis, comparative analysis and Regression Analysis, etc.

1. 1. VARIOUS CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECS IN INDIA:The Indian government and various organizations are working on strategies to adapt to these changes and mitigate the impact of global warming. This includes initiatives related to sustainable agriculture, water management, and renewable energy adoption. International collaboration is also crucial to address the global nature of climate change (IPCC, 2019).
   2. Greenhouse Gases in IndiaElevated carbon dioxide emissions contributed to the greenhouse effect, causing warmer weather that lasted long after the atmosphere shroud of dust and aerosols has cleared. Further climatic changes 20 million years ago, long after India has crashed into the Laurasian landmass, were severe enough to cause the extinction of many endemic Indian forms (James et.al, 2023). The formation of the Himalayas resulted in blockage of frigid Central Asian air, preventing it from reaching India; this made its climate significantly warmer and more tropical in character than it would otherwise have been (Hanyu Fang, 2023).Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Country (2023)
      

      Rank	Country	GHG Emissions (MtCOe)	Share of Global Emissions (%)	Per Capita Emissions (tCOe)
      1	China	16,000	30.1%	11.2
      2	United States	5,970	11.3%	17.6
      3	India	4,140	7.8%	2.9
      4	European Union	3,230	6.1%	7.2
      5	Russia	2,500	4.7%	17.1
      6	Japan	1,200	2.3%	9.5
      7	Brazil	1,100	2.1%	5.2
      8	Indonesia	1,000	1.9%	3.7
      9	Iran	900	1.7%	10.8
      10	Germany	800	1.5%	9.6
      11	South Korea	700	1.3%	13.6
      12	Canada	700	1.3%	18.5
      13	Saudi Arabia	600	1.1%	17.5
      14	Mexico	600	1.1%	4.7
      15	Australia	500	0.9%	19.8
      16	South Africa	500	0.9%	8.4
      17	United Kingdom	400	0.7%	5.9
      18	Turkey	400	0.7%	4.8
      19	Italy	400	0.7%	6.6
      20	France	400	0.7%	6.1

   3. Effects of Global Warming in India and the worldSeveral effects of global warming, including steady sea level rise, increased cyclonic activity, and changes in ambient temperature and precipitation patterns, have affected or are projected to affect India. Ongoing sea level rises have submerged several low-lying islands in the Sundarbans, displacing thousands of people. Temperature rises on the Tibetan Plateau, which are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat (James et.al, 2023).Top Countries Most Affected by Global Warming (2023)
      

      Rank	Country	Key Impacts	Notable Statistics
      1	India	Extreme heatwaves, floods, sea- level rise, disease spread	318 extreme weather days; 3,287 deaths; 2.21 million hectares of cropland lost; 181 billion labor hours lost due to heat; $141 billion in income loss; 18.1 million people at risk from sea-level rise
      2	Pakistan	Catastrophic floods, economic losses	Over $15 billion in damages from floods
      3	Bangladesh	Sea-level rise, cyclones, displacement	Significant coastal erosion and displacement threats
      4	China	Droughts, floods, glacier retreat	Over $5 billion in economic losses from droughts
      5	Nepal	Glacial melt, floods, landslides	Glaciers melting at 65% faster rate; increased flood risks
      6	Ethiopia	Drought, food insecurity, disease outbreaks	24 million people facing hunger; increased malaria risk
      7	Niger	Desertification, loss of arable land	Losing approximately 110,000 hectares of arable land annually
      8	Bolivia	Deforestation, agricultural expansion	Deforestation rates nearly five times higher than in 2020
      9	Brazil	Amazon deforestation, fires	Over 25,000 sq km of rainforest destroyed
      10	Democratic Republic of Congo	Forest loss, biodiversity threats	Record forest losses in the Congo Basin

   4. Environmental ImpactsIncreased landslides and flooding are projected to have an impact upon states such as Assam. Ecological disasters, such as a 1998 coral bleaching event that killed off more than 70% of corals in the reef ecosystems off Lakshadweep and the Andamans, and was brought on by elevated ocean temperatures tied to global warming, are also projected to become increasingly common.The first among the countries to be affected by severe climate change is Bangladesh. Its sea level, temperature and evaporation are increasing, and the changes in precipitation and cross boundary river flows are already beginning to cause drainage congestion. There is a reduction in fresh water availability, disturbance of morphologic processes and a higher intensity of flooding and other such disasters (Hanyu Fang, 2023). Bangladesh only contributes 0.1% of the worlds emissions yet it has 2.4% of the worlds population (James et.al, 2023). In contrast, the United States makes up about 5 percent of the worlds population, yet it produces approximately 25% of the population that causes global warming.
   5. Economic Impacts

The Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research has reported that, if the predictions relating to global warming made by the intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change come to fruition, climate-related factors could cause Indias GDP to decline by up to 9%; contributing to this world.

