Exploration of Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Clastic Sediment Stone Powder

Exploration of Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Clastic Sediment Stone Powder

Er. Farooq Ahmad Parray

Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

Indo-Global Group of Colleges. Abhipur, Mohali, India

Er. Hema Rani , Er. Manjit Kaur

Assistant Professor, Dept.of Civil Engineering

Indo-Global Group of Colleges Abhipur, Mohali. India

Abstract:- Concrete is widely used composite material in civil engineering world. The components of concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. River sand is most commonly used as fine aggregate. The river deposits are the most common source of fine aggregate. Now-a-days the natural river sand has become scarce and very costly due to greater demand than its supply. Going for an alternative or supplementary material which can be used as partial or full replacement of conventional material can play an important role in conservation of natural resources. Clastic sediment Stone powder disposal became a worldwide problem. This study has been carried out at 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% replacement of natural river sand. From experimental results it is observed that workability of concrete decreases with increase in clastic stone powder content. This decrement in workability may be attributed to finer size of clastic sediment stone powder particles than those of river sand particles.

Key Words: Clastic sediment stone powder

1. INTRODUCTION

   Concrete is widely used composite material in construction world. Some alternative materials have already been used as a fine aggregate in concrete e,g. fly ash, steel slag, glass powder, marble powder etc. Clastic sediment Stone powder is considered a waste product obtained by breaking down larger size stones into smaller sizes for making coarse Aggregate. In India clastic stone powder is produced in large quantity and therefore their consumption becomes necessary in order to reduce environmental problems. By utilizing clastic stone powder as replacement of sand would reduce the environmental problems and also results in economical concrete construction.

   Key words: workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength.

2. LITERATUR REVIEW

1. L. Bonavetti et al (1994) studied the effect of stone dust on different properties of mortar. It was observed that the water required for maintaining a constant flow increases with increase in stone dust content in mortar. The air content of fresh mortar decreases until 10% of sand replacement by stone dust beyond that it increases to the same level as that of control mortar. The replacement was made in steps of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. At the curing age of 7 days, the compressive strength increased by about 44% 72% than control mortar. However, at higher curing

   ages the compressive strength was same as that of control mortar. The flexural strength was improved at all ages of curing. The drying shrinkage was increased with increase in stone dust content and attributed this increment to increased water content of mortars containing stone dust. Sudharshan N. Raman et al (2005) assessed the compressive strength of concrete by replacing sand with quarry dust partially along with some admixtures viz. silica fume and class F fly ash. It was observed that partial incorporation of quarry dust resulted in reduction of compressive strength and was more evident when quarry dust content increased. It was observed that compressive strength reduction was compensated by incorporation of silica fume and fly ash. Omar M. Omar et al (2012) investigated the influence of limestone waste as partial replacement for sand in concrete. The replacement was made in steps of 25%, 50% and 75%. The compressive strength was checked at the curing ages of 7, 28 and 90 days. Marble powder was used as an additive in steps of 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of cement. The tests were done in two phases with varying cement content (350 kg/m3 and 450 kg/m3). It was found that, at 50% replacement increment in compressive strength was 12% than normal concrete at the curing age of 28 days. Increment in tensile strength and flexural strength were about 17% and 8% by using 50% lime stone waste and 15% marble powder. Husam Najm et al (2016) investigated the various properties of concrete by replacing sand with granite powder and iron powder. The replacement was made in steps of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The compressive strength was best at 10% replacement of sand by granite powder, whereas splitting tensile strength and flexural strength were best at 15% and 10% respectively. Concrete containing iron powder has showed increment in compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength with increase in iron powder content; however this increment was more evident in flexural strength than those of compressive strength and flexural strength. Aditya Rana et al (2016) determined the effect of different kinds of stone waste (lime stone, granite stone, marble etc.) on the properties of concrete and observed that these different kinds of stone wastes can be used in concrete partially, as their partial incorporation in concrete showed increment in strengths, greater resistance to acid attacks, very high resistance to chloride penetration and very low porosity as compared to the normal concrete.

