Effect of Waste Polypropylene and Metakaolin on Strength of Concrete

Effect of Waste Polypropylene and Metakaolin on Strength of Concrete

Asst. Prof. Steffy Kurian, Asst.Prof. Ahana K Reji, Ameer Suhail.A. N, Asna Ali, Karthika Ajith, Renjith R Dept. of civil Engineering

ILM College of Engineering and Technology, Ernakulam, Kerala, India

Abstract- The disposal of solid waste is a major problem in populated countries. Plastic is one of the common waste materials which produce many environmental issues on the basis of physical property plastics are classified into different categories. Plastic waste must be recycled or reused because there are non- biodegradable. Polypropylene is the thermoplastic polymer which is a major category of plastic. It is also known as polypropene and is used in a wide variety applications. The main objective is to study the behavior and certain properties of the concrete which is made of the polypropylene materials.

In this study M30 cement concrete is considered in which the polypropylene is used as the partially replacement of fine and coarse aggregate in the concrete. Concrete cube and cylinder were casted taking 1 to 7% and 2.5- 10% weight of polypropylene as partial replacement of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate respectively. This project also covers experimental study for the possibility of effective replacement of cement with metakaolin along with optimum polypropylene (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%). Metakaolin differs from other cementitious materials like slag, fly ash and silica fume, in that it is not a byproduct of an industrial process. When used as a partial replacement for Portland cement, metakaolin improves the mechanical properties of concrete.

Keywords– solid waste, Alternative material, polypropylene, comparison, compressive strength, Tensile strength, % replacement, Metakaolin.

1. INTRODUCTION

   Concrete is the most widely used material in the construction industry. It consists of binding materials such as lime or cement, well graded fine and coarse aggregate, water and admixtures. In concrete mix cement and water form a paste which is use to fill the voids of the fine aggregate and binds them together. Through a hydration process, the paste hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like mass known as concrete. Concrete is plastic and malleable when newly mixed, strong and durable when hardened. These qualities explain why one material, concrete, can build skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks and super highways, houses and dams.

   The major problem in construction industry is the unavailability of construction materials. Various attempts have been made to reduce the use of fine aggregate, course aggregate and other ingredients of concrete which are non renewable. Past investigation suggest that partial replacement of aggregate of concrete with waste plastic such as plastic bottles and bags can improve properties such as abrasion resistance, impact resistance, ductility, shock absorption and thermal conductivity. It also shows that

   addition of plastic bottle and bags to concrete causes some reduction in mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength etc.

   In this investigation, we made the comparison of yield strength for conventional concrete and concrete containing plastics at 28 days curing. Polypropylene plastic and M30 grade concrete is chosen for the investigation. An attempt is made to replace coarse and fine aggregate by pulverized polypropylene in concrete. Possibility of effective replacement of optimum fine aggregate with polypropylene and cement with metakaolin is also checked in this project.

   1. About Metakaolin

      Metakaolin differs from other supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), like fly ash, silica fume, and slag, in that it is not a byproduct of an industrial process. Metakaolin is fine, natural white clay made by heating kaolin to particle structure making it a highly reactive, amorphous pozzolans. By adding metakaolin during hydration process, it forms additional CSH material by reacting with free lime, thus the concrete becomes more strong and durable.

   2. About polypropylene

   In this project we are use polypropylene plastic obtain from plastic chair industry. Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications.. It is a white, mechanically rugged material, and is resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids. Polypropylene is hard material which is used for manufacturing of bottles, furniture etc.

2. OBJECTIVES OF THIS PROJECT

   • To evaluate material properties of polypropylene.

   • To evaluate workability of different percentages of replacements of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate with polypropylene.

   • To evaluate workability and strength characteristics of different percentages of replacement of optimum fine aggregate and cement with metakaolin.

   • To compare the engineering properties of replaced concrete with normal concrete.

3. METHODOLOGY

   In this project work we used crushed polypropylene plastic as a partial replacement of fine and coarse aggregates collected from aluva plastic industry, kerala and metakaolin as a partial replacement of cement collected from Astra chemicals, Chennai.

   The flow chart shown in Fig. 1 illustrates the methodology of the project.

   Collection of waste polypropylene

   Testing of materials

   Casting of test specimens like cylinders and cubes with various % of polypropylene waste and testing

   Comparison of results and take optimum values

   Casting of test specimens like cylinders and cubes with various % of metakaolin with optimum % of fine aggregate.