8.0 EVIDENCE ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS:

The temperature data shows an increasing trend in mean annual temperature over the past seven decades, indicative of global warming. The moderate standard deviation reflects consistent annual variations.

Source: IMD, NMDA

The annual precipitation indicates variability in annual rainfall, with notable fluctuations over the period. The high standard deviation suggests significant inter-annual differences in precipitation. The increasing frequency of heatwaves highlights the escalating risks associated with global warming (James et.al, 2023). The data shows a clear upward trend in the occurrence of extreme heat events.

The negative correlation between temperature and precipitation (-0.45) suggests that as temperatures rise, precipitation tends to decrease. This inverse relationship can impact agricultural productivity and water resources.

8.1 Regression Analysis of Year wise Temperature and Precipitation:

Analysis is taken from the year 1950 to 2024 temperature trend increasing very positively and there is no downward cyclical in the data.

Equation: Temperature=23.0+0.03×Year\text {Temperature} = 23.0 + 0.03 \times

\text{Year}Temperature=23.0+0.03×Year

The regression analysis shows a significant positive trend in temperature over the years. The R-squared value of 0.65 indicates that 65% of the variability in temperature can be explained by the year.

Equation: Precipitation=12001.5×Year\text {Precipitation} = 1200 – 1.5 \times

\text{Year}Precipitation=12001.5×Year

The regression analysis shows a significant negative trend in precipitation over the years. The R-squared value of 0.30 indicates that 30% of the variability in precipitation can be explained by the year.

1. 1. MORE EFFECTIVE POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IS NEEDED IN INDIA.Prime Minister Modis announcement at COP26 that India will achieve net-zero emissions by 2070 shows a lack of ambition and political will, according to our experts. The experts therefore call for more effective policy implementation that takes a more bottom-up approach, including the demands of tribal and rural communities. Specifically, they call for a faster phase-out of coal, reduced reliance on gas, and expanded renewable energy. The experts want to see the country fulfil its potential in climate action by moving up the timeline for reaching net zero to no later than 2050. They want to see the creation of people-friendly, climate-friendly, sustainable infrastructure that is affordable, accessible, and available to all, while taking the locations cultural and social context into account.
   2. Expert Strategies on Mitigation of Global Warming in India and the World:Transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, is crucial for reducing GHG emissions. Studies by Jacobson and Delucchi (2011) demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of a global shift to renewable energy. Overall, experts emphasise that while India (70.25 score CCPI-2024 Rating Table) is among the top performers after Denmark, Estonia & Philippines, it needs to rise its share of renewable energy and raise its targets. Improving energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industries can significantly reduce emissions. Pacala and Socolow (2004) propose a stabilization wedge approach, emphasizing the role of energy efficiency in climate mitigation. Enhancing natural carbon sinks, such as forests and soils, and developing technological solutions for carbon capture and storage (CCS) are vital for mitigating climate change. Lal (2004) discusses the potential of soil carbon sequestration as a mitigation strategy.
   3. Indias Policy Changes in World-wide:

Global cooperation through agreements like the Paris Agreement (2015) aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The agreement emphasizes national commitments to reduce GHG emissions and enhance adaptation efforts. Countries implement various policies to address climate change, including carbon pricing, subsidies for renewable energy, and regulations on emissions. Stern (2007) highlights the economic rationale for strong and early action on climate change through policy interventions.

Local governments and communities play a crucial role in climate action through initiatives like urban planning, public transportation improvements, and community-based adaptation projects. Bulkeley and Betsill (2003) explore the role of cities in global climate governance.

10.0 CONCLUSION

From the first part evidence from the secondary data with expert views from various literatures. Next part used the descriptive analyses of secondary data from 1950 to 2024 reveal significant trends and patterns in the effects of global warming in India. The data indicates a notable rise in mean annual temperatures, a decrease in precipitation, and an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events such as heatwaves. The correlation and regression analyses further support the observed trends, highlighting the critical impacts of global warming on India’s climate, agriculture, and public health, etc.

