Enhancing Water Conservation: A Survey on Automated Water Level Control System

Enhancing Water Conservation: A Survey on Automated Water Level Control System

Deepesh Kushwaha

IET Bundelkhand University Jhansi, India deepeshkushwaha2345@gmail.com

Nishi Yadav

IET Bundelkhand University Jhansi, India nishiy260@gmail.com

Lalit Sen

IET Bundelkhand University Jhansi, India lalitsen00000@gmail.com

Ikroop Verma

IET Bundelkhand University Jhansi, India ikroop09@bujhansi.ac.in

Punit Kumar Singh Department of Bioengineering Integral University

Lucknow, India punitsingh@iul.ac.in

Abstract – This study explores the development of automatic water level control systems to tackle water conservation challenges. Uncontrolled overflow in overhead tanks leads to significant wastage in homes, industries, and agriculture. The review highlights the use of ultrasonic sensors like HC-SR04 with transistor-based circuits for real-time water level monitoring. Automated pumps activate when water levels drop and shut off at full capacity, reducing overflow and energy use. IoT integration enhances remote monitoring via Arduino, LCD displays, and alert buzzers. These systems optimize water usage, lower electricity costs, and support global conservation efforts with sustainable water management solutions.

Keywords: Microcontroller, Smart water management, Energy saving solution.

1. INTRODUCTION

   Water Becomes Precious day by day as we move forward towards our future so the water management also becomes our priority by which it helps us in many ways. As we see that there are lots of examples of water wastage like Overflow of water tanks when motor runs continuously, and we need to manually

   turn on and off the Motor in our households and when we sometimes forget to turns off the water motor then electricity is also wasted. Automatic Water Level Controller Provides a solution for this kind of water management by regulating water supply as per the Requirement without human interventions. These Systems helps in conserve water by ensuring that the Water tanks are neither overfilled nor emptied, it minimizes the water as well as energy wastage. An Automatic Water Level Controller consist of an Ultrasonic sensor(HC-SR04) which is used to sense the water level at every instance of time then there is a Microcontroller is used in this setup it is also called the brain of this Automatic Water Level Controller as it controls the devices like sensors, LCD display, Motor pump by structuring the program through codes and performs several tasks after this LCD is used to display the water level and the system details whether system is ON or OFF. A relay is used to control the water pump to operate and water pump is simply used for the water supply. So, the main aim of this automatic water level controller is to save as much as water and energy as we can which leads to a hand of help to our future generation and for our Nature as well, in every aspect it creates a huge impact to our daily lives.

2. EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER

   Reference Paper	Sensors Used	Alert & Notification System	Limitation
   Water Conservation by Automatic Water Level Controller [1]	Float sensor	Buzzer alert system	No remote monitoring
   Automatic Water Level and Pressure Control System Using PLC & HMI [2]	Pressure Sensor, Ultrasonic Sensor	HMI Interface, SMS Alerts	Complex setup, high initial cost
   Automatic Water Level Controller and Indicator: A Review [3]	Float Sensor, Conductivity Sensor	Buzzer & LED Indicator	No IoT- based monitoring, limited scalability
   Automatic Water Level Controller using IoT [4]	Ultrasonic & flow sensors	Mobile app notifications	Requires Internet Connectivity
   Flexible Automatic Water Level Controller and Indicator [5]	Capacitive Sensor	LED Display, Buzzer	Sensor accuracy varies with water impurities

3. ‌METHODOLOGY

   1. ‌Sensor-Based Water Level Detection

      ‌Automatic Water Level Controllers (AWLC) primarily rely on various sensors to monitor water levels in real-time. Commonly used sensors include ultrasonic, capacitive, and float sensors, each with its own advantages and limitations. Ultrasonic sensors offer non-contact measurement, capacitive sensors provide high sensitivity, and float sensors are cost- effective but require physical contact with water. These sensors continuously collect data and send signals to the control unit, enabling precise water level monitoring and automation.[6]

   2. ‌Microcontroller Based Control System

      At the core of an AWLC system lies a microcontroller, such as Arduino, PIC, or Raspberry

      Pi, which serves as the decision-making unit. It processes sensor inputs and determines whether to activate or deactivate the pump based on preprogrammed algorithms. By incorporating advanced control strategies like fuzzy logic or PID controllers, the system can optimize water usage, minimize energy consumption, and reduce mechanical stress on pumps, ultimately enhancing efficiency and longevity. [7]

   3. ‌Power Management and Energy Efficiency

      AWLC systems must incorporate efficient power management techniques, particularly in areas with unstable electricity supply. Utilizing renewable energy sources like solar power can significantly reduce dependency on the conventional power grid. Additionally, implementing low-power microcontrollers and optimizing sensor operation helps in minimizing overall energy consumption, ensuring prolonged system durability and cost- effectiveness.[8]

   4. Machine Learning and Predictive Analytics

      The integration of artificial intelligence in AWLC systems has opened new possibilities for predictive analytics and automated decision-making. Machine learning models can analyze historical water usage data to forecast demand patterns, allowing for better resource management. Moreover, predictive maintenance techniques enable early detection of sensor malfunctions and system failures, reducing downtime and preventing potential issues before they occur. This intelligent approach enhances system reliability and operational efficiency.