   Prarthita Basu (2016) studied the compressive strength characteristics of concrete by partially replacing ordinary Portland cement with fly ash along with out at 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% replacement of natural river sand. natural sand by crusher dust and waste marble powder in different proportions. It was found that 10% replacement of sand by crusher dust along with 20% replacement of ordinary Portland cement by fly ash gives satisfactory results. It was observed that the concrete containing fly ash, marble powder and crusher dust was more economical than normal concrete .M. Usha Rani et al (2016) studied the effect of crushed brick by using partially as fine aggregate in concrete. The sand was replaced by crushed bricks in steps of 15%, 20% and 25%. It was observed that by using 20% of crushed brick the compressive strength increases whereas by using 25% of crushed brick the compressive strength decreases. The increment in compressive strength at the curing age of 7 days was found to be 17.62% than of normal concrete and was obtained at 20% replacement, whereas at 25% replacement the decrement in compressive strength was found to be 1.277% than that of normal concrete. The splitting tensile strength and flexural strength were found best at 20% replacement. Chandrasekhar Reddy et al (2017) investigated the durability of concrete by replacing sand with quarry dust and cement with fly ash. The natural sand was replaced by quarry dust in steps of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% and cement by fly ash in steps of

   0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The concrete containing fly ash was found to have low resistance to sulphuric acid solution over the control mix and most percentage loss in weight was observed at 20% replacement of quarry dust and fly ash. The maximum percentage loss of compressive strength was found at 20% replacement of quarry dust and 30% fly ash

   hence economical concrete construction and simultaneously compensates the shortage of natural river sand. Design concrete mix M25 of ratio 1:1.79:2.37 (IS: 10262 2009) was investigated adopting w/c ratio of 0.45. For the production of concrete, material used were ordinary Portland cement 43 grade, natural river sand as fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, sand stone powder as replacement of natural river sand and potable water. The maximum size f crushed aggregate was 20mm

   BATCHING OF MATERIALS

   The measurement of materials for making concrete is known as batching.

   Normally batching is done by two ways

   1. Batching by volume

   2. Batching by weight

   Volume batching: is not ideal method of batching.

   Weight Batching:This is the recommended method of batching Batching by weight is preferred over batching by volume.

   TESTS CONDUCTED ON FRESH CONCRETE

   Fresh concrete is defined as that concrete which can be moulded to any shape.The slump test is used for fresh concrete.

   WORKABILITY

   The workability of fresh concrete was determined by slump cone test. The test was done as per IS – 1199:1959

   III. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

   Clastic sediment Stone powder disposal has become a worldwide problem. Moreover over exploitation of natural construction materials has led to their depletion. The acute shortage of natural river sand has stimulated construction industry to go for an alternative material which can be used as replacement of natural sand. This study has been carried The following are the objectives of study

   1. To compare the workability of M25 concrete by partial replacement of clastic sediment stone powder with fine aggregate in proportions of 0%, 15%, 30%, 45

   2. To study the effect of clastic sediment stone powder on compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength for M25 concrete

IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME

Fine aggregate (natural river sand) was partially replaced by waste sand stone powder in the production of concrete in order to reduce the waste load and to obtain an alternative material of sand for production of concrete. Clastic Stone powder being a waste material when used as fine aggregate leads to economical production of concrete

Fig. Determination of Slump value of concrete

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Mould in the form of a frustum of a cone having height 300mm, bottom diameter 200mm and top diameter 100mm.

2. Tamping rod having diameter 16mm and 60mm long.

3. Non – porous base plate.

4. Measuring scale

TEST PROCEDURE

The internal surface of mould was cleaned. The mould was placed on non porous base plate. The slump cone was with fresh concrete in four layers. Each layer was given 25 strokes by tamping rod. After filling the cone up to brim, the excess concrete was struck off by trowel. The cone was lifted gradually and horizontally and measurement was taken. Same procedure was done for all replacement levels.

TESTS CONDUCTED ON HARDENED CONCRETE

1. Compression test

2. Splitting tensile test

3. Flexural test

   COMPRESSION TEST (IS: 516 1959) ,

   Compressive strength test has been done as per IS: 516 1959. For determination of compressive strength, Concrete cubes having size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were casted, demoulded after 24 hours and cured for their respective test days. Six cubes were casted for each replacement level. The compressive strength has been checked at the age of 7 days and 28 days .The compression test has been done by compression testing machine (CTM). The total numbers of cubes casted were 60.