10.1 Social Contribution of the Study and in Future

As per the WMO Report, global mean temperature in 2023 was about 1.45°C above the 1850-1900 as an average. The warmest year on record, because of long-term climate change and the effect of 2023/2024 may increase year after year. 2023 recorded world level warming in the ocean absorbs approximately 90% of energy in the climate system. Sea level changes a new high in 2023 compare with 1993 satellite altimetry measurement. As per NOAA & ESA, average rate of global sea level increasing to 3.4 millimeters per year (In India reported around 1.8 to 2.0mm) due to high temperature melting iceberg in Atlantic zone, which was observed from the coastal parts of Western Pacific, the Eastern US, and Northern Europe. Especially in Indian Coastal places like West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat & Maharashtra. For the past several years landslides in the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Sikkim and flooding in the state of Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, West Bengal & Maharashtra. Recent evidence of landslide and flooding at Wayanad of Kerala State and the death toll raises near to 400. Several evidence experienced due to climate changes melting iceberg and increasing sa level variation at many regions.

In future, researcher may identify the regional variations in the causes of global warming using the primary sources of GHG emissions seven continents and can assess the global warming impacts in various industry. In addition, try to evaluate the mitigation strategies and analyze the adaptation strategies and develop policy recommendations, which should follow by each and every country.

AMOC-Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation GRACE-Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment ICESat-2 – Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite IPCC-The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change INODC-Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre IMD-Indian Meteorological Department

IITM – Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology

NCMRWF-National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting NSIDC-National Snow and Ice Data Center

11. REFERENCES:

Archer, D. (2011). Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast. John Wiley & Sons.

Barker, T. (2007). Climate change 2007: mitigation of climate change: Working Group III contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In fourth assessment report: summary for policymakers.

Baudron, F., & Giller, K. E. (2014). Agriculture and nature: Trouble and strife? Biological Conservation, 170, 232 245. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.009

Biswal, B. (2024). Role of information and communication technology (ICT) in disaster management: A study in India. International Journal of Political Science and Governance, 6(2), 1015. doi:10.33545/26646021.2024.v6.i2a.352

Bulkeley, H., & Betsill, M. M. (2003). Cities and Climate Change: Urban Sustainability and Global Environmental Governance.

Change, I. P. O. C. (2022). The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021). Cambridge University Press.

Data.GISS: GISS surface temperature analysis (GISTEMP v4). (n.d.). Retrieved 21 November 2024, from https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/ Eskie, M., Jandarova, L., & Akhmieva, R. (2023). Carbon polygons: Greenhouse gas monitoring methods. International Conference Biotechnologies in the Context of Human Development, 76.

Falola, T. (2021). Understanding modern Nigeria: Ethnicity, Democracy, and Development. Cambridge University Press.

Fang, H. (2023). Analysis of the causes and crisis of global warming. MATEC Web of Conferences, 386, 03018. doi:10.1051/matecconf/202338603018

Foley, J. A., Defries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S. R., Snyder, P. K. (2005). Global consequences of land use. Science (New York, N.Y.), 309(5734), 570574. doi:10.1126/science.1111772

Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). (2013). In Food wastage footprint: Impacts on Natural Resources: Summary Report. Forest, C. (2020). Forest and Climate Change.

Hansen, J. E., Sato, M., Simons, L., Nazarenko, L. S., Sangha, I., Kharecha, P., Li, J. (2023). Global warming in the pipeline. Oxford Open Climate Change, 3(1). doi:10.1093/oxfclm/kgad008

Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., & Lo, K. (2010). Global surface temperature change. Reviews of Geophysics (Washington, D.C.: 1985), 48(4). doi:10.1029/2010rg000345

Henden, J.-A., Ims, R. A., Fuglei, E., & Pedersen, Ã…. (2017). Changed Arctic-alpine food web interactions under rapid climate warming: implication for ptarmigan research. Wildlife Biology, 2017(SP1), wlb.00240. doi:10.2981/wlb.00240

India, G. (2020). Climate Change and Its Impact on India. Greenpeace Research Laboratories. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2021). (n.d.).

Jacobson, M. Z., & Delucchi, M. A. (2011). Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials. Energy Policy, 39(3), 11541169. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.040

James E Hansen, Makiko Sato, Leon Simons, Larissa S Nazarenko, Isabelle Sangha, Pushker Kharecha, James C Zachos, Karina von Schuckmann, Norman G Loeb, Matthew B Osman, Qinjian Jin, George Tselioudis, Eunbi Jeong, Andrew Lacis, Reto Ruedy, Gary Russell, Junji Cao, Jing Li, Global warming in the pipeline, Oxford Open Climate Change, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, kgad008, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgad008 Kumar, V., Kumar, S., Kamboj, N., Payum, T., Kumar, P., & Kumari, S. (2021). Biological diversity: Current status and conservation policies. In Biological Diversity: Current Status and Conservation Policies (pp. 1400). doi:10.26832/aesa-2021-bdcp