   5. Water Quality Monitoring Integration

      Beyond monitoring water levels, AWLC systems can be enhanced with sensors that assess water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen levels. These sensors provide real-time insights into water purity, helping detect contamination early and triggering necessary corrective actions. Such features are particularly valuable in industries, agriculture, and household applications where water quality is a critical factor.

4. ‌RESEARCH GAPS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

   1. ‌Integration with Smart Water Grids

      One of the most promising research directions is the integration of Automatic Water Level Controllers into smart water grids. While smart grids are already being used to monitor electricity usage, their application in water management remains underexplored. Research into how Automatic Water Level Controllers can be incorporated into larger water distribution networks to monitor and adjust water levels in real-time across multiple locations will be crucial. This could help in optimizing water distribution across urban centers, reducing waste, and ensuring equitable water availability. [9]

   2. ‌Fault Detection and Self-Diagnosis

      Despite significant advancements, sensor failure and system malfunction remain concerns for Automatic Water Level Controllers. Future research should focus on real-time fault detection and self-diagnosis features that can alert users to malfunctions or degradation in system components. Using machine learning to predict potential faults before they occur could significantly reduce downtime and maintenance costs.

   3. ‌Adaptation to Harsh Environments

      While Automatic Water Level Controllers have made significant strides in improving performance, there is still much to be done to ensure that these systems function effectively in harsh environments, such as high temperatures, chemical exposure, or salty water. Research into developing corrosion-resistant sensors or self-cleaning technologies will be essential to improve reliability and lifespan in challenging conditions. [10]

   4. ‌Sustainable Materials and Circular Design

      Another research gap lies in the development of sustainable materials for Automatic Water Level Controller components. Future systems should not

      only be energy-efficient but also designed with circular economy principles in mind, using recyclable and biodegradable materials. This would reduce the environmental impact of Automatic Water Level Controller systems throughout their life cycle, from manufacturing to disposal. [14]

5. ‌CONCLUSION

Automatic Water Level Controllers have evolved from simple mechanical systems to complex smart solutions that integrate IoT, AI, and renewable energy technologies. Automatic Water Level Controllers are becoming essential tools in smart water management, helping reduce water wastage, optimize consumption, and contribute to sustainability goals. However, significant opportunities remain for future research, particularly in areas such as smart grid integration, fault detection, adaptation to harsh environments, and the use of sustainable materials. By addressing these challenges, the next generation of Automatic Water Level Controllers can be made more efficient, reliable, and environmentally friendly.

References

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   J. of Life Sciences (2014)

2. Hajar, I., Damiri, D. J., & Sitorus, M. T. B. Automatic Water Level and Pressure Control System Prototype Design Using Programmable Logic Controller and Human Machine Interface. International Journal of Advanced Science Computing and Engineering. (2023).

3. Baballe, Muhammad.Automatic Water Level Controller and Indicator: A Review. Global Journal of Research in Engineering & Computer Sciences (2024).

4. Gurram, Janardhan & Kumar, P. & Pravalika, Makam & Rao, T Automatic Water level Controller using IOT. E3S Web of Conferences. (2024).

5. Hudedmani, Mallikarjun & N, Nagaraj & J, Shrikanth & sha, Ali & G, Pramod. Flexible Automatic Water Level Controller and Indicator World Journal of Technology, Engineering and Research (2018).

6. Djalilov, A & Sobirov, E & Nazarov, O & Urolov, S & Gayipov, Isa. Study on automatic water level detection process using ultrasonic sensor IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. (2023).

7. EBERE, EJIOFOR & Oladipo, Francisca & Lecturer, Microcontroller based Automatic Water level Control System International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering. 1. 1390-1396.

   (2013).

8. Esiobi Uzochukwu Emmanuel , Engr Dr Obiora- Dimson "Microcontroller-based Automatic Water Pump Controller With Real-time Pumping Schedule and Time Display" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 4(11) – (2021).

9. Saravanan, D. & Agrawal, Aryan & Rassiah, Raja Singh & Indragandhi, V.. SMART WATER GRID: AN IoT FRAMEWORK IOP

   Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. (2020).

10. Mutchek, Michele & Williams, Eric. Moving Towards Sustainable and Resilient Smart Water Grids. Challenges. 5. 123-137.

10.3390/challe5010123. (2014)