   Fig. Compression testing machine (CTM) TEST PROCEDURE

   Cubes were taken out from curing tank; excess water was wiped off and left for dry. The bearing surface of compression machine was cleaned. The cubes have been placed in machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the opposite sides of cubes. The cubes were placed centrally on base plate and their top surface was touched with the movable part of the CTM. Load has been applied gradually and constantly at the rate of 140 kg/cm2

   /min. without any shock. The failure load was noted and the compressive strength was determined by formula given below

   Compressive strength (Mpa) = Failure load/ Cross sectional area

   SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH TEST (IS: 516 1959)

   For investigation of splitting tensile strength, concrete cylinders having size 150mm x 300mm (diameter x height) were casted, demoulded after 24 hours and cured for 7 and 28 days. The splitting tensile strength has been checked at the age of 7 and 28 days. 3 cylindrical specimens were casted for each replacement. The splitting tensile strength test has been done by compression testing machine (CTM). Splitting tensile strength is calculated by formula, ft. = 2P/DL

   P = Failure load, D = diameter of cylinder, L = length of cylinder

   Fig. cylindrical concrete specimen

   FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST (IS: 516 1959)

   For determination of flexural strength, concrete beams having size 700mm x 150mm x 150mm were casted, demoulded after 24 hours and cured for 7 and 28 days. The flexural strength was checked at the age of 7 and 28 days. 3 beam specimens were casted for each replacement. Total numbers of 30 beam specimens were casted. The flexural test has been done by universal testing machine. According to IS code 516-1959, the specimen is tested under two point loadings over an effective span of 600mm divided into three equal parts and restrained. The load shall be applied at the rate of 400kg/min for the 15.0cm specimen and at a rate of 180kg/min for the 10cm specimen.

   Flexural strength is given by Flexural strength (Mpa) = PL/bd2

   P= failure load, L= centre to centre distance between the support (600mm).b= width of specimen, d= depth

   1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

      The results of various experimental investigations carried out on raw materials, fresh concrete and hardened concrete and their graphical representation are presented in this chapter. The effect on the properties of concrete are also presented in this chapter.

      Properties of cement:.

      In this study ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 43 grade conforming IS 8112: 1989 was used. The specific gravity of OPC is generally taken as 3.15. The fineness of cement was 2.59.

      Properties of fine aggregate:

      The aggregate fractions ranging from 4.75mm to 150µ are termed as fine aggregates. The specific gravity of fine aggregate is 2.62, fineness of fine aggregate is 2.68 and water absorption is 1.21%.

      Properties of coarse aggregate:

      The aggregate fractions ranging from 80mm to 4.75 mm are termed as fine aggregates. The specific gravity of fine aggregate is 2.65,fineness of fine aggregate is 6.90 and water absorption is 0.81%

      Properties of Clastic sediment stone powder

      Clastic stone powder is a fine material formed during the process of comminution of large size stones into coarse aggregate or crushed sand. The specific gravity of fine aggregate is 2.51,fineness of fine aggregate is 2.68 and water absorption is 1.83%.

      WORKABILITY

      Workability of fresh concrete was determined by using slump cone and the results obtained are presented in Table

      .From experimental results it is evident that workability of concrete decreases as the percentage of stone powder increases

      23

      Compressive strength (N/mm2)

      Compressive strength (N/mm2)

      22.5

      22

      21.5

      21

      20.5

      20

      19.5

      20.19

      21.73

      21

      22.4

      20.78

      Table: Workability in terms of slump

      19 Percentage of stone powder

      Replacement (%)	Sand (%)	Stone Powder (%)	Slump (mm)	Reduction in slump (mm)
      0	0	0	72	–
      15	85	15	58	14
      30	70	30	40	32
      45	55	45	28	44
      60	40	60	15	57

      Replaement (%)	Sand (%)	Stone Powder (%)	Slump (mm)	Reduction in slump (mm)
      0	0	0	72	–
      15	85	15	58	14
      30	70	30	40	32
      45	55	45	28	44
      60	40	60	15	57

      0 15 30 45 60

      Compressive strength at 7 days

      Compressive strength at 28 days

      Compressive strength (N/mm2)

      Compressive strength (N/mm2)

      33

      32

      31 29.97 30.36

      80

      60

      80

      60

      72

      72

      Slump value (mm)