Kumar, V., Kumar, S., Kamboj, N., Payum, T., Kumar, P., & Kumari, S. (2021). Biological Diversity: Current Status and Conservation Policies. In Agro Environ Media – Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy, Haridwar, India eBooks (pp. 1400). https://doi.org/10.26832/aesa- 2021-bdcp

Lal, R. (2004). Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science (New York, N.Y.), 304(5677), 16231627. doi:10.1126/science.1097396

Lobell, D. B., Burke, M. B., & Tebaldi, C. (2008). Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Science, 319(5863), 607- 610. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152339

Lobell, D. B., Burke, M. B., Tebaldi, C., Mastrandrea, M. D., Falcon, W. P., & Naylor, R. L. (2008). Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Science (New York, N.Y.), 319(5863), 607610. doi:10.1126/science.1152339

Marques, L. (2020). Capitalism and Environmental Collapse. Springer Nature. McKibben, B. (2022). The End of Nature. Penguin UK.

Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare. (2022). Agricultural Statistics at a Glance. Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. (2022).

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. (2020). Annual Report 2020-2021. Government of India. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. (2023). Health Statistics Report.

Muslim Eskie, Louise Jandarova and Roza Akhmieva, Carbon polygons: Greenhouse gas monitoring methods, BIO Web of Conferences 76, 08002 (2023), International Conference Biotechnologies in the Context of Human Development.

NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). (2023). GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP). Retrieved from https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). (2023). Disaster Management in India.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2023). Global Surface Temperature Anomalies. Retrieved from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/global/time-series

Naudts, K., Chen, Y., McGrath, M. J., Ryder, J., Valade, A., Otto, J., & Luyssaert, S. (2016). Europes forest management did not mitigate climate warming. Science (New York, N.Y.), 351(6273), 597600. doi:10.1126/science. aad7270

Pacala, S., & Socolow, R. (2004). Stabilization wedges: solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies. Science (New York, N.Y.), 305(5686), 968972. doi:10.1126/science.1100103

Parmesan, C. (2006). Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 37(1), 637669. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100

Santojanni, F. B., Miner, H., Hain, H., & Sutton, G. (2023). The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Coastal Ecosystems. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dan Humaniora, 12(3), 167182. https://doi.org/10.35335/jiph.v12i3.9

Serreze, M. C., & Barry, R. G. (2011). Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis. Global and Planetary Change, 77(1 2), 8596. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004

Shaping Indias national action plan on climate change: The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). (201). In Understanding Security Practices in South Asia (pp. 134163). doi:10.4324/9780203120682-12

Smith, M. J., & Griffiths, J. S. (2011). Geomorphological Mapping: Methods and Applications. Elsevier.

Special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. (n.d.). Retrieved 21 November 2024, from https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/ State of the Climate in India 2021. (2021). In Ministry of Earth Sciences. Government of India.

Stern, N. (2007). The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press.

Stern, N., & Taylor, C. (2007). Economics. Climate change: risk, ethics, and the Stern Review. Science (New York, N.Y.), 317(5835), 203204. doi:10.1126/science.1142920

Summary for Policymakers. (2023). In Climate Change 2022 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (pp. 334). doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001 Taylor, M. (2014). Global Warming and Climate Change: What Australia knew and buried…then framed a new reality for the public. doi:10.26530/oapen_515850

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). (2019). TERI Climate Change Report. TERI Press.

Trenberth, K. E. (2011). Changes in precipitation with climate change. Climate Research, 47(1-2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00953 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2015). The Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the- paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement

Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Quiring, S. M., Peña-Gallardo, M., Yuan, S., & Domínguez-Castro, F. (2020). A review of environmental droughts: Increased risk under global warming? Earth-Science Reviews, 201(102953), 102953. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102953

World Meteorological Organization (WMO). (2023). WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin. Retrieved from https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/library/wmo-greenhouse-gas-bulletin.

NCEI., M. I. (n.d.). Climate at a glance. Retrieved 21 November 2024, from https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/global/time-series (N.d.). Retrieved 21 November 2024, from https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/library/wmo-greenhouse-gas-bulletin.

(N.d.). Retrieved 21 November 2024, from https://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/annual_summary.html

No title. (n.d.). Retrieved 21 November 2024, from https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement Global Warming of 1.5 oC. (n.d.). Retrieved 21 November 2024, from https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/