Graphical User Interface Model of Load Flow Studies by Simulation

Graphical User Interface Model of Load Flow Studies by Simulation

Kshirsagar Aditi N. Department of Electrical Engineering K.E.Societys Rajarambapu Institute of

Technology

Islampur, Sangli, India

Agashe Neha M.

Department of Electrical Engineering K.E.Societys Rajarambapu Institute of

Technology Islampur, Sangli, India

Modak Mangesh Department of Electrical Engineering Finolex Academy of Management and

Technology

Ratnagiri, India

AbstractLoad flow is primary consideration in many of the power system problems. The paper discusses the application of Graphical User Interface to load flow study with the use of Gauss-Seidel method for calculation. The Graphical User Interface gives understanding approach to the load flow. The result verification is executed with 3 bus system.

Index TermsGraphical User Interface, Load Flow Study, Gauss-Seidel method

1. INTRODUCTION

   Load flow study is one of the important aspect in power system analysis. Load flow study is also known as power flow study as mostly the powers are given rather than currents [1]. Steady state operation is determined by the load flow studies. Load flow is a first step in many power system related issues. The load flow study includes the computation of voltage, current, real power and reactive power flows with respect to loading conditions. This concept is depending upon the study of nature of power flow when one of the lines is under maintenance or out of service without exceeding their loading. With this analysis, need of any additional generation or capacitive VARS is evaluated [2].

   The system is nonlinear as power flow through load impedance varies with square of voltage. In order to solve the non linear equations, following iterative methods are used:

   1. Gauss-Seidel method

   2. Newton-Raphson method

   3. Decoupled method

   4. Fast decoupled method

   These methods are having advantages and disadvantage.

   The apparent power is given by,

   By solving the Equation 1 with the active power (Pi) and reactive power (Qi), the flow equations can be given by,

   Where,

   Pi= Active power at bus i Qi= Reactive power at bus i

   Yij= Magnitude of admittance matrix ij= Angle of admittance matrix

   i, j= Angle of sending end and receiving end voltage

   The Equations 2 and 3 are called as static load flow equations which contain four unknowns as voltage (|V|), Power angle (), and Active power (P) and Reactive power

   (Q) [6]. We have only two equations to determine these unknowns. Hence at least two values must be specified to solve these equations. Depending upon the specified values, there are three types of buses known as SLACK bus, PV bus and PQ bus.

   In SLACK bus, real and reactive power is not known prior to the solution of the problem. Hence, the specific amount of real and reactive power is injected at the bus after obtaining the solution [7]. Generally SLACK bus is considered as number 1 and is also referred as reference bus. The PV bus is also called as generator bus whereas the PQ bus is referred as load bus. [3]

   TABLE I. CLASSIFICATION OF BUSES

   Bus Type	Specified Quantity	Unknown Quantity
   SLACK BUS	Voltage (|V|), Power angle ()	Active Power (P), Reactive Power (Q)
   PQ BUS	Active Power (P), Reactive Power (Q)	Voltage (|V|), Power angle ()
   PV BUS	Active Power (P), Voltage (|V|)	Power angle (), Reactive Power (Q)

   Table I shows the classification of buses along with its specified quantities and unknown quantities.

   The Graphical User Interface (GUI) of load flow is developed in Simulation software using Gauss-Seidel method. The work gives better understanding due to user interface. The paper is divided in five sections. Section I gives the introduction of load flow. Section II contains the application of Gauss-Seidel method in load flow studies whereas Section III describes the basic terms in preparing GUI. Section IV highlights the example and the results and Section V presents the conclusions of the work. The work is executed for maximum 6 bus system and can further be extended.

2. APPLICATION OF GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD IN LOAD FLOW

   STUDIES

   In order to apply the Gauss-Seidel method to load flow studies, two cases are considered. The solution obtained from this method has to be updated until it converges. Considering 'n' number of buses in the system, the cases can be considered as follows:

   Case 1: Consider bus number 1 as SLACK bus and remaining (n-1) buses are PQ buses. Table II shows the defined quantities.

   Case 2: Consider bus 1 as SLACK bus, (m-1) number of PQ buses where m is a bus number in between 1 to n and (n-

   m) number of buses as PV buses.

   TABLE II. QUANTITIES DEFINED IN CASE 1

   Bus Number		Bus Type		Known Quantities		Unknown Quantities
   1		SLACK		|V1|, 1		P1, Q1
   2		PQ		P2, Q2		|V2|, 2
   3		PQ		P3, Q3		|V3|, 3
   n		PQ		Pn, Qn		|Vn|, n

   Fig.1 shows typical bus in the system which contains as the real and reactive powers at the are the real and reactive power at the load side. is the voltage at . The Y-bus matrix formation is necessary prior to solving the power flow equations. This matrix is of the order (n*n) where 'n' is the number of buses in the system. Each matrix element is depends on number of transmission lines connected to the bus. The current injected into the bus is given by,

   Where,

   = Y- bus matrix element connecting to bus i, k.

   = voltage at

   Fig. 1 Typical bus in system [1]

   By substituting equation (4) in equation (1) and solving further, we get the voltage at the as,

   Where,

   = Y- bus matrix element at

   = Initial voltage at

   The generalized equation of voltage can be written as shown in Equation 6,

   In the Equation 6, bus is not included to calculate the voltage. To increase the rate of convergence, acceleration factor ) is included in voltage equation [8]. The final equation of voltage along with acceleration factor is mentioned in equation (7).