      Slump value (mm)

      30

      58

      58

      29

      31.255

      31.87

      30.1

      40

      40

      0 15 30 45 60

      40

      20

      40

      20

      28

      28

      Percentage of stone powder

      15

      15

      0

      0

      Compressive strength (N/mm2)

      Compressive strength (N/mm2)

      35 29.9730.3361.25531.8730.1

      0

      0

      15

      15

      30

      30

      45

      45

      60

      60

      30

      21 21.7322.4

      Percentage of stone powder (%)

      Percentage of stone powder (%)

      Fig. Slump values at different replacement levels

      60

      44

      57

      60

      44

      57

      25 20.19

      20

      15

      10

      5

      40

      20

      0

      40

      20

      0

      32

      32

      14

      14

      0

      20.78

      7 days

      Reduction in Slump (mm)

      Reduction in Slump (mm)

      28 days

      0 15 30 45 60

      Percentage of stone powder (%)

      0 15 30 45 60

      Percentage of stone powder (%)

      Fig. Reduction in slump COMPRESSION TEST

      Compressive strength test has been done as per IS: 516 1959. For determination of compressive strength, Concrete cubes having size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were casted, demoulded after 24 hours and cured for their respective test days. Six cubes were casted for each replacement level. The compressive strength has been checked at the age of 7 days and 28 days

      0 15 30 45 60

      Percentage of stone powder

      Comparison of compressive strength at 7 and 28 days SPLITTING TENSILE TEST

      The splitting tensile strength was determined at the curing age of 7 and 28 days. For each replacement 3 cylinders were casted and their average was taken as final splitting tensile strength.

      Splitting strength at 7 days

      Splitting tensile strength (N/mm2)

      Splitting tensile strength (N/mm2)

      3

      Flexural strength at 28 days

      6

      6

      4.35

      4.35

      4.99

      4.99

      4.22

      4.22

      4

      4

      3.466

      3.466

      3.97

      3.97

      Flexural strength (N/mm2)

      Flexural strength (N/mm2)

      2

      2

      1.67 1.82 2.02

      1

      0

      1.43 1.2

      2

      0

      2

      0

      0 15 30 45 60

      0

      0

      15

      15

      30

      30

      45

      45

      60

      60

      Percentage of stone powder

      Percentage of stone powder

      Percentage of stone powder

      4

      4

      2.61

      2.61

      2.84

      2.84

      3.13

      3.13

      3.5

      3.5

      3.01

      3.01

      2

      0

      2

      0

      6

      6

      4.3 4.99

      4.3 4.99

      5

      5

      4.22

      4.22

      4

      4

      3.46 3.97

      3.46 3.97

      6

      6

      1.982.412.582.492.25

      1.982.412.582.492.25

      Splitting tensile strength (N/mm2)

      Splitting tensile strength (N/mm2)

      . Splitting strength at 28 days

      4

      4

      2.612.843.13 3.5 3.01

      2.612.843.13 3.5 3.01

      2

      2

      1.671.822.02 .43 1.2

      1.671.822.02 .43 1.2

      1

      1

      0

      0

      7 days

      28 days

      7 days

      28 days

      0 15 30 45 60

      Percentage of stone powder

      0 15 30 45 60

      Percentage of stone powder

      Splitting tensile strength (N/mm2)

      Splitting tensile strength (N/mm2)

      Comparison of splitting tensile strength 7 and 28 days

      FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

      The flexural strength was determined at the curing age of 28 days. For each replacement 3 concrete beams were casted and their average was taken as final flexural strength.

      Flexural strength at 7 days

      Flexural strength (N/mm2)

      Flexural strength (N/mm2)

      4 1.98 2.41 2.58 2.49 2.25

      2

      0

      0 15 30 45 60

      Percentage of stone powder

      0

      0

      15

      15

      30

      30

      45

      45

      60

      60

      Percentage of stone powder

      Percentage of stone powder

      2

      0

      2

      0

      7 days

      28 days

      7 days

      28 days

      0 15 30 45 60

      Percentage of stone powder

      0 15 30 45 60

      Percentage of stone powder

      Flexural strength (N/mm2)

      Flexural strength (N/mm2)

      Comparison of flexural strength at 7 and 28 days

   2. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

      The following conclusions can be drawn from the present work.