   Fig.1: Methodology of the project

4. MATERIALS USED

   Cement : 43 grade OPC, chettinadu Metakaolin : Replacing cement

   Fine aggregate : M. Sand

   Polypropylene : Replacing fine and coarse aggregate Coarse aggregate : 20 mm size

   Water : potable water

   Fig.2: Polypropylene as coarse aggregate

   Fig.3: Polypropylene as fine aggregate

   Fig 4: metakaolin

5. MIX DESIGN The required properties of the materials are:

   Specific gravity of cement = 3.10 Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.55 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.69 Water absorption

   Coarse aggregate = 1.1%

   Fine aggregate = 12%

   The mix design for M30 concrete is calculated by using IS Code method. The ratio of materials required as per design is = 1: 1.64: 2.70: 0.45

   Table 1: Quantity of materials

   	cement (kg)	fine aggregate (kg)	Coarse aggregate (kg)	Water content (kg)
   for 1m3	414	680	1119	187
   for 1 cube	1.6	2.64	4.34	0.73
   for 1 cylinder	1.77	2.90	4.78	0.8

6. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Mix proportioning (polypropylene alone)

   % polypropylene	0	2.5	5	7.5	10
   cement (kg)	414	414	414	414	414
   Fine aggregate (kg)	680	680	680	680	680
   Coarse aggregate (kg)	1119	1091	1063	1035	1007
   Water	187	187	187	187	187

   Table 2: Quantity of material required for preparation of concrete with replacing coarse aggregate

   The maximum slump value obtained by the replacement of polypropylene as coarse aggregate compared to fine aggregate. From the above results medium range of degree of workability was obtained.

   1. Strength test results (polypropylene alone )

      % Replaced	Comp. strength (N/mm2) at 28 days	Tensile strength (N/mm2) at 28 days
      0	30.22	3.93
      1	30.44	4.02
      3	29.77	3.50
      5	26.66	3.14
      7	24.44	2.88

      Table 4: Strength test results for various % fine polypropylene at 28 days curing

      Table 3: Quantity of material required for preparation of concrete with replacing fine aggregate

      polypropylene	0	1	3	5	7
      cement (kg)	414	414	414	414	414
      Fine aggregate (kg)	680	673	659	646	632
      Coarse aggregate (kg)	1119	1119	1119	1119	1119
      Water	187	187	187	187	187

      80

      70

      60

      50

      40

      30

      20

      10

      0

      Slump value in mm

      b) Slump test (polypropylene alone)

      35

      compressive strength

      (N/mm2)

      30

      25

      20

      15

      10

      5

      0

      0 1 3 5 7

      fine aggregate

      0% 2.5% 5.0% 7.5% 10%

      slump value

      % of polypropylene coarse aggregate

      Slump value in mm

      Fig 4: slump value obtained for various proportions of polypropylene as coarse aggregate.

      80

      60

      40

      20

      0

      0% 1.00% 3% 5% 7%

      slump value

      % of polypropylene as fine aggregate

      Fig 5: slump value obtained for various proportions of polypropylene as fine aggregate.

      % polypropylene as fine aggregate

      5

      4

      3

      2

      1

      0

      Splitting tensile strength

      (N/mm2)

      Fig. 6: Variation of compressive strength with polypropylene after 28 days

      % polyproylene as fine aggregate

      fine aggregate

      0 1 3 5 7

      Fig 7: Variation of compressive strength with polypropylene after 28 days

      The variation of compressive strength with percentage replacement of polypropylene is depicted in fig 6

      – 7. In the case of replacing 1% of fine aggregate with polypropylene, the compressive strength is having higher value compared with normal specimen. As per IS 456-2000 characteristic compressive strength of M30 concrete is 30N/mm2. From the range calculation for 28 days the required compressive strength is 30.22 N/mm2 and the obtained compressive strength of M30 concrete for 1% polypropylene is 30.44N/mm2, which is greater than the standard value. So it is of good quality.

      In the case of replacing coarse aggregate (fig 6) with polypropylene, the compressive strength is having lower value compared with normal specimen.

      Table 5: strength test results for coarse polypropylene at 28 days.

      In the case of replacing 1% of fine aggregate with polypropylene the splitting tensile strength having higher value 4.02 N/mm2 when compared with normal. As per IS 456, clause 6.2.2 splitting tensile strength of concrete is given by 0.730 =3.83 N/mm2.

      Compressive strength

      (N/mm2)

      35

      30

      25

      20

      15

      10

      5

      0

      0 2.5 5 7.5 10

      coarse aggregate

   2. Mix proportioning (polypropylene + metakaoline)

      % replaced	Comp. strength (N/mm2) at 28 days	Tensile strength (N/mm2) at 28 days
      0	30.22	3.93
      2.5	22.80	3.36
      5	23.55	4.16
      7.5	20.89	4.02
      10	20.40	2.27

      Table 6: Quantity of material required for preparation concrete with replacing fine aggregate with optimum % of polypropylene aggregate and cement with metakaolin

      % metakaoli n	0	5	10	15	20	25
      cement	414	393	373	352	331	310
      Fine aggregate	680	673	673	673	673	673
      coarse aggregate	1119	1119	1119	1119	1119	1119

      % polypropylene as coarse aggregate

      Slump value in mm

      Fig 8: Variation of tensile strength with replacing polypropylene as coarse aggregate after 28days curing

   3. Slump test results (polypropylene + metakaolin)

      Splitting tensile strength (N/mm2)

      5

      4

      3

      2

      1

      0

      0 2.5 5 7.5 10

      80

      70

      60

      50

      40

      30

      20

      10

      0

      0% 0.50% 1% 3% 5%

      % of polypropylene as fine aggregate

      coarse aggregate

      % polypropylene as coarse aggregate

      Fig 9: Variation of tensile strength with replacing polypropylene as fine aggregate after 28 days

      Fig. 10: Slump for different % of metakaolin replacement.

      As the percentage replacement of metakaolin increases slump increases. Increase in slump may be due to water absorption rate of metakaolin.

   4. Strength Test Results

Table 7: Strength test results

% replacement of metakaolin with 1% polypropylene fines	7th day strength		28th day strength
	compressive strength (N/mm2 )	split tensile strength (N/mm2)	compressive strength (N/mm2 )	split tensile strength (N/mm2)
0	21.36	1.26	30.44	4.02
5	23.44	1.48	33.16	3.95
10	26.12	1.52	37.69	4.15
15	30.56	1.61	41.15	4.23
20	28.60	1.42	35.28	4.08
25	22.30	1.33	31.11	3.90

7th day curing

28th day curing

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

% replacement of metakaolin

50

40

30

20

10

0

compresssive strength(N/mm2)

Fig.11: Variation of compressive strength with replacing metakaoln as cement with 1% polypropylene fines.

• By comparing engineering properties of replaced concrete with conventional concrete it can be concluded that concrete mix with 1% polypropylene replacing fine aggregate and 15% metakaolin replacing cement is a better substitute for construction purposes.

  VIII) SCOPE FOR FURTHER WORK

  • Study can be further extended with different grades of cement and with different grades of concrete.

Tensile strength (N/mm2)

• Further studies can be done on durability characteristics by conducting different tests like sulphate attack, sea water test, rapid chloride penetration test, accelerated corrosion test etc.

5

4

3

2

1

0

7th day curing

28th day curing

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

% replacement of metakaolin

Fig.12: Variation of tensile strength with replacing metakaolin as cement with 1% polypropylene fines.

Metakaolin is fine particle structure making it a highly reactive, amorphous pozzolanos.during the cement hydration process, water reacts with Portland cement and forms calcium-silicate hydrate (CSH). The by-product of this reaction is the formation of calcium hydroxide (lime). This lime has weak link in concrete, and hence reduces the effect of the CSH. When Metakaolin is added in the hydration process, it reacts with the free lime to form additional CSH material, thereby making the concrete stronger and more durable. From the fig 11 the compressive strength of concrete mix is increases up to 15% of metakaolin added then decreases gradually because of reducing quantity of calcareous content. From the fig. 12 the splitting tensile strength of concrete is increase up to certain limit

VII ) CONCLUSIONS

• Workability of concrete increased as the percentage addition of polypropylene increased .It is due to no water absorption capacity of plastic.

• The compressive and split tensile of M30 grade concrete increased with the replacement of fine aggregates with polypropylene.

• The strength results of M30 grade concrete decreased with the replacement of coarse aggregates with polypropylene. In this case compressive strength is less than that of values obtained for control mix and tensile strength is greater than that of values obtained for control mix.

• Increase in addition of metakaolin leads to the decrease in workability of concrete due to increase in water absorption capacity of metakaolin.

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