   ) (7)

   Where,

   = Value of voltage of current iteration

   = Value of voltage of previous iteration

   = acceleration factor (generally value taken as 1.6 or 1.7)

   Considering Case 2, where all the three types of buses are present and the Table III shows the given quantities in case 2.

   Table III. Quantities given in Case 2

   Bus Type	Bus Number		Known Quantities		Unknown Quantities
   SLACK Bus	1		|V1|,		P1, Q1
   PQ Bus	2		P2, Q2		|V2|,
   	3		P3, Q3		|V3|,
   	m		,		| |,
   PV Bus	m+1		, |
   	n

   With the available data the reactive power Q can be calculated as given in Equation 8

   This will give the reactive power . Generalized equation of reactive power is given in Equation

   9. In this equation sum is splinted at the point where power have to be calculated.

   Once is obtained, power angle has to be calculated with the use of equation (4). Limits given on will be considered during . If exceed the given limit then corresponding bus is converted in to PQ bus with is set either at maximum or minimum value and unknowns will be calculated [2].

3. GUI USING SIMULATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO LOAD FLOW STUDIES

   In order to simplify the use of simulation programs, GUI provides a pictorial interface to the programs [4]. It provides a insightful appearance with controls such as pushbuttons, edit boxes, list boxes, sliders, menus, etc. At every stage of a program where the user defined inputs are needed, GUI works in explicable and predictable manner thus simplifying the situation. This helps the user in focusing on the principle of application rather than the technicalities involved.

   GUI programs are identified as event driven programs since an input that is events are provided by mouse clicks. Simulation tool GUI consists of three essential elements. They are components, containers and call backs [9].

   1. Components: Every constituent of Simulation tool GUI is a graphical component. Components are further classified as graphical controls, static elements, menus, toolbars and

      axes. Graphical controls consist of pushbuttons, toggle buttons, edit boxes, lists, sliders, etc. While static elements consist of text boxes. Functions uicontrol is used to create graphical controls and static elements. Whereas functions uimenu and uicontextmenu are used to create menu. Physical properties of components such as background colour, foreground colour, font size, font colour, etc. can be altered depending upon the choice of user.

   2. Containers: Container is window on the computer screen within which components of GUI are arranged. Figure is one of the most common containers.

   3. Callbacks: The Simulator tool code which must be executed in response to the events are known as callbacks. [5]

      Various components of GUI are described as follows:

      1. Edit boxes: Edit box allows the user to enter text string. If max property of edit box is set to a value greater than 1, multiple text strings can be entered as shown in Fig. 2.

         Fig. 2 Edit Box in GUI

      2. Push buttons: Whenever the user clicks on a push button, specified action is triggered. Intended task is programmed in the callback section of pushbutton as shown in Fig. 3.

         Fig. 3 Push button in GUI

      3. Radio button: It is a type of toggle button. It has two switching states ON and OFF. Whenever radio button is clicked for the first time, a dot appears in the centre of the circle indicating that it is in ON state as shown in Fig. 4.

         	Intermediate state
         Off state		On state

         Fig. 4 Radio button in GUI

      4. Popup menus: Whenever a popup menu is clicked, a list of available options appears and the user is expected to select one among the available options as shown in Fig. 5.

   Fig. 5 Pop-up button in GUI

   Using these graphical controls, GUI model is used to make the load flow studies of a power system more users friendly.

   Computational steps of the load flow program are shown in Fig. 6.

   Fig. 6 Flowchart for solving load flow problems

4. TYPICAL EXAMPLE AND RESULT

   Fig. 7 shows single line diagram of three bus system with generators at buses 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at

   1. pu. with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 MVAR is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in pu. on a 100 MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected. The power flow solution is obtained by Gauss-Seidel method. [1]

      This data is feed in the GUI which is shown in Fig 8. During feeding of data all impedances has to be converted into corresponding admittances and the power are converted to per unit system. The results are shown in Fig. 9. The results are compared with results obtained by theoretical calculations.

      Fig.7 Single line diagram of three bus system

5. CONCLUSIONS

The GUI model make easy understanding of load flow study. The computational time required is less than the calculations done by hand. The user is required to enter the network along with sufficient data. The other parameters are calculated by program.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Special thanks to Dr.R.D.Kulkarni of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai for giving constant support & encouragement to the authors during the course of preparing the paper.

Fig. 8 Data entry in GUI model

Fig. 9 Results obtained in GUI model

REFERENCES

1. Hadi Sadat, Power System Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill Edition 2002.

2. D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, Modern Power System Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2004.

3. IEEE recommended practices for Industrial and Commercial power Systems Analysis, IEEE Std. 399, 1997.

4. MATLAB Programming for Engineers Stephen J. Chapman

5. Guide to MATLAB for Beginners and Experienced Users Briam A. Hunt et al.

6. C.L.Wadhwa, Electrical Power Systems, New Age International, 2001

7. Abhijeet Chakrabarti, Sunita Halder Power System: Operation and Control, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2006

8. Dr. B.R. Gupta, Power System Analysis and Design S. Chand & Co. Ltd.

9. Craig S. Lent, Learning to Program with MATLAB building GUI tools, Wiley Publication, 2013