      1. The workability of concrete decreases with increase in stone powder content.

      2. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength increases by replacing fine aggregate with clastic stone powder.

      3. After 45% replacement of fine aggregate with clastic stone powder when I compared the results, the difference between the 0% and 45% replacement of fine aggregate with stone powder, the compressive strength I got after 7 days of curing was 10.94% and that of after 28 days of curing it was 6.33%.

      4 .After 45% replacement of fine aggregate with clastic stone powder when I compared the results, the difference between the 0% and 45% replacement of fine aggregate with stone powder, the splitting tensile strength I got was 34% after 28 days of curing.

      1. After 45% replacement of fine aggregate with clastic stone powder when I compared the results, the difference between the 0% and 45% replacement of fine aggregate with stone powder, flexural strength I got was 43% after 28 days of curing.

      2. From this research it can be said that incorporation of clastic stone powder in concrete will definitely decrease the demand for natural sand and thereby help in sustainable development. Also, adoption of clastic stone powder as an alternative of sand in concrete will assist in protecting the environment.

      FUTURE SCOPE

      1. Examine the acid resistance, porosity and durability of concrete by replacing fine aggregate with clastic stone powder fully.

      2. Determine the mechanical properties of concrete construction units like hollow concrete blocks etc. by using clastic stone powder as fine aggregate.

      3. Assess the effect of clastic stone powder on the mechanical properties of concrete at higher grades like M30, M35, and M40.

   3. REFERENCE

1. V. L. Bonavetti et al (1994) The effect of stone dust content in sand Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.24, no. 3, pp. 580 590, 1994.

2. Sudharshan N. Raman (2005) Suitability of quarry dust as partial replacement material for sand in concret http:// www.researchgate.net/ publication/237806269.

3. Sunilaa George (2008) et al Replacement of river sand using manufactured sand and quarry dust in cement concrete Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, Vol. 7, No. 3 pp. 475- 478 2008, Techno – Science Publications.

4. Appukutty P. (2009) Substitution of quarry dust to sand for mortar in brick masonry works International Journal on Design & Manufacturing Technologies, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 2009.

5. Omar M. Omar (2012) Influence of lime stone waste as partial replacement material for sand and marble in concrete properties HBRC Journal, Vol. 8, Issue 3, December 2012, pp. 193-203.

6. S. P. S. Rajput et al (2014) Suitability of crushed stone dust as fine aggregate in mortars International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering (Vol. 4, Issue 3, March 2014).

7. Amit Kumar et al (2015) Stone dust in concrete: effect on compressive strength [International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR) ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Vol. 3, Issue-8, August 2015].

8. Husam Najm (2016) Experimental study of concrete made with granite and iron powders as partial replacement of cement Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Vol. 9, September 2016, pp. 1-9.

9. Aditya Rana, et al (2016) Recycling of dimensional stone waste in concrete a review Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 135, 1 November 2016, pp. 312-331.

10. Sarbjeet Singh et al (2016) A review on properties of sustainable concrete using granite dust as replacement of river sand Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 126, 10 July 2016, pp. 74-87.

11. Prarthita Basu (2016) Study compressive strength characteristics of concrete by partially replacing of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with fly ash by using grade M35 along with partial replacement of natural sand by varying percentage of crusher dust and marble waste dust International Research Journal of Engineering & Technology (IRJET), Vol. 3, Issue 7

    July 2016.

12. Chandrasekhar Reddy et al (2017) Investigation on durability properties of concrete with partial replacement of sand by quarry dust and cement by fly ash International Journal of Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJREAS) Vol. 7 Issue 6 , June-2017.

13. Charles K. Kankam (2017) Stress strain characteristics of concrete containing quarry rock dust as partial replacement of sand Case Studies in Construction Materials, Vol. 7, December 2017, pp. 66-72.

14. IS: 8112 1989, Specifications for 43 grade ordinary Portland cement, Bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi.

15. IS: 383 1970, Specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources for concrete, Bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi.

16. IS: 10262 2009, Guidelines for concrete mix design proportioning, Bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi.

17. IS: 2386 (Part I – V) 1963, Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, Bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi.

18. IS: 1199 1959, Methods for sampling and analysis of concrete, Bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi.

19. IS: 516 1959, Methods of tests for strength of Concrete,Bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi