DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV10IS040333
- Open Access
- Authors : Aishwarya B , Geethapriya S , Dr. C. R. Suribabu
- Paper ID : IJERTV10IS040333
- Volume & Issue : Volume 10, Issue 04 (April 2021)
- Published (First Online): 12-05-2021
- ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
- Publisher Name : IJERT
- License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Cauvery Water Policy Plan for Sustainable Agricultural and Domestic Usage
|
Aishwarya B School of Civil Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur, India |
Geethapriya S School of Civil Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur, India |
Dr.C R Suribabu School of Civil Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur, India |
Abstract – Cauvery River is the basic as well as major resource for water supply in central Tamil Nadu. The sharing of waters of Cauvery River has been the source of a serious conflict between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. 30- year hydrological, agricultural and irrigational data of the Cauvery basin have been used in this study. This dissertation explores on the technical and practical reasons behind unsatisfactory water sharing among the stakeholders in disagreement. Relevant data is collected from various central and state government surveys and projects. Net irrigation requirement and the percentage of net area irrigated to net area sown are the parameters for agricultural demand and supply correlation. Population growth has been forecasted for the year 2017 for all three districts and thereby demand is calculated. Domestic supply is found out from the norms given separately for each state according to their demography. Difference between supply and demand for each district, consuming water from Cauvery River on the aspect of agricultural and domestic usage is determined and corresponding graphs plotted. Culturable Command Area and Potential created are
the attributes for efficiency of irrigation project. Efficiency of major irrigation projects in Cauvery basin are compared state-wise in order to check for improvement. Groundwater exploitation is analyzed for Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka to derive an efficacious supply arrangement. Particular focus is supplemented for groundwater usage of Tamil Nadu with district-wise comparison on the basis of exploitation level. The flood discharge at Coleroon due to Kerala floods on August 2018 is studied to suggest a flood simulation model and ideas for storing excess flow. The suggestions provided will be a useful asset for the resolution of dispute and stakeholders and may engrain better understanding of the water resources scenario in the basin. This report will be a utilitarian for management of water sector in the basin.
Keywords – Net Irrigation Requirement, Population Forecast, Performance Efficiency, Groundwater Exploitation, Trapezoidal method, Flow Simulation Model
-
INTRODUCTION
-
General
Cauvery, also referred as Ponni, is an Indian river flowing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
It is the third largest river, after Godavari and Krishna in South India and the largest in Tamil Nadu which on its course, bisects the state into North and South. Originating in the foothills of Western Ghats at Talacauvery, Kodagu in Karnataka, it flows generally South and East through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and across the southern Deccan plateau through the southeastern lowlands, emptying into the Bay of Bengal through two principal mouths in Poompuhar, Tamil Nadu. Amongst the river valleys, the Cauvery delta forms one of the most fertile regions in the country.
The Cauvery basin is estimated to be 81,155 square kilometers with many tributaries including Harangi, Hemavati, Kabini, Bhavani, Arkavat hy, Lakshmanatirtha, Noyyal and Arkavati. The river's basin covers three states and a Union Territory as follows: Tamil Nadu, 43,856 square kilometres; Karnataka, 34,273 square kilometres; Kerala, 2,866 square kilometres and Puducherry, 160 square kilometres. Rising in southwestern Karnataka, it flows southeast some 800 kilometres to enter the Bay of Bengal. In Mandya district it forms the island of Shivanasamudra, on either side of which are the scenic Shivanasamudra Falls that descend about 100 meters (330 ft). The river is the source for an extensive irrigation system and for hydroelectric power. The river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries and served as the lifeblood of the ancient kingdoms and modern cities of South India. Access to the river's waters has pitted Indian states against each other for decades.
-
Timeline of the Dispute
The Cauvery water dispute is 123 years old. Here is a timeline of events leading to the recent verdict:
1892: Cauvery river water dispute starts between Madras Presidency (under the British rule) and the Princely state of Mysore. Madras disagrees to Mysore administrations proposal to build irrigation systems, arguing that it would impede water flow into Tamil Nadu.
1913-1916: Mysore government writes to Madras Presidency, seeking permission to build a reservoir,
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leading to a dispute that ends with the arbitrator giving Mysore permission to construct a dam up to 11 tmc ft. The verdict is challenged.
1924: The dispute comes close to being resolved when Mysore and Madras reach an agreement under which Mysore is allowed to build a dam at Kannambadi village. The agreement is to be valid for 50 years and reviewed thereafter. Based on this agreement, Karnataka builds the Krishnaraja Sagar dam.
1929: An agreement is reached, meant to clarify the 1924 agreement allowing the construction of the Krishnaraja Sagar dam in Mysore and to specify exactly how much water would be released to Madras. Krishnaraja dam becomes functional in 1931 and the Mettur dam in 1934.
1974: The 1924 water sharing agreement between then Madras Presidency and Princely State of Mysore (now Tamil Nadu and Karnataka) lapses after expiration of its term of 50 years.
1986: Tamil Nadu approaches the center for setting up a tribunal for disputes arising out of Cauvery water sharing.
2 June 1990: A CWDT, headed by Justice Chittatosh Mookerjee, set up under the center after the Supreme Courts direction.
25 June 1991: CWDT passes an interim award asking Karnataka to release 205 tmc ft of water to Tamil Nadu every year. It also directed Karnataka not to increase its irrigated land area from the existing 1,120,000 acres (around 4,500 km).
As a result, there was widespread dissatisfaction and violence in the two states.
11 December 1991: CWDTs interim award notified by the center after the Supreme Court struck down an ordinance issued by Karnataka and upheld the award.
August 1998: The CRA constituted by the center for the implementation of the interim award of the CWDT. September 2002: The CRA directs Karnataka to release 9,000 cusecs per day of Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu. The body was presided over by then prime minister Atal
Bihari Vajpayee
5 February 2007: CWDT passes the final award and allotted 30 tmc to Kerala, 270 tmc to Karnataka, 419 tmc to Tamil Nadu and 7 tmc to Puducherry. Additionally, 14 tmc was reserved for environmental inevitable escapades into the sea.
19 February 2013: The center notifies the final award of the CWDT, on the direction of the Supreme Court.
19 March 2013: Tamil Nadu moves the Supreme Court, seeking directions to the water ministry for constitution of the Cauvery Management Board.
28 May 2013: Tamil Nadu moves the Supreme Court, seeking Rs2,480 crores in damages from Karnataka for not following the orders of the CWDT.
26 June 2013: Tamil Nadu moves SC for constitution of the Cauvery Management Board.
22 August 2016: Tamil Nadu files petition in the Supreme Court, seeking direction to the state of Karnataka to release water to Tamil Nadu.
6 September 2016: SC directs Kanataka to release 15,000 cusecs a day till 15 September. Karnataka released 10,000 cusecs of water from the Krishna Raja
International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
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Sagar dam to Tamil Nadu. State witnesses widespread unrest.
12 September 2016: Supreme Court modifies direction, asks Karnataka to release 12,000 cusecs a day till 20 September instead of the earlier 15,000 cusecs per day till 16 September.
20 September 2017: Bench comprising CJI Dipak Misra and justices A.M. Khanwilkar and Amitava Roy reserve verdict in the Cauvery water dispute between the two neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
February 16, 2018: Supreme Court reduces the allocation of Cauvery water from Karnataka to Tamil Nadu. The apex court directed the Karnataka government to release
177.25 tmc ft of Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu from its inter-state Biligundlu dam. The judgment clarified that Karnataka will now have an enhanced share of 14.75 tmc ft water per year while Tamil Nadu will get 404.25 tmc ft, which will be 14.75 tmc ft less than what was allotted by the tribunal in 2007.
-
Drawbacks of Present Scheme
The present scheme is not a basin organization integrated with land management, drought or flood management activities in the Cauvery basin. Rather, it focuses only on the dispute resolution over water sharing. The scheme consists of two levels of authorities. The Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) at the highest level comprising temporary and permanent members of all the basin states and the Union government. It is headed by an eminent engineer or a member of the Indian Administrative Service. As its technical arm, another authority below CWMA, namely the CWRC, has been constituted to verify the factual positionsof reservoir storage, cropping patterns in the basin, inflows and outflows of reservoirsso as to aid and advise CWMA to take appropriate decision on distress sharing formula and water sharing every year.
The scheme has no authority in the Cauvery basin like control over the dams, the reservoir inflows, outflows and their storage position in the Cauvery basin. It is dependent on states for data/information and has to act in accordance with the information provided by the basin states on inflows and outflows of 11 reservoirs. It has no mechanism to verify the data/information for its authenticity due to which the dispute can resurrect any time.
The scheme has no scope for environmentalists, ecologists and social scientists. The scheme does not have groundwater specialists and it has no authority to restrict programs that divert the water through the recharge of groundwater. So, another opportunity has been lost to create multi-disciplinary basin organization. In fact, the engineering fraternity should have told the legal fraternity to create an institution in line with what has been declared in the national water policies.
During a normal or above normal rainfall year, there would be no need for this scheme. But the real test of the scheme would lie in a rainfall deficient yearwhen a distress sharing formula would require much more than just techno-bureaucrats. Therefore, the scheme is poised for failure, leading to a repeat of the cycles of dispute witnessed in the past 150 years. If the scheme isnt
revamped, it may threaten the very federal fabric of the nation.
-
Need for Water Policy Plan
Many cities in developed countries like London, Melbourne etc. resort to implementing judicious water use policy for the public that is implemented strictly by the state and the general public. This reduces wastage of water in tough times and ensures ample amount of water is available for everyone.
In the context of the Cauvery water dispute, research by Indiaspend.org reveals that Karnatakas state capital Bangalore uses nearly half the amount of water from Cauvery designated for domestic use in the state. The research also shows that almost half of that water is wasted in distribution losses and wastage by individuals leading to a shortage. At least 8.5 million people live in the third-most populated city in India with 8.65 lakh water connections but they only receive 65 liters of water per day on average. In comparison, Bengaluru comes second to Kolkata which tops the water-wasting cities list.
Cauvery water dispute has led to an extended tussle between states in India reaching legal blockades. Water sharing, a much-disputed issue in the country warrants a relook. As a fresh outlook, India can take a cue from successful management of water sharing from across the borders. As such, till the Center remains the sole advisor, interstate disputes are not likely to be resolved easily. A longer-term solution lies in a holistic economic-Eco systemic-institutional approach.
-
Objectives
The main objectives of the study are:
-
To analyze the Hydrological data of Cauvery basin.
-
To study the agricultural activities relaying on Cauvery river.
-
To estimate the domestic water consumption for areas depending on Cauvery water supply.
-
To evaluate the performance of Irrigation projects in Cauvery basin.
-
To develop suggestions for equitable and fair distribution of Cauvery waters for sustainable agricultural and domestic purposes among Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
-
-
-
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter presents the background to the methodology adopted and source for data and maps used for analysis. The available published literature on agriculture, irrigation projects, groundwater and domestic usage is also briefly reviewed.
Dynamic Groundwater Resources of India, 2011-15: Level of usage of groundwater and the regulated usage for sustenance was given. The intensity of exploitation of groundwater by Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka were compared year-wise. Ways of managing ground water resources were discussed. On the basis of assessment,
benchmarking was done for ranking embezzlement of ground water resources and categorized into safe, semi- critical, critical and over-exploited.
Cauvery Basin, Ministry of Water Resources, 2014: This report provides valuable information related to the topography, demography, climate, surface water resources, hydro-meteorology, tributaries, watersheds, irrigation projects, dams and canals and land use characteristics. The inference analyzed the proposal of inter-linking of rivers- Somasila-Grand Anicut Link and Cauvery(kattalai) and Vaigai-Gundar Link.
Integrated Hydrological Data Book, 2017: This journal reviews on storage capacity of Cauvery basin and its salient features. Flow of water by season and site was recorded and probed on. Maximum and minimum observation water levels were surveyed. Land utilization pattern was derived and net area irrigated by sources from Cauvery basin was dissected district-wise.
Agricultural Change and Irrigation Problem in the Cauvery Delta, 2006: Field level irrigation management changes for the past decade was studied and concluded with censures in existing irrigation pattern. Water requirement for different types of rice cultivation was assessed which was beneficial in calculating net irrigation requirement of major crops grown in Cauvery basin.
-
STUDY AREA
The basin covers major part of peninsular India, spreads over states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Union Territory of Puducherry which is nearly 2.7% of the total geographical area of the country. It extends over an area of 85,626.23 Sq. km with a maximum length and width of 560 km and 245 km, respectively and lies between 75°27E to 79°54E and 10°9N to 13°30N. It is
bounded by the Western Ghats on the west, by the Eastern Ghats on the east & the south and by the ridges separating it from Krishna basin and Pennar basin on the north. The basin constitutes of 3 sub-basins namely Cauvery Upper, Cauvery Middle and Cauvery Lwer sub-basin. There are 132 watersheds, each of which represents a different tributary system for size ranging from 362 Sq. km to 991 Sq. km with maximum number of watersheds falling in Cauvery Middle Sub-basin. On the basis of the 2011 Census, the total population in this basin is about 3,18,89,280. Cauvery River which is the main river in this basin rises at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri range in the Western Ghats in Karnataka at an elevation of about 1341 m and flows for about 800 km before its outfall into the Bay of Bengal. The important tributaries joining the Cauvery are Harangi, Hemavathi, Kabini, Suvarnavathi and Bhavani. In the Cauvery basin, four distinct seasons occur. They are winter, summer, south-west monsoon, and north-east monsoon season in this basin. The basin is mainly influenced by South-West monsoon in the Karnataka & Kerala and North-East monsoon in Tamil Nadu. Rainfall in the delta area is of the order of 1000 mm annually.
The basin has a tropical and sub-tropical climate. In the upper reaches which include Kerala and Karnataka, the variation in temperature is minimal. The mean monthly temperature over the basin varies from 22.98° C to
28.43° C. Around 21 land use classes exist in the basin. Agricultural land is dominant in this basin having an area of 53736.30 sq. km. (66.21%) followed by 16636.66 sq. km. of forest area (20.50%). The entire basin falls in three agro-climatic zones which include west coast plains and ghat region, east coast plain and hill region and southern plateau and hills region. Out of these, large portion of the basin consists of southern plateau and hills region.
There are around 42642 surface water bodies available in the basin. Number of reservoirs falling in the basin are 101; a large number of lakes comprising of 10692 are also present in the basin area whereas 30739 tanks are also present. There are about 29 major and medium
irrigation projects in Karnataka and 25 major and medium irrigation projects in Tamil Nadu. There are 15 major hydroelectric projects with 24 power houses available in the basin. Number of dams falling in this basin are 96 whereas 10 barrage and 16 anicuts or weirs have been constructed in the basin. The utilizable surface water resource for the basin is 19 BCM. The Average Annual Runoff and Average Annual Water Potential in the basin are same as 21.36 BCM.
Fig. 1 Map of Cauvery Basin
-
General
-
-
METHODOLOGY
-
Exploration of agricultural activities of each district in Cauvery basin utilizing the surface water in a significant amount.
-
Comparison of supply and demand of irrigation
The step-by-step procedure followed for the analysis is as follows:
-
Data collection from central and state water resource development websites and chronicles.
for the major crops.
-
-
Calculation of domestic water usage demand of
each district where the supply also includes that from Cauvery River.
-
Comparison of supply and demand in the domestic water usage.
-
Estimation of performance efficiency of major irrigation projects in the Cauvery basin.
-
Assessment of groundwater exploitation by each district coming under Cauvery basin.
-
Analysis of Coleroon discharge during Kerala Floods in August, 2018.
-
Reconnoitering the results and coming up with potential suggestions for improvement in the present condition of water sharing by Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
-
-
Procedure for Agricultural Usage Analysis
-
Calculation of effective rainfall as per definition given by Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation in 1986.
TABLE I. FORMULA FOR CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE RAINFALL IN MM
EF is the Effective Rainfall of the selected month in mm.
-
Calculation of irrigation demand for the whole district by multiplying total net irrigation requirement for a specific crop throughout its growth period, by area sown in hectares.
-
Calculation of irrigation supply to the district by multiplying total net irrigation requirement with the percentage of area irrigated suitably.
-
Graph is plotted by comparing irrigation supply and demand for each district of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
-
-
-
Procedure for Domestic Usage Analysis
-
Forecasting of Population of 2017 from Census data of 1991, 2001 and 2011 using Geometrical Mean method is done for each district utilizing water supply from Cauvery River.
= (12 + 22 ) (4)
Monthly Rainfall in mm (x)
Effective Rainfall in mm (y)
If x<10
y = 0
If 10<x<51
y = 0.0082×2 + 0.0121x 0.5
If x>51
y = 0.7944x-23.938
Monthly Rainfall in mm (x)
Effective Rainfall in mm (y)
If x<10
y = 0
If 10<x<51
y = 0.0082×2 + 0.0121x 0.5
If x>51
y = 0.7944x-23.938
P=Po*(1+r) (5)
Where,
-
Calculation of potential Evapotranspiration of the reference crop grown at the selected district using collected data particularly latitude and atmospheric conditions by Blaney-Criddle Equation.
ETo = p *(0.457 Tmean + 8.128) (1)
Where,
ETo is the reference evapotranspiration [mm/day] (monthly)
Tmean is the mean daily temperature [°C] p is the mean daily percentage of annual
daytime hours.
-
Calculation of Consumptive use of the reference crop using their specific crop factor.
Cu=ETo*Kc (2)
Where,
Cu is the monthly consumptive use in mm/day
Kc is the crop factor.
-
Calculation of monthly net irrigation requirement of the crop without considering leaching requisite and after multiplying both the parameters by days of the picked month.
NIR=CuEF (3)
Where,
NIR is the Net Irrigation Requirement in
mm
Cu is the Consumptive Use in mm for the full month in mm
P is the Population Forecast for 2017 Po is the Population of 2011
n is the number of decades ((2017-2011)/10 = 0.6)
r1 and r2 are the decadal growth rates between 1991-2001 and 2001-2011 respectively
r is the root mean square value of overall growth rate within 1991-2011.
-
Calculation of daily domestic usage demand for a district by multiplying projected population by 135 litres per capita per day standard. Domestic usage demand is estimated in litres for a day district-wise for Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
-
Calculation of daily domestic water supply for a district by multiplying projected population with the allocated value by the state government which differs with each constituency according to its demography and urbanization state. Domestic supply is estimated in litres for a day district-wise for Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
-
Comparison of domestic supply and usage demand by plotting a graph representing all the districts for Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
-
-
-
Procedure for Irrigation Project Efficiency Analysis
-
Comparison of Culturable Command Area and Potential Area created for each irrigation project of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka coming under Cauvery basin.
-
Graph is plotted for major irrigation projects by comparing both the parameters for each state
DISTRICT
JUL
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
Thanjavur
19.75
59.47
76.16
107.14
121
67.42
Nagpattinam
26.19
39.38
52.72
174.03
309
202.7
Tiruchirapalli
3.88
49.38
29.37
90.61
84.6
29.92
Cuddalore
27.69
55.42
63.6
213.51
265
80.53
Erode
20.6
39.61
37.23
111.9
46
15.18
Salem
61.86
87.75
116.3
123.42
63.6
9.97
Namakkal
22.93
53.12
54.71
122.23
46.8
13.1
Dharmapuri
31.67
57.88
92.84
126.99
57.9
11.17
Tiruppur
30.54
56.47
91.46
127.18
53.44
14.96
Dindigul
8.83
26.9
43.58
119.05
71.4
29.29
Coimbatore
4.35
12.05
12.77
84.82
49.3
3.51
Theni
19.75
17.41
41.2
137.32
93.6
26.11
Pudukottai
17.41
21.45
14.47
1.28
0.83
4.12
Villupuram
39.61
94.43
83.31
152.42
148
63.45
The Nilgris
269.2
185.8
114.3
176.25
105
30.7
DISTRICT
JUL
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
Thanjavur
19.75
59.47
76.16
107.14
121
67.42
Nagapattinam
26.19
39.38
52.72
174.03
309
202.7
Tiruchirapalli
3.88
49.38
29.37
90.61
84.6
29.92
Cuddalore
27.69
55.42
63.6
213.51
265
80.53
Erode
20.6
39.61
37.23
111.9
46
15.18
Salem
61.86
87.75
116.3
123.42
63.6
9.97
Namakkal
22.93
53.12
54.71
122.23
46.8
13.1
Dharmapuri
31.67
57.88
92.84
126.99
57.9
11.17
Tiruppur
30.54
56.47
91.46
127.18
53.44
14.96
Dindigul
8.83
26.9
43.58
119.05
71.4
29.29
Coimbatore
4.35
12.05
12.77
84.82
49.3
3.51
Theni
19.75
17.41
41.2
137.32
93.6
26.11
Pudukottai
17.41
21.45
14.47
1.28
0.83
4.12
Villupuram
39.61
94.43
83.31
152.42
148
63.45
The Nilgris
269.2
185.8
114.3
176.25
105
30.7
-
-
Procedure for Ground Water Usage Analysis for Tamil NaNduet Usable Availability and Current Usage
TABLE III. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY EFFECTIVE RAINFALL IN MM OF TAMIL NADU (JUL-DEC)
values are obtained from Annual Dynamic
-
Ground Water Resources Chronicle released by
Graph is plotted comprising districts of Tamil Ministry of Water Resources.
-
Each district is evaluated and categorized into 4
Nadu coming under Cauvery Basin. – 3. –
categories based on the level of exploitation
Safe, Semi-critical, Critical and Over Exploited.
-
-
ProceduCroellfeocrtiCoonleorfoodniscDhiasrcghearrgeeadAinngaslyfsrios m Upper
-
Anicut at periodic time instances from daily
n
n
etermination of time intervals according to ewspaper, The Hindu.
-
D
Estimation of average discharge for each the availability of data.
-
Calculation of volume of water released into interval using Trapezoidal Method.
-
the Coleroon by multiplying average discharge
-
In the same fashion, discharge analysis of by respective time interval.
5.
Mettur dam is also carried out.
DISTRICT
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
Mysore
0
0
0
18.18
76.95
11.8
Chamrajanagar
0
0
0
19.75
93.63
8.28
Mandya
0
0
0
16.65
80.13
20.61
Bengaluru
0
0
0
10.56
52.32
30.08
Tumkur
0
0
0
8.28
32.46
17.37
Hassan
0
0
0
22.14
53.12
42.79
Chikmagalur
0
0
1.64
24.52
65.03
76.95
Kodagu
0
0
1.79
59.47
121.4
326.4
DISTRICT
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
Mysore
0
0
0
18.18
76.95
11.8
Chamrajanagar
0
0
0
19.75
93.63
8.28
Mandya
0
0
0
16.65
80.13
20.61
Bengaluru
0
0
0
10.56
52.32
30.08
Tumur
0
0
0
8.28
32.46
17.37
Hassan
0
0
0
22.14
53.12
42.79
Chikmagalur
0
0
1.64
24.52
65.03
76.95
Kodagu
0
0
1.79
59.47
121.4
326.4
TABLE IV. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY EFFECTIVE RAINFALL IN MM OF KARNATAKA (JAN-JUN)
-
-
CALCULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS
-
Annual Agricultural Water Need Analysis
The
monthly effective rainfall was calculated for each district
-
Calculation of Effective Rainfall district-wise –
by using its mean monthly rainfall.
DISTRICT
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
Thanjavur
8.83
1.04
1.53
8.28
19.75
15.18
Nagapattinam
7.19
1.9
3.06
4.16
14.4
20.03
Tiruchirapalli
0
0
2.92
8.5
30.48
8.88
Cuddalore
4.31
0
2.79
0.99
10.56
14.61
Erode
0
1.04
0.83
18.18
41.2
6.27
Salem
0
0
2.16
20.15
63.26
33.58
Namakkal
0
0
0
15.91
45.97
11.7
Dharmapuri
0.63
0
0
10.56
58.68
22.93
Tiruppur
0.71
0
0
10.56
56.54
21.83
Dindigul
2.37
0.83
0.63
20.6
20.6
5.8
Coimbatore
0
0
1.04
7.24
25.47
6.08
Theni
1.79
3.74
16.65
44.38
30.87
9.39
Pudukottai
53.91
79.33
112.69
69.01
73.77
41.2
Villupuram
3.02
0
0
1.79
13.1
16.65
The Nilgris
4.51
3.02
11.17
62.65
1.79
139.71
DISTRICT
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
Thanjavur
8.83
1.04
1.53
8.28
19.75
15.18
Nagapattinam
7.19
1.9
3.06
4.16
14.4
20.03
Tiruchirapalli
0
0
2.92
8.5
30.48
8.88
Cuddalore
4.31
0
2.79
0.99
10.56
14.61
Erode
0
1.04
0.83
18.18
41.2
6.27
Salem
0
0
2.16
20.15
63.26
33.58
Namakkal
0
0
0
15.91
45.97
11.7
Dharmapuri
0.63
0
0
10.56
58.68
22.93
Tiruppur
0.71
0
0
10.56
56.54
21.83
Dindigul
2.37
0.83
0.63
20.6
20.6
5.8
Coimbatore
0
0
1.04
7.24
25.47
6.08
Theni
1.79
3.74
16.65
44.38
30.87
9.39
Pudukottai
53.91
79.33
112.69
69.01
73.77
41.2
Villupuram
3.02
0
0
1.79
13.1
16.65
The Nilgris
4.51
3.02
11.17
62.65
1.79
139.71
TABLE II. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY EFFECTIVE RAINFALL IN MM OF TAMIL NADU (JAN-JUN)
TABLE V. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY EFFECTIVE RAINFALL IN MM OF KARNATAKA (JUL-DEC)
DISTRICT
JUL
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
Mysore
20.55
11.8
38.03
95.22
15.9
0.63
Chamrajanagar
13.1
16.65
37.23
112.69
27.7
2.08
Mandya
15.18
22.93
79.33
115.88
20.6
1.79
Bengaluru
53.91
68.21
120.6
95.22
20.6
1.79
Tumkur
34.05
46.76
78.54
87.28
7.76
0
Hassan
108.7
50.74
43.59
96.81
21.4
0
Chikmagalur
155.6
80.92
58.68
98.39
22.9
0.83
Kodagu
741.9
403.5
147.7
152.42
34.9
1.28
TABLE VI. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY EFFECTIVE RAINFALL
IN MM OF KERALA (JAN-DEC)
IN MM OF KERALA (JAN-DEC)
IN MM OF KERALA (JAN-DEC)
IN MM OF KERALA (JAN-DEC)
DISTRICT
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
Wayanadu
20.55
11.8
38.03
95.22
15.9
0.63
JUL
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
20.55
11.8
38.03
95.22
15.9
0.63
CROP
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Thanjavur
Paddy
85.41
79.12
76.27
72.39
60.12
93.78
Sugarcane
174.71
161.83
156
148.06
105.83
122.66
Nagapattinam
Paddy
90.24
83.78
78.52
96.44
64.3
64.29
Pudukottai
Paddy
90.08
81.29
78.52
72.54
62.35
62.27
Trichy
Banana
159.99
148.53
143.19
132.29
113.97
113.95
Cuddalore
Paddy
87.81
81.43
78.52
74.64
64.31
64.29
Sugarcane
179.62
166.57
160.61
152.67
131.53
131.51
Erode
Ragi
91.81
90.15
84.11
82.02
70.47
70.37
Sugarcane
165.25
162.27
151.39
147.63
126.84
126.67
Banana
143.22
140.63
131.21
127.95
109.93
109.78
Salem
Ragi
94.7
87.63
84.11
79.34
70.34
70.24
Dharmapuri
Ragi
89.38
85.16
81.55
76.63
67.8
65.19
Sugarcane
160.88
153.28
146.79
137.93
122.05
117.34
The Nilgris
Coffee
87.44
82.53
79.16
80.32
68.96
67.25
Pepper
36.26
34.22
32.82
33.3
28.59
27.88
Namakkal
Sugarcane
170.11
162.17
151.39
143.16
126.93
109.07
Groundnut
49.14
46.85
43.74
41.36
36.67
36.62
Dindigul
Jower
56.48
53.83
50.46
47.93
42.51
42.46
Kovai
Jower
53.35
50.82
48.93
47.77
42.36
42.3
Coconut
92.95
88.56
84.81
79.69
70.52
67.8
CROP
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Thanjavur
Paddy
85.41
79.12
76.27
72.39
60.12
93.78
Sugarcane
174.71
161.83
156
148.06
105.83
122.66
Nagapattinam
Paddy
90.24
83.78
78.52
96.44
64.3
64.29
Pudukottai
Paddy
90.08
81.29
78.52
72.54
62.35
62.27
Trichy
Banana
159.99
148.53
143.19
132.29
113.97
113.95
Cuddalore
Paddy
87.81
81.43
78.52
74.64
64.31
64.29
Sugarcane
179.62
166.57
160.61
152.67
131.53
131.51
Erode
Ragi
91.81
90.15
84.11
82.02
70.47
70.37
Sugarcane
165.25
162.27
151.39
147.63
126.84
126.67
Banana
143.22
140.63
131.21
127.95
109.93
109.78
Salem
Ragi
94.7
87.63
84.11
79.34
70.34
70.24
Dharmapuri
Ragi
89.38
85.16
81.55
76.63
67.8
65.19
Sugarcane
160.88
153.28
146.79
137.93
122.05
117.34
The Nilgris
Coffee
87.44
82.53
79.16
80.32
68.96
67.25
Pepper
36.26
34.22
32.82
33.3
28.59
27.88
Namakkal
Sugarcane
170.11
162.17
151.39
143.16
126.93
109.07
Groundnut
49.14
46.85
43.74
41.36
36.67
36.62
Dindigul
Jower
56.48
53.83
50.46
47.93
42.51
42.46
Kovai
Jower
53.35
50.82
48.93
47.77
42.36
42.3
Coconut
92.95
88.56
84.81
79.69
70.52
67.8
-
Calculation of Potential Evapotranspiration crop-wise
TABLE VII. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN MM OF TAMIL NADU (JAN-JUN)
TABLE VIII. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN MM OF TAMIL NADU (JUL-DEC)
CROP
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
Thanjavur
Paddy
59.97
81.83
72.69
80.77
88.45
87.34
Sugarcane
122.66
125.46
148.67
165.22
180.93
178.64
Nagapattinam
Paddy
62.13
61.35
72.69
78.52
86.11
87.33
Pudukottai
Paddy
62.27
63.5
74.93
83.62
85.95
84.84
Trichy
Banana
113.95
112.32
136.81
147.18
156.81
154.83
Cuddalore
Paddy
64.29
61.35
72.69
78.52
86.1
87.32
Sugarcane
131.51
125.49
148.67
157.86
169.83
178.61
Erode
Ragi
72.82
74.08
87.7
91.79
98.12
94.17
Sugarcane
131.02
133.35
157.86
165.22
176.62
169.51
Banana
113.59
115.57
136.81
143.19
153.07
146.91
Salem
Ragi
72.68
73.95
87.7
91.79
95.61
94.31
Dharmapuri
Ragi
67.63
66.92
82.6
89.23
93.15
89.16
Sugarcane
121.73
120.46
148.67
160.61
167.67
160.49
The Nilgris
Coffee
63.24
68.79
81.08
87.56
95.62
88.99
Pepper
26.22
28.52
31.88
36.3
39.65
36.9
Namakkal
Sugarcane
126.76
129.3
153.27
165.22
171.73
169.41
Groundnut
36.62
37.35
44.28
47.73
49.61
48.94
Dindigul
Jower
42.46
41.92
49.56
53.54
55.42
56.25
Kovai
Jower
42.3
43.15
51.09
53.54
54
53.23
Coconut
70.33
69.6
35.9
92.8
96.88
92.73
TABLE IX. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN MM OF KERALA AND KARNATAKA (JAN-JUN)
TABLE X. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN MM OF KERALA AND KARNATAKA (JUL-DEC)
CROP
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
Wayanadu
Coffee
103
102.5
122.9
125.3
130.6
124.07
Pepper
42.8
42.5
50.96
51.97
54.17
51.44
Hassan
Ragi
60
62.04
74.94
78.99
82.86
76.15
Jower
36
37.22
44.97
47.39
49.72
45.69
Coffee
98.4
101.8
122.9
129.5
135.9
124.88
Coconut
62.4
64.53
80.6
64.81
88.94
81.96
Chikmagalur
Coffee
98.2
97.84
118.7
125.3
127.3
120.67
Groundnut
31.1
31.02
37.64
39.74
40.37
38.26
Pepper
32.5
40.57
49.23
51.97
52.79
50.03
Kodagu
Coffee
94.8
94.64
114.5
117
117.9
111.32
Pepper
39.3
39.24
47.49
48.49
48.9
46.16
Mysore
Banana
97.8
104.3
124.9
131.2
133
122.54
Cotton
57.7
61.51
73.64
77.38
78.42
72.27
Bangalore
Cotton
55.2
57.09
71.3
75.02
78.68
72.51
Mandya
Paddy
57.2
58.76
70.44
74.02
77.44
71.56
Jower
39
40.06
48.03
50.46
52.8
48.79
Ragi
65
66.77
30.05
84.11
88
81.31
Chamrajanagar
Ragi
62.8
64.66
80.05
84.11
85.13
81.13
Sugarcane
113
155.6
144.1
151.4
153.2
146.03
Groundnut
32.6
33.62
41.62
43.74
44.27
42.19
Banana
97.9
100.9
124.9
131.2
132.8
126.56
Tumkur
Ragi
62.3
64.2
80.05
84.11
88.35
81.63
Jower
37.4
38.52
48.03
50.46
53.01
48.98
Groundnut
32.4
33.38
41.62
43.74
45.94
42.45
Coconut
64.8
66.77
83.25
87.47
91.89
84.9
CROP
JUL
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
Wayanadu
Coffee
123.7
117.5
117
113.5
99.9
103
Pepper
51.29
48.74
48.5
41.4
42.8
42.8
Hassan
Ragi
75.92
72.17
68.8
68.69
60.4
60
Jower
45.55
43.3
41.3
41.21
36.2
36
Coffee
124.5
118.4
113
112.7
99.1
98.4
Coconut
81.82
71.82
74.2
71.45
62.8
62.4
Chikmagalur
Coffee
115.6
114.2
109
108.3
95
94.2
Groundnut
36.65
36.2
34.4
34.35
30.3
29.9
Pepper
47.93
47.33
45
44.91
39.4
39.1
Kodagu
Coffee
106.9
104.8
104
104.8
91.7
90.8
Pepper
45.82
43.46
43.3
43.44
38
37.7
Mysore
Banana
122.3
120.5
115
11.52
98.3
97.8
Cotton
72.14
71.06
68
65.77
58
57.7
Bangalore
Cotton
72.38
68.84
65.6
63.21
55.6
55.2
Mandya
Paddy
71.51
68.04
67.3
65.06
55.4
55.1
Jower
48.76
46.39
44.3
44.36
37.8
37.6
Ragi
81.26
77.32
76.4
73.93
62.8
62.6
Chamrajanagar
Ragi
81.08
77.14
73.9
71.59
63.1
62.8
Sugarcane
145.9
138.9
133
128.9
114
113
Groundnut
42.16
40.11
38.4
37.22
32.8
32.6
Banana
126.5
120.3
115
111.7
98.5
97.9
Tumkur
Ragi
81.58
77.65
73.9
71.08
62.6
59.9
Jower
48.95
46.59
44.3
42.65
37.6
35.9
Groundnut
42.42
40.38
38.4
36.96
32.6
31.1
Coconut
84.85
80.75
76.8
73.92
65.1
62.3
CROP
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
Wayanadu
Coffee
103
102.5
122.9
125.3
130.6
124.07
Pepper
42.8
42.5
50.96
51.97
54.17
51.44
Hassan
Ragi
60
62.04
74.94
78.99
82.86
76.15
Jower
36
37.22
44.97
47.39
49.72
45.69
Coffee
98.4
101.8
122.9
129.5
135.9
124.88
Coconut
62.4
64.53
80.6
64.81
88.94
81.96
Chikmagalur
Coffee
98.2
97.84
118.7
125.3
127.3
120.67
Groundnut
31.1
31.02
37.64
39.74
40.37
38.26
Pepper
32.5
40.57
49.23
51.97
52.79
50.03
Kodagu
Coffee
94.8
94.64
114.5
117
117.9
111.32
Pepper
39.3
39.24
47.49
48.49
48.9
46.16
Mysore
Banana
97.8
104.3
124.9
131.2
133
122.54
Cotton
57.7
61.51
73.64
77.38
78.42
72.27
Bangalore
Cotton
55.2
57.09
71.3
75.02
78.68
72.51
Mandya
Paddy
57.2
58.76
70.44
74.02
77.44
71.56
Jower
39
40.06
48.03
50.46
52.8
48.79
Ragi
65
66.77
30.05
84.11
88
81.31
Chamrajanagar
Ragi
62.8
64.66
80.05
84.11
85.13
81.13
Sugarcane
113
155.6
144.1
151.4
153.2
146.03
Groundnut
32.6
33.62
41.62
43.74
44.27
42.19
Banana
97.9
100.9
124.9
131.2
132.8
126.56
Tumkur
Ragi
62.3
64.2
80.05
84.11
88.35
81.63
Jower
37.4
38.52
48.03
50.46
53.01
48.98
Groundnut
32.4
33.38
41.62
43.74
45.94
42.45
Coconut
64.8
66.77
83.25
87.47
91.89
84.9
CROP
JUL
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
Wayanadu
Coffee
123.7
117.5
117
113.5
99.9
103
Pepper
51.29
48.74
48.5
41.4
42.8
42.8
Hassan
Ragi
75.92
72.17
68.8
68.69
60.4
60
Jower
45.55
43.3
41.3
41.21
36.2
36
Coffee
124.5
118.4
113
112.7
99.1
98.4
Coconut
81.82
71.82
74.2
71.45
62.8
62.4
Chikmagalur
Coffee
115.6
114.2
109
108.3
95
94.2
Groundnut
36.65
36.2
34.4
34.35
30.3
29.9
Pepper
47.93
47.33
45
44.91
39.4
39.1
Kodagu
Coffee
106.9
104.8
104
104.8
91.7
90.8
Pepper
45.82
43.46
43.3
43.44
38
37.7
Mysore
Banana
122.3
120.5
115
11.52
98.3
97.8
Cotton
72.14
71.06
68
65.77
58
57.7
Bangalore
Cotton
72.38
68.84
65.6
63.21
55.6
55.2
Mandya
Paddy
71.51
68.04
67.3
65.06
55.4
55.1
Jower
48.76
46.39
44.3
44.36
37.8
37.6
Ragi
81.26
77.32
76.4
73.93
62.8
62.6
Chamrajanagar
Ragi
81.08
77.14
73.9
71.59
63.1
62.8
Sugarcane
145.9
138.9
133
128.9
114
113
Groundnut
42.16
40.11
38.4
37.22
32.8
32.6
Banana
126.5
120.3
115
111.7
98.5
97.9
Tumkur
Ragi
81.58
77.65
73.9
71.08
62.6
59.9
Jower
48.95
46.59
44.3
42.65
37.6
35.9
Groundnut
42.42
40.38
38.4
36.96
32.6
31.1
Coconut
84.85
80.75
76.8
73.92
65.1
62.3
-
Calculation of Consumptive Use of each crop
CROP
JUL
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
Thanjavur
Paddy
85.41
79.12
76.27
72.39
60.12
93.78
Sugarcane
174.71
161.83
156
148.06
105.8
122.7
Nagapattinam
Paddy
90.24
83.78
78.52
96.44
64.3
64.29
Pudukottai
Paddy
90.08
81.29
78.52
72.54
62.35
62.27
Trichy
Banana
159.99
148.53
143.2
132.29
114
114
Cuddalore
Paddy
87.81
81.43
78.52
74.64
64.31
64.29
Sugarcane
179.62
166.57
160.6
152.67
131.5
131.5
Erode
Ragi
91.81
90.15
84.11
82.02
70.47
70.37
Sugarcane
165.25
162.27
151.4
147.63
126.8
126.7
Banana
143.22
140.63
131.2
127.95
109.9
109.8
Salem
Ragi
94.7
87.63
84.11
79.34
70.34
70.24
Dharmapuri
Ragi
89.38
85.16
81.55
76.63
67.8
65.19
Sugarcane
160.88
153.28
146.8
137.93
122.1
117.3
The Nilgris
Coffee
87.44
82.53
79.16
80.32
68.96
67.25
Pepper
36.26
34.22
32.82
33.3
28.59
27.88
Namakkal
Sugarcane
170.11
162.17
151.4
143.16
126.9
109.1
Groundnut
49.14
46.85
43.74
41.36
36.67
36.62
Dindigul
Jower
53.83
50.46
47.93
42.51
42.46
53.83
Kovai
Jower
53.35
50.82
48.93
47.77
42.36
42.3
Coconut
92.95
88.56
84.81
79.69
70.52
67.8
CROP
JUL
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
Thanjavur
Paddy
85.41
79.12
76.27
72.39
60.12
93.78
Sugarcane
174.71
161.83
156
148.06
105.8
122.7
Nagapattinam
Paddy
90.24
83.78
78.52
96.44
64.3
64.29
Pudukottai
Paddy
90.08
81.29
78.52
72.54
62.35
62.27
Trichy
Banana
159.99
148.53
143.2
132.29
114
114
Cuddalore
Paddy
87.81
81.43
78.52
74.64
64.31
64.29
Sugarcane
179.62
166.57
160.6
152.67
131.5
131.5
Erode
Ragi
91.81
90.15
84.11
82.02
70.47
70.37
Sugarcane
165.25
162.27
151.4
147.63
126.8
126.7
Banana
143.22
140.63
131.2
127.95
109.9
109.8
Salem
Ragi
94.7
87.63
84.11
79.34
70.34
70.24
Dharmapuri
Ragi
89.38
85.16
81.55
76.63
67.8
65.19
Sugarcane
160.88
153.28
146.8
137.93
122.1
117.3
The Nilgris
Coffee
87.44
82.53
79.16
80.32
68.96
67.25
Pepper
36.26
34.22
32.82
33.3
28.59
27.88
Namakkal
Sugarcane
170.11
162.17
151.4
143.16
126.9
109.1
Groundnut
49.14
46.85
43.74
41.36
36.67
36.62
Dindigul
Jower
53.83
50.46
47.93
42.51
42.46
53.83
Kovai
Jower
53.35
50.82
48.93
47.77
42.36
42.3
Coconut
92.95
88.56
84.81
79.69
70.52
67.8
TABLE XI. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY CONSUMPTIVE USE IN MM OF TAMIL NADU (JAN-JUN)
TABLE XII. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY CONSUMPTIVE USE IN MM OF TAMIL NADU (JUL-DEC)
CROP
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
Thanjavur
Paddy
59.97
81.83
72.69
80.77
88.45
87.34
Sugarcane
122.7
125.46
148.67
165.22
180.93
178.64
Nagapattinam
Paddy
62.13
61.35
72.69
78.52
86.11
87.33
Pudukottai
Paddy
62.27
63.5
74.93
83.62
85.95
84.84
Trichy
Banana
114
112.32
136.81
147.18
156.81
154.83
Cuddalore
Paddy
64.29
61.35
72.69
78.52
86.1
87.32
Sugarcane
131.5
125.49
148.67
157.86
169.83
178.61
Erode
Ragi
72.82
74.08
87.7
91.79
98.12
94.17
Sugarcane
131
133.35
157.86
165.22
176.62
169.51
Banana
113.6
115.57
136.81
143.19
153.07
146.91
Salem
Ragi
72.68
73.95
87.7
91.79
95.61
94.31
Dharmapuri
Ragi
67.63
66.92
82.6
89.23
93.15
89.16
Sugarcane
121.7
120.46
148.67
160.61
167.67
160.49
The Nilgris
Coffee
63.24
68.79
81.08
87.56
95.62
88.99
Pepper
26.22
28.52
31.88
36.3
39.65
36.9
Namakkal
Sugarcane
126.8
129.3
153.27
165.22
171.73
169.41
Groundnut
36.62
37.35
44.28
47.73
49.61
48.94
Dindigul
Jower
42.46
41.92
49.56
53.54
55.42
56.25
Kovai
Jower
42.3
43.15
51.09
53.54
54
53.23
Coconut
70.33
69.6
35.9
92.8
96.88
92.73
TABLE XIII. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY CONSUMPTIVE USE IN MM OF KERALA AND KARNATAKA (JAN-JUN)
TABLE XIV. DISTRICT-WISE MONTHLY CONSUMPTIVE USE IN MM OF KERALA AND KARNATAKA (JUL-DEC)
CROP
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
Wayanadu
Coffee
103.2
102.5
122.91
125.34
130.64
124.07
Pepper
42.78
42.5
50.96
51.97
54.17
51.44
Hassan
Ragi
59.99
62.04
74.94
78.99
82.86
76.15
Jower
35.99
37.22
44.97
47.39
49.72
45.69
Coffee
98.38
101.75
122.91
129.54
135.89
124.88
Coconut
62.4
64.53
80.6
64.81
88.94
81.96
Chikmagalur
Coffee
98.2
97.84
118.73
125.34
127.32
120.67
Groundnut
31.14
31.02
37.64
39.74
40.37
38.26
Pepper
32.52
40.57
49.23
51.97
52.79
50.03
Kodagu
Coffee
94.79
94.64
114.54
116.95
117.94
111.32
Pepper
39.3
39.24
47.49
48.49
48.9
46.16
Mysore
Banana
97.79
104.3
124.87
131.21
132.97
122.54
Cotton
57.67
61.51
73.64
77.38
78.42
72.27
Bangalore
Cotton
55.2
57.09
71.3
75.02
78.68
72.51
Mandya
Paddy
57.23
58.76
70.44
74.02
77.44
71.56
Jower
39.02
40.06
48.03
50.46
52.8
48.79
Ragi
65.03
66.77
30.05
84.11
88
81.31
Chamrajanagar
Ragi
62.78
64.66
80.05
84.11
85.13
81.13
Sugarcane
113
155.56
144.08
151.39
153.24
146.03
Groundnut
32.64
33.62
41.62
43.74
44.27
42.19
Banana
97.93
100.87
124.87
131.21
132.81
126.56
Tumkur
Ragi
62.29
64.2
80.05
84.11
88.35
81.63
Jower
37.38
38.52
48.03
50.46
53.01
48.98
Groundnut
32.39
33.38
41.62
43.74
45.94
42.45
Coconut
64.78
66.77
83.25
87.47
91.889
84.9
CROP
JUL
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
Wayanadu
Coffee
123.69
117.54
117
113.48
99.85
103.2
Pepper
51.29
48.74
48.49
41.4
42.78
42.82
Hassan
Ragi
75.92
72.17
68.75
68.69
60.4
59.99
Jower
45.55
43.3
41.25
41.21
36.24
35.99
Coffee
124.5
118.35
112.8
112.65
99.06
98.38
Coconut
81.82
71.82
74.16
71.45
62.83
62.4
Chikmagalur
Coffee
115.6
114.15
108.6
108.32
95.03
94.22
Groundnut
36.65
36.2
34.42
34.35
30.31
29.87
Pepper
47.93
47.33
45.01
44.91
39.4
39.07
Kodagu
Coffee
106.94
104.82
104.4
104.78
91.73
90.8
Pepper
45.82
43.46
43.27
43.44
38.04
37.65
Mysore
Banana
122.32
120.49
115.2
11.52
98.31
97.79
Cotton
72.14
71.06
67.96
65.77
57.98
57.67
Bangalore
Cotton
72.38
68.84
65.6
63.21
55.58
55.2
Mandya
Paddy
71.51
68.04
67.26
65.06
55.38
55.09
Jower
48.76
46.39
44.32
44.36
37.76
37.56
Ragi
81.26
77.32
76.43
73.93
62.83
62.6
Chamrajanagar
Ragi
81.08
77.14
73.87
71.59
63.11
62.78
Sugarcane
145.94
138.85
133
128.85
113.6
113
Groundnut
42.16
40.11
38.41
37.22
32.82
32.64
Banana
126.48
120.34
115.2
111.67
98.45
97.93
Tumkur
Ragi
81.58
77.65
73.87
71.08
62.63
59.87
Jower
48.95
46.59
44.32
42.65
37.58
35.92
Groundnut
42.42
40.38
38.41
36.96
32.57
31.13
Coconut
84.85
80.75
76.82
73.92
65.13
62.26
CROP
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
Wayanadu
Coffee
103.2
102.5
122.91
125.34
130.64
124.07
Pepper
42.78
42.5
50.96
51.97
54.17
51.44
Hassan
Ragi
59.99
62.04
74.94
78.99
82.86
76.15
Jower
35.99
37.22
44.97
47.39
49.72
45.69
Coffee
98.38
101.75
122.91
129.54
135.89
124.88
Coconut
62.4
64.53
80.6
64.81
88.94
81.96
Chikmagalur
Coffee
98.2
97.84
118.73
125.34
127.32
120.67
Groundnut
31.14
31.02
37.64
39.74
40.37
38.26
Pepper
32.52
40.57
49.23
51.97
52.79
50.03
Kodagu
Coffee
94.79
94.64
114.54
116.95
117.94
111.32
Pepper
39.3
39.24
47.49
48.49
48.9
46.16
Mysore
Banana
97.79
104.3
124.87
131.21
132.97
122.54
Cotton
57.67
61.51
73.64
77.38
78.42
72.27
Bangalore
Cotton
55.2
57.09
71.3
75.02
78.68
72.51
Mandya
Paddy
57.23
58.76
70.44
74.02
77.44
71.56
Jower
39.02
40.06
48.03
50.46
52.8
48.79
Ragi
65.03
66.77
30.05
84.11
88
81.31
Chamrajanagar
Ragi
62.78
64.66
80.05
84.11
85.13
81.13
Sugarcane
113
155.56
144.08
151.39
153.24
146.03
Groundnut
32.64
33.62
41.62
43.74
44.27
42.19
Banana
97.93
100.87
124.87
131.21
132.81
126.56
Tumkur
Ragi
62.29
64.2
80.05
84.11
88.35
81.63
Jower
37.38
38.52
48.03
50.46
53.01
48.98
Groundnut
32.39
33.38
41.62
43.74
45.94
42.45
Coconut
64.78
66.77
83.25
87.47
91.889
84.9
CROP
JUL
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
Wayanadu
Coffee
123.69
117.54
117
113.48
99.85
103.2
Pepper
51.29
48.74
48.49
41.4
42.78
42.82
Hassan
Ragi
75.92
72.17
68.75
68.69
60.4
59.99
Jower
45.55
43.3
41.25
41.21
36.24
35.99
Coffee
124.5
118.35
112.8
112.65
99.06
98.38
Coconut
81.82
71.82
74.16
71.45
62.83
62.4
Chikmagalur
Coffee
115.6
114.15
108.6
108.32
95.03
94.22
Groundnut
36.65
36.2
34.42
34.35
30.31
29.87
Pepper
47.93
47.33
45.01
44.91
39.4
39.07
Kodagu
Coffee
106.94
104.82
104.4
104.78
91.73
90.8
Pepper
45.82
43.46
43.27
43.44
38.04
37.65
Mysore
Banana
122.32
120.49
115.2
11.52
98.31
97.79
Cotton
72.14
71.06
67.96
65.77
57.98
57.67
Bangalore
Cotton
72.38
68.84
65.6
63.21
55.58
55.2
Mandya
Paddy
71.51
68.04
67.26
65.06
55.38
55.09
Jower
48.76
46.39
44.32
44.36
37.76
37.56
Ragi
81.26
77.32
76.43
73.93
62.83
62.6
Chamrajanagar
Ragi
81.08
77.14
73.87
71.59
63.11
62.78
Sugarcane
145.94
138.85
133
128.85
113.6
113
Groundnut
42.16
40.11
38.41
37.22
32.82
32.64
Banana
126.48
120.34
115.2
111.67
98.45
97.93
Tumkur
Ragi
81.58
77.65
73.87
71.08
62.63
59.87
Jower
48.95
46.59
44.32
42.65
37.58
35.92
Groundnut
42.42
40.38
38.41
36.96
32.57
31.13
Coconut
84.85
80.75
76.82
73.92
65.13
62.26
TABLE XV. CROP-WISE KC VALUES AND GROWTH PERIOD
CROP
Kc VALUE
GROWTH PERIOD
Banana
0.9-1.05
300-365
Coffee
0.95-1.10
150-180
Cotton
0.5-0.65
180-195
Coconut
0.6-0.7
280-300
Rice
0.45-0.65
90-150
Jowar
0.3-0.45
120-130
Sugarcane
1.05-1.2
275-365
Ragi
0.3-0.45
125-180
Groundnut
0.25-0.45
130-140
Pepper
0.3-0.55
120-210
For each crop, monthly consumptive use differs district- wise according to the potential evapotranspiration rate value. Monthly Consumptive value is found out for a crop for a particular district for a whole year keeping in account of the crop pattern, sowing and harvest season and by multiplying per day consumption rate with the total number of cultivated days.
-
Calculation of Net Irrigation Requirement for each district – Effective Rainfall of a particular month of that specific district is subtracted from the Monthly Consumptive value of a crop of respective destined bounds. This value is multiplied with area sown in hectares for that specific district.
TABLE XVI. DISTRICT-WISE NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT IN
METER CUBIC OF TAMIL NADU
CROP
ANNUAL NIR
IN m
AREA SOWN IN HECTARES
ANNUAL NIR IN MC
Trichy
Banana
21.22
7360
1561.48
Cuddalore
Paddy
12.55
139987
1757.13
Sugarcane
59.79
24443
1461.45
Erode
Ragi
5.29
5326
281.99
The Nilgris
Coffee
1.546
7600
117.53
Pepper
12.86
5410
696.02
Namakkal
Sugarcane
12.71
14268
1814.1
Groundnut
2.02
31428
633.72
Dindigul
Jowar
0.24
25400
614.1
Coimbatore
Jowar
1.54
34400
528.77
Coconut
0.66
82704
544.68
Salem
Ragi
0.436
8202
35.76
Dharmapuri
Ragi
0.712
20895
148.77
Sugarcane
21.84
7905
172.64
CROP
ANNUAL NIR
IN m
AREA SOWN IN HECTARES
ANNUAL NIR IN MC
Trichy
Banana
21.22
7360
1561.48
Cuddalore
Paddy
12.55
139987
1757.13
Sugarcane
59.79
24443
1461.45
Erode
Ragi
5.29
5326
281.99
The Nilgris
Coffee
1.546
7600
117.53
Pepper
12.86
5410
696.02
Namakkal
Sugarcane
12.71
14268
1814.1
Groundnut
2.02
31428
633.72
Dindigul
Jowar
0.24
25400
614.1
Coimbatore
Jowar
1.54
34400
528.77
Coconut
0.66
82704
544.68
Salem
Ragi
0.436
8202
35.76
Dharmapuri
Ragi
0.712
20895
148.77
Sugarcane
21.84
7905
172.64
TABLE XVI. DISTRICT-WISE NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT IN METER CUBIC OF TAMIL NADU (contd.)
CROP
ANNUAL NIR
IN m
AREA SOWN IN HECTARES
ANNUAL NIR IN MC
Thanjavur
Paddy
11.25
177426
1994.81
Sugarcane
22.02
7690
1693.57
Nagapattinam
Paddy
10.04
163794
1644.66
Pudukottai
Paddy
27.31
73625
2010.53
CROP
ANNUAL NIR IN m
AREA SOWN IN HECTARES
ANNUAL NIR IN MC
Mandya
Paddy
2.36
90200
2126.93
Jowar
3.17
1974
626.92
Ragi
0.289
85300
246.93
Chamrajanagar
Ragi
0.16
17900
288.34
Sugarcane
0.65
28900
1886.9
Groundnut
0.34
20100
692.56
Banana
0.12
12810
1568.22
Tumkur
Ragi
0.02
192100
308.46
Jowar
2.29
3000
687.24
Groundnut
0.76
93300
705.72
Coconut
0.66
122500
813.2
Mysore
Banana
0.21
7820
1600.9
Cotton
0.29
3097
910.83
Hassan
Ragi
0.34
53920
180.64
Jowar
0.09
6100
555.7
Coffee
0.02
36025
780.92
Coconut
0.01
62575
686.44
Bangalore
Cotton
0.12
5481
683.36
CROP
ANNUAL NIR IN m
AREA SOWN IN HECTARES
ANNUAL NIR IN MC
Mandya
Paddy
2.36
90200
2126.93
Jowar
3.17
1974
626.92
Ragi
0.289
85300
246.93
Chamrajanagar
Ragi
0.16
17900
288.34
Sugarcane
0.65
28900
1886.9
Groundnut
0.34
20100
692.56
Banana
0.12
12810
1568.22
Tumkur
Ragi
0.02
192100
308.46
Jowar
2.29
3000
687.24
Groundnut
0.76
93300
705.72
Coconut
0.66
122500
813.2
Mysore
Banana
0.21
7820
1600.9
Cotton
0.29
3097
910.83
Hassan
Ragi
0.34
53920
180.64
Jowar
0.09
6100
555.7
Coffee
0.02
36025
780.92
Coconut
0.01
62575
686.44
Bangalore
Cotton
0.12
5481
683.36
TABLE XVII. DISTRICT-WISE NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT IN METER CUBIC OF KARNATAKA
Chikmagalur
Coffee
0.07
88853
635.12
Groundnut
0.84
5200
438.8
Pepper
0.96
3500
335.4
Kodagu
Coffee
0.02
101229
209.4
Pepper
0.17
8880
150.6
-
Calculation of Irrigation Supply for each district – Area Irrigated for each crop is multiplied with Annual NIR obtained to get the extent of supply for each district state-wise.
TABLE XVIII. DISTRICT-WISE IRRIGATION SUPPLY IN METER CUBIC OF TAMIL NADU
CROP
ANNUAL NIR IN m
AREA IRRIGATED IN HECTARES
ANNUAL SUPPLY IN MC
Thanjavur
Paddy
11.25
136370
1533.21
Sugarcane
22.02
5911
1301.68
Nagapattinam
Paddy
10.04
83879
842.23
Pudukottai
Paddy
27.31
53768
1468.29
Trichy
Banana
21.22
4078
865.22
Cuddalore
Paddy
12.55
82550
1036.18
Sugarcane
59.79
14414
861.81
Erode
Ragi
5.29
3484
184.48
Sugarcane
83.86
14610
1225.23
Banana
14.42
7026
1012.83
Salem
Ragi
0.436
3964
18.36
Dharmapuri
Ragi
0.712
9453
67.30
Sugarcane
21.84
3576
781.11
The Nilgris
Coffee
1.546
3952
61.12
Tumkur
Ragi
0.02
164802
264.63
Jowar
2.29
2574
589.58
Groundnut
0.76
80042
605.44
Coconut
0.66
105093
697.64
Mysore
Banana
0.21
5223
1069.24
Cotton
0.29
2068
608.34
Hassan
Ragi
0.34
50685
169.8
Jowar
0.09
5390
522.36
Coffee
0.02
33863
734.06
Coconut
0.01
58821
645.25
Bangalore
Cotton
0.12
4220
526.19
Chikmagalur
Coffee
0.07
49758
355.67
Groundnut
0.84
2912
245.73
Pepper
0.96
1960
187.82
Kodagu
Coffee
0.02
10186
207.24
Pepper
0.17
8788
149.05
Pepper
12.86
2813
361.93
Namakkal
Sugarcane
12.71
6608
840.11
Groundnut
2.02
14554
293.48
Dindigul
Jowar
0.24
11687
282.55
Coimbatore
Jowar
1.54
20791
319.59
Coconut
0.66
49986
329.21
Erode
Ragi
5.29
3484
184.48
Sugarcane
83.86
14610
1225.23
Banana
14.42
7026
1012.83
Salem
Ragi
0.436
3964
18.36
Dharmapuri
Ragi
0.712
9453
67.30
Sugarcane
21.84
3576
781.11
The Nilgris
Coffee
1.546
3952
61.12
Pepper
12.86
2813
361.93
Namakkal
Sugarcane
12.71
6608
840.11
Groundnut
2.02
14554
293.48
Dindigul
Jowar
0.24
11687
282.55
Coimbatore
Jowar
1.54
20791
319.59
Coconut
0.66
49986
329.21
Pepper
12.86
2813
361.93
Namakkal
Sugarcane
12.71
6608
840.11
Groundnut
2.02
14554
293.48
Dindigul
Jowar
0.24
11687
282.55
Coimbatore
Jowar
1.54
20791
319.59
Coconut
0.66
49986
329.21
Erode
Ragi
5.29
3484
184.48
Sugarcane
83.86
14610
1225.23
Banana
14.42
7026
1012.83
Salem
Ragi
0.436
3964
18.36
Dharmapuri
Ragi
0.712
9453
67.30
Sugarcane
21.84
3576
781.11
The Nilgris
Coffee
1.546
3952
61.12
Pepper
12.86
2813
361.93
Namakkal
Sugarcane
12.71
6608
840.11
Groundnut
2.02
14554
293.48
Dindigul
Jowar
0.24
11687
282.55
Coimbatore
Jowar
1.54
20791
319.59
Coconut
0.66
49986
329.21
TABLE XIX. DISTRICT-WISE IRRIGATION SUPPLY IN METER CUBIC OF KARNATAKA
-
-
Daily Domestic Usage Analysis
-
Population Forecasting – Tamil Nadu
DISTRICT
1991
2001
2011
R1 IN
%
R2 IN %
R
2017
Ariyalur
636400
695524
754894
9.29
8.54
0.1
3
810676
Coimbatore
2493700
2916620
3458045
16.96
18.56
0.2
5
3956188
Cuddalore
2122759
2285395
2605914
7.66
14.02
0.1
6
2848341
Dharmapuri
1123600
1295182
1506843
15.27
16.34
0.2
2
1700848
Dindigul
1760601
1923014
2159775
9.22
12.31
0.1
5
2353407
Erode
1802900
2016582
2251744
11.85
11.66
0.1
7
2469442
Karur
854162
935686
1064493
9.54
13.77
0.1
7
1168152
Krishnagiri
1305100
1561118
1879809
19.62
20.41
0.2
8
2183100
Madurai
2400339
2578201
3038252
7.41
17.84
0.1
9
3377959
Nagapattina m
1377700
1488839
1616450
8.07
8.57
0.1
2
1728058
Namakkal
1322715
1493462
1726601
12.91
15.61
0.2
0
1928667
DISTRICT
1991
2001
2011
R1 IN
%
R2 IN %
R
2017
Ariyalur
636400
695524
754894
9.29
8.54
0.1
3
810676
Coimbatore
2493700
2916620
3458045
16.96
18.56
0.2
5
3956188
Cuddalore
2122759
2285395
2605914
7.66
14.02
0.1
6
2848341
Dharmapuri
1123600
1295182
1506843
15.27
16.34
0.2
2
1700848
Dindigul
1760601
1923014
2159775
9.22
12.31
0.1
5
2353407
Erode
1802900
2016582
2251744
11.85
11.66
0.1
7
2469442
Karur
854162
935686
1064493
9.54
13.77
0.1
7
1168152
Krishnagiri
1305100
1561118
1879809
19.62
20.41
0.2
8
2183100
Madurai
2400339
2578201
3038252
7.41
17.84
0.1
9
3377959
Nagapattina m
1377700
1488839
1616450
8.07
8.57
0.1
2
1728058
Namakkal
1322715
1493462
1726601
12.91
15.61
0.2
0
1928667
TABLE XX. GEOMETRIC MEAN METHOD- TAMIL NADU
CROP
ANNUAL NIR IN M
AREA IRRIGATED IN HECTARES
ANNUAL SUPPLY IN MC
Mandya
Paddy
2.36
54770
1291.47
Jowar
3.17
1198
380.66
Ragi
0.289
51794
149.94
Chamrajanagar
Ragi
0.16
116110
259.51
Sugarcane
0.65
26010
1698.21
Groundnut
0.34
18090
623.31
Banana
0.12
11529
1411.39
TABLE XX. GEOMETRIC MEAN METHOD- TAMIL NADU
(contd.)
Pudukkottai
1327148
1459601
1618345
9.98
10.88
0.15
1757713
Salem
2573667
3016346
3482056
17.20
15.44
0.23
3944746
Sivaganga
1103100
1155356
1339101
4.74
15.90
0.17
1468317
Thanjavur
2053700
2216138
2405890
7.91
8.56
0.12
2570432
Theni
1049323
1093950
1245899
4.25
13.89
0.15
1351532
The Nilgiris
710214
762141
735394
7.31
-3.51
0.06
763343
Thiruvarur
1100100
1169474
1264277
6.31
8.11
0.10
1340657
Tiruchirappali
2196473
2418366
2722290
10.10
12.57
0.16
2977750
Tiruppur
1532000
1920154
2479052
25.34
29.11
0.39
3015253
Viluppuram
2755674
2960373
3458873
7.43
16.84
0.18
3827860
TABLE XXI. DOMESTIC DEMAND AND SUPPLY -TAMIL NADU
DISTRICT
DEMAND (LITRES PER DAY)
SUPPLY (LITRES PER DAY)
Ariyalur
109441196
6506817
Coimbatore
534085389
242779982
Cuddalore
384526097
50266185
Dharmapuri
229614543
19133044
Dindigul
317709907
39771784
Erode
333374625
83760719
Karur
157700509
20654074
Krishnagiri
294718562
24647940
Madurai
456024529
85028028
Nagapattinam
233287808
30795573
Namakkal
260370103
53347505
Pudukkottai
237291232
20983450
Salem
532540660
175929722
Sivaganga
198222739
30459047
Thanjavur
347008311
27080360
Theni
182456817
52028986
The Nilgiris
103051293
32411839
Thiruvarur
180988724
21962838
Tiruchirappali
401996267
13877807
Tiruppur
407059192
71097858
Viluppuram
516761120
35446169
-
Population Forecasting Karnataka
TABLE XXII. GEOMETRC MEAN METHOD- KARNATAKA
DISTRICT
1991
2001
2011
R1 IN
%
R2 IN
%
R
2017
Bangalore Urban
4839169
6537124
9621551
35.09
47.18
0.59
12698573
Bangalore Rural
717525
850968
990923
18.60
16.45
0.25
1131942
Chamarajanagar
883365
965462
1020791
9.29
5.73
0.11
1086274
Chikmangalur
1017283
1149007
1255104
12.95
9.23
0.16
1371318
Hassan
1569684
1721669
1776421
9.68
3.18
0.10
1882932
Mandya
1644374
1763705
1805769
7.26
2.38
0.08
1887311
Mysore
2281653
2641027
3001127
15.75
13.63
0.21
3361975
Ramanagara
955669
1030546
1082636
7.84
5.05
0.09
1142120
Tumkur
2305819
2584711
2678980
12.10
3.65
0.13
2877193
TABLE XXIII. DOMESTIC DEMAND AND SUPPLY – KARNATAKA
DISTRICT
DEMAND (LITRES PER DAY)
SUPPLY (LITRES PER DAY)
Bangalore Urban
2520666826
1739704560
Bangalore Rural
152812223
62256831
Chamarajanagar
146646973
59745063
Chikmangalur
185127951
68565908
Hassan
254195757
131805207
Mandya
254786987
217040767
Mysore
453866640
474038490
Ramanagara
154186204
62816601
Tumkur
388421067
189894744
-
Population Forecasting Kerala
TABLE XXIV. GEOMETRIC MEAN METHOD- KERALA
DISTRI CT
1991
2001
2011
R1 IN
%
R2 IN
%
R
2017
Idukki
10,55,100
11,29,22
1
11,08,974
7.03
–
1.7
9
0.0
7
115357
4
Wayanad
6,72,128
7,80,619
8,17,420
16.1
4
4.7
1
0.1
7
897318
TABLE XXV. DOMESTIC DEMAND AND SUPPLY KERALA
DISTRICT
DEMAND (LITRES PER DAY)
SUPPLY (LITRES PER DAY)
Idukki
155732489
25904147
Wayanadu
121137869
24683325
-
-
Irrigation Project Efficiency Analysis
TABLE XXVI. EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION PROJECT- TAMIL NADU
PROJECT NAME
CULTURABLE COMMAND AREA (CCA) (TH HA)
POTENTIAL CREATED (PC) (TH HA)
Cauvery Delta
368
504.64
Cauvery Mettur
103.6
111.7
Kattalai
30.89
49.45
Lower Bhavani
83.77
68.02
Lower Coleroon Anicut
53.54
66
Mettur Canal
18.21
18.21
Parambikulam Aliyar
101.25
101.25
PROJECT NAME
CULTURABLE COMMAND AREA (CCA) (TH HA)
POTENTIAL CREATED (PC) (TH HA)
Cauvery Anicut
76.88
77.17
Harangi
54.82
54.59
Hemavathy
283.29
283.58
Kabini
87.89
44.51
Krishnarajasagar
79.31
79.31
Nugu
10.5
10.53
PROJECT NAME
CULTURABLE COMMAND AREA (CCA) (TH HA)
POTENTIAL CREATED (PC) (TH HA)
Cauvery Anicut
76.88
77.17
Harangi
54.82
54.59
Hemavathy
283.29
283.58
Kabini
87.89
44.51
Krishnarajasagar
79.31
79.31
Nugu
10.5
10.53
TABLE XXVII. EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION PROJECT- KARNATAKA
-
Ground Water Usage Analysis for Tamil Nadu
TABLE XXVIII. GROUND WATER USAGE ESTIMATION-TAMIL NADU
DISTRICT
NET GROUND WATER AVAILAB ILIY
(IN MCM)
EXISTING GROSS GROUND
WATER DRAFT FOR ALL USERS (IN MCM)
STAGE OF GROUND WATER DEVELO PMENT (IN %)
CATEGORIZATION OF DISTRICT
Ariyalur
314.97
161.52
51
Safe
Coimbatore
438.81
506.15
115
Over-Exploited
Cuddalore
1237.08
1066.76
86
Semi Critical
Dharmapur i
375.84
497.3
132
Over-Exploited
Dindigul
536.56
636.75
119
Over-Exploited
Erode
696.03
651.68
94
Critical
Karur
323.23
298.64
92
Critical
Krishnagiri
354.94
471.44
133
Over-Exploited
Madurai
658.68
380.27
58
Safe
Nagapattin am
159.16
162.88
102
Over-Exploited
Namakkal
491.73
439.84
89
Semi Critical
The Nilgiris
118.94
11.31
10
Safe
Perambalur
207.62
280.76
135
Over-Exploited
Pudukottai
1431.08
314.38
22
Safe
Salem
523.56
856.32
164
Over-Exploited
Thanjavur
789.05
819.33
104
Over-Exploited
Theni
357.18
307.78
86
Semi Critical
Thiruvarur
299.8
214.2
71
Semi Critical
Tiruchirapa lli
725.6
571.15
79
Semi Critical
Villupuram
1498.28
1539.35
103
Over-Exploited
-
Coleroon Discharge Analysis
TABLE XXIX. DISCHARGE CALCULATION AT COLEROON
|
MONTH |
TIME INTERVAL |
Q(C USE CS) |
Q AVER AGE |
VOLUME (FT^3) |
UNIT |
|
0 |
2000 |
||||
|
24 |
2000 |
2,000 |
48,000 |
||
|
JULY END |
12 |
150 |
1,075 |
12,900 |
|
|
12 |
3879 3 |
19,472 |
2,33,658 |
||
|
TOTA L |
0.29 |
Million Cubic Feet |
|||
|
0 |
3600 0 |
41,000 |
– |
||
|
15 |
1072 76 |
71,638 |
10,74,570 |
||
|
11 |
8000 0 |
93,638 |
10,30,018 |
||
|
12 |
7100 0 |
75,500 |
9,06,000 |
||
|
AUGUST |
12 |
4600 0 |
58,500 |
7,02,000 |
|
|
12 |
1280 00 |
87,000 |
10,44,000 |
||
|
24 |
1350 00 |
1,31,50 0 |
31,56,000 |
TABLE XXIX DISCHARGE CALCULATION AT COLEROON (Contd.)
|
MONTH |
TIME INTERVAL |
Q(C USE CS) |
Q AVER AGE |
VOLUME (FT^3) |
UNIT |
|
12 |
1430 00 |
1,39,00 0 |
16,68,000 |
||
|
12 |
1600 00 |
1,51,50 0 |
18,18,000 |
||
|
24 |
6000 0 |
1,10,00 0 |
26,40,000 |
||
|
24 |
1109 72 |
85,486 |
20,51,664 |
||
|
TOTA L |
16 |
Million Cubic Feet |
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
-
Irrigation Supply and Demand Graph
Fig 2 Graph between Irrigation Supply and Demand-Tamil Nadu
Fig 3 Graph between Irrigation Supply and Demand-Karnataka
Suggestions –
-
From both the graphs and calculations, it is observed that Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are harvesting rice and sugarcane in large quantities. These water- intensive agricultural cropping patterns cannot be justified in this basin.
-
At the policy level, what is grown in the basin area has never come under dispute. Apart from linking
rivers and building canals and dams, modifying cropping patterns and supporting ground water management projects can be more focused on. This kind of approach is the key to fostering co-operation rather than competition.
-
23% of Karnatakas share of Cauvery water is utilized to irrigate paddy fields alone. Sugarcane also
consumes around 3 Lakh Hectares. This type of irrigation is done for a region where the soil is porous sandy loam which has less water holding capacity, resulting in less effective flood irrigation.
-
Before independence, farmers practiced rain-fed agriculture. After establishment of dams like
Krishnarajasagar and Mettur dams, river flow was blocked to increase its irrigation potential. Farmers adapted to irrigation-fed practice which requires surface water utilization.
-
Farmers in Karnataka can adopt less irrigated crops like Millets (ragi, jowar), Oilseeds (sesame,
groundnut), Pulses (black gram), etc., which was predominant in the pre-independence era.
-
Cauvery is a monsoon dependent perennial river. It is
concluded from the study by Water Resources ministry that water yield in Cauvery is decreasing faster than the rate of declining rainfall in the basin. So, if water sharing conflict is the temporary issue, in the long run, drying up of Cauvery River is the major problem.
-
For Tamil Nadu farmers, it is suitable to do inter- cropping using Banana, Sunflower, Cotton and
Pulses as they require less water, maintain soil fertility and are indigenous to the region.
-
Agriculture Model Intercomparison & Improvement Project (AgMIP) is implemented in Tamil Nadu. It
suggested ways to cultivate paddy more climate and resource friendly. It also recommended direct sowing of rice seeds that does not require flooding.
-
Using short-duration varieties crops which require less water as growth period is reduced.
-
-
Domestic Usage Supply and Demand Graph
Fig 6 Graph between Domestic Supply and Demand-Karnataka
Observations and Suggestions
Fig 4 Graph between Domestic Supply and Demand- Tamil Nadu
-
In all the three states, there is a considerable difference between demand and supply of water for domestic usage irrespective of rural or urban criteria. To eliminate this unpleasant gap, there are certain suggestions to minimize it.
-
Rain water harvesting system must be established in each and every house as much as possible. Periodic inspection
of proper installation and maintenance of these units must be carried out.
-
Metered water supply and pump rating metres must be installed for both ground water and domestic supply to
check whether the particular household is scrutinizing water supply.
-
Control stations must be set up taluk-wise to check the quantity and quality of water supply with that of
permissible values.
-
Recycling of grey water will reduce the demand elaborately.
-
-
Irrigation Project Efficiency Graph
600000
Fig 5 Graph between Domestic Supply and Demand- KL
500000
Area in hectares
Area in hectares
400000
300000
200000
100000
Culturable Command Area Potential Created
0
Irrigation Project
Fig.7 Graph between Irrigation Projects and their Efficiency-Tamil Nadu
300000
250000
Area in hectares
Area in hectares
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Irrigation Project
Culturable Command Area Potential Created
and U.T. of Puducherry. Rise in the water level in the range of 2-4 m has been observed in 14% of wells analyzed and noted in Chennai, Coimbatore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Madurai, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukkottai, Salem, Theni, Trichy and Villupuram districts. Rise in water level more than 4 m has been observed in 11% of wells analysed and noted in Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Erode, Karur, Madurai, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Salem Sivaganga, Theni, Trichy and Villupuram districts. The fall in water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 21% of wells analysed and noted in all the districts and U.T. of Puducherry. The fall in water level in the range of 2-4m has been observed in three percent of wells analysed and noted in Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindigul, Erode, Madurai, Nilgiris, Pudukkottai, Salem, Sivaganga and Trichy districts. The fall in water level more than 4 m has been observed in two percent of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Dindigul, Erode, Karur,
Fig. 8 Graph between Irrigation Projects and their Efficiency-Karnataka
-
Ground Water Usage Analysis
This report also does an extensive study about usage of ground water for agricultural and domestic purposes. For this procedure, fluctuation in ground water level of four different months to its corresponding decadal mean is taken for observation. The information is collected from the annual ground water report of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu for the years 2014-2015, 2015- 2016 and 2016-2017. The aim is to compare the change in ground water level in 2015 and change in ground water level 2016 for all three states.
-
Tamil Nadu
Fig. 9 Water level fluctuation – Decadal mean Jan 2015
Mean Water Levels for The Period January 2006-2015 & January 2016 – The water level data for January 2016 were compared with mean water level for the period January 2006- 2015. Rise in the water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 49% of wells analyzed, spread all over the State
Madurai, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukkottai, Salem, Theni and Villupuram.
Fig 10 Water level fluctuation – Decadal mean Jan 2016
Fig 11: Water level fluctuation decadal mean May 2015
Fig 12 Water level fluctuation decadal mean May 2016
Mean Water Levels for The Period May 2006-2015 & May 2016
– The water level data for May 2016 were compared with mean water level for the period May 2006-2015. Rise in the water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 42% of wells analysed, spread all over the State and U.T. of Puducherry. Rise in the water level in the range of 2-4 m has been observed in 14% of wells analysed and noted in Chennai, Cuddalore, Coimbatore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Karur, Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukkottai, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni, Tiruvannamalai, Tiruchchirappalli and Tiruvarur districts. Rise in water level more than 4 m has been observed in eight percentage of wells analysed and noted in Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Kancheepuram, Kanyakumari, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Salem, Thanjavur, Theni and Tiruchirappalli districts. The fall in water level in the range of 0- 2m has been observed in 25% of wells analysed and noted in all the districts. The fall in water level in the range of 2-4m has been observed in seven percentage of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Kancheepuram, Madurai, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukkottai, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni and Tiruchirappalli districts. The fall in water level more than 4 m has been observed in four percentage of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Dindigul, Erode, Madurai, Namakkal, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Salem, Theni and Tiruchirappalli districts.
Mean Water Levels for the Period August 2006-2015 & August 2016 -The water level data for August 2016 were compared with mean water level for the period August 2006-2015. Rise in the water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 37% of wells analysed, noted all over the State and U.T. of Puducherry. Rise in the water level more than 2 m has been observed in 19% and of wells analysed and noted in all the districts except in Tiruvarur districts and U.T. of Puducherry. The fall in water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 31% of wells analysed and spread all over the State except and U.T. of Puducherry. The fall in water level in the range of 2-4m has been observed in 10% of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri
(Undivided), Dindigul, Erode (Undivided), Karur, Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Nilgiris, Pudukkottai, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni, Tiruvarur and Tiruchirappalli districts. The fall in water level more than 4 m has been observed in three percent of wells analysed and noted as isolated pockets in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Erode (Undivided), Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukkottai, Salem, Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, and Tiruchirappalli districts.
Mean Water Levels For the Period November 2006-2015 & November 2016 – The water level data for November 2016 were compared with mean water level for the period November 2006- 2015. Rise in the water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in nine percent of wells analysed, noted as isolated pockets in Chennai, Coimbatore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Nagapattinam, Nilgiris, Pudukkottai, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni, Tiruchirapalli, and Villupuram districts. Rise in the water level in the range of 2-4 m has been observed in two percent of wells analysed and noted in Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Nagapattinam, Namakkal and Salem districts. Rise in water level more than 4 m has been observed in one percent of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Erode, Namakkal, and Sivaganga districts. The fall in water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 41% of wells analysed and spread all over the State and U.T. of Puducherry. The fall in water level in the range of 2-4m has been observed in 26% of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Dindigul, Erode, Karur, Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Nilgiris, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukottai, Ramanathapuram, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni, Tiruvarur, Trichy, and Villupuram districts. Fall in water level more than 4 m has been observed in 21% of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Karur, Madurai, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukkottai, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni, Tiruvarur, Trichy, and Villupuram districts.
Mean Water Levels for the Period January 2005-2014 & January 2015 – The water level data for January 2015 were compared with mean water level for the period January 2005-2014. Rise in the water level in the range of 0-2 m has been observed in 33% of wells analysed, and noted in all the districts of Tamil Nadu and
U.T. of Puducherry. Rise in the water level in the range of 2-4 m has been observed in seven percent of wells analysed and observed in Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Salem and Trichy districts. Rise in the water level in the range of more than 4 m has been observed in five percent of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Kanyakumari, Madurai, Namakkal, Sivaganga and Theni districts. The fall in water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 34% of wells analysed and noted in all the districts and U.T. of Puducherry. The fall in water level in the range of 2-4m has been observed in 11% of wells analysed and noted in all districts except Kanyakumari, Nagapattinum, Nilgiris and U.T. of Puducherry. The fall in water level more than 4m has been observed in 10% of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Karur, Madurai, Namakkal, Perambalur, Pudukottai, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni, Tiruvarur, Trichy and Villupuram districts.
Mean Water Levels for the Period May 2005-2014 & May 2015 – Rise in the water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 41% of wells analysed, spread all over the State and U.T. of Puducherry. Rise in the water level in the range of 2-4 m has been observed in 14% of wells analysed and noted in Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Karur, Maurai, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukkottai, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni, Trichy, Villupuram districts and Karaikal region of U.T. of Puducherry. Rise in water level more than 4 m has been observed in 10% of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Kanyakumari, Madurai, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Salem, Sivaganga, Theni and Trichy districts. The fall in water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 23% of wells analysed and noted in all the districts and U.T. of Puducherry except Karaikal region and Tiruvarur district. The fall in water level in the range of 2-4m has been observed in nine percentage of wells analysed and noted in Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukkottai, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Trichy and Villupuram districts. The fall in water level more than 4 m has been observed in three percentage of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Erode, Namakkal, Pudukkottai, Salem, Trichy and Villupuram districts.
Mean Water Levels for the Period August 2005-2014 & August 2015 – Rise in the water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 39% of wells analysed, noted all over the State and
U.T. of Puducherry. Rise in the water level in the range of 2-4 m has been observed in 11% of wells analysed and noted in Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Karur, Madurai, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukkottai, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni, Tirunelveli, Trichy, and Villupuram districts. Rise in water level more than 4 m has been observed in eight percentage of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Erode, Kanyakumari, Madurai, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Salem, Sivaganga, Theni and Trichy districts. The fall in water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 29% of wells analysed and spread all over the State and U.T. of Puducherry except Tiruvarur district. The fall in water level in the range of 2- 4m has been observed in nine percentage of wells analysed and noted in Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dindigul, Erode, Kancheepuram, Karur, Madurai, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukkottai, Salem, Trichy and Villupuram districts. The fall in water level more than 4 m has been observed in four percentage of wells analysed and noted in Cuddalore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Karur, Namakkal, Pudukkottai, Salem and Villupuram gar districts.
Mean Water Levels for the Period November 2005-2014 & November 2015 – Rise in the water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 33% of wells analysed, noted all over the State and U.T. of Puducherry. Rise in the water level in the range of 2- 4 m has been observed in 16% of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukkottai, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni, Tiruvarur, Trichy and Villupuram districts and U.T. of Puducherry. Rise in water level more than 4 m has been observed in 10% of wells analysed and noted in Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Madurai, Namakkal,
Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukottai, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni, and Trichy districts. The fall in water level in the range of 0-2m has been observed in 25% of wells analysed and spread all over the State except in Nagapattinam, districts and U.T. of Puducherry. The fall in water level in the range of 2-4m has been observed in 10% of wells analysed and noted in Chennai, Coimbatore, Dindigul, Erode, Karur, Namakkal, Nilgiris, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukottai, Salem, Sivaganga, Trichy, and Villupuram districts. Fall in water level more than 4 m has been observed in six percent of wells analysed and noted in Chennai, Coimbatore, Dharmapuri (Undivided), Dindigul, Erode, Karur, Madurai, Namakkal, Perambalur (Undivided), Pudukkottai, Salem, Theni, Trichy, and Villupuram districts.
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Karnataka
Fig 13 Water level fluctuation – decadal mean Aug 2016
Fig 14 Water level fluctuation – decadal mean Aug 2015
Change in Water Level: Mean (January 2006 to January 2015)- Jan 2016 – Major parts of the districts, under consideration, are showing fall in water level as compared to decadal mean water level of 2006-2015 with respect to January 2016 water level. In the rise category, water level showing less than 2 m is observed in parts of all most all districts as minor patches. Rise in the range of
2-4 m is observed in Bangalore rural, Bangalore Urban, Chamrajanagar, Chitradurga, Kodagu, and Mandya, Mysore, and Tumkur districts. Rise of more than 4 m water level is observed as small patches in parts of Bangalore Rural, Chikmagalur, Kodagu, Mandya, Tumkur, and Chitradurga districts. Fall in water level less than 2 m and 2-4 m is noticed in parts of almost all the districts. Fall of water level of more than 4 m is observed as small patches in all the districts.
Bangalore Urban district.
Bangalore Urban district.
Change in Water Level, Mean (May2006 to May 2015) May 2016 – Rise in water level in the range of 0 to 2 m is observed in all parts under consideration. A rise in water level of 2 to 4 m is noticed as patches in almost all parts of the State except in the Mandya district. Rise in water level of >4m is noticed as small patches in all the districts except Mandya, and Chitradurga. Fall in water level of <2 m is noticed in almost all parts of the districts. Fall in Water levels in the range of 2 to 4 m is also noticed in almost all parts of the districts. Fall in water level of >4 m is noticed as small patches in almost all parts of the districts except
Fig 15 Water level fluctuation – decadal mean Nov 2016
Fig. 16 Water level fluctuation – decadal mean Nov 2015
Change in Water Level, Mean (Aug 2006 to Aug 2015)-Aug 2016
– Major part of the State is showing fall in water level compared to decadal mean water level of 2006-2015 with respect to August 2016 water level. In the rise category, water level less than 2 m rise observed in parts of Chitradurga, Tumkur, Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Mandya, and Chamarajanagar districts. Rise of 2 to 4 m is observed in parts of almost all the districts except Mysore district. More than 4 m rise is observed as small patches in Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Chamarajanagar Ramanagara, Shimoga, and Tumkur districts. Fall in water level of less than 2m and 2 to 4 m is recorded in parts of almost all the districts of Karnataka State. Fall in water level of more than 4 m is observed in parts of almost all the districts except Hikkaballapura, Bangalore urban and Tumkur.
Change in Water Level, Mean (Nov 2006 to Nov 2015) Nov 2016 – Major parts of the districts are showing fall in water levels as compared to decadal mean water level of November 2006 – November 2015 with respect to November 2016 water level. In the rise category, water level showing rise of less than 2 m is observed in parts of almost all the districts as minor patches. Rise in the range of 2 to 4 m is observed in parts of Bangalore Rural, Bangalore Urban, Kodagu, and Tumkur districts. Rise of more than 4 m in water level is observed as small patches in parts of Bangalore Rural and Tumkur districts. Fall in water levels of less than 2 m and 2 to 4 m are noticed in parts of almost all the districts. Fall of water level of more than 4 m is observed as small patches in all the districts.
Change in Water Level: Mean (January 2005 to January 2014)- Jan 2015 – In the rise category, rise of 0 to 2 m is observed in entire Karnataka State. Rise in water level of 2 to 4 m is noticed as patches in almost all districts except in Mysore and Hassan. Rise in water level of greater than 4 m is recorded as small patches in Bangalore Rural, Chamrajanagar, Chikmagalur, Chitradurga, Hassan, Kodagu, Mandya, and Tumkur districts of Karnataka State. In fall category, fall n water level of 0-2 m is seen in almost in all districts considered in Karnataka. Fall in water level of 2 to 4 m is noticed as patches in almost all districts considered in Karnataka State. Fall in water level of greater than 4 m is seen in almost all districts except Kodagu district.
Change in Water Level: Mean (May 2005 to May 2014) May 2015 – Rise in water level of <2m is noticed in almost all parts of the State. A rise in water level of 2-4 m is noticed as patches in almost all parts of the State except in the coastal districts. Rise in water level of >4m is noticed as small patches in all districts except Bagalkot and Koppal districts. Fall in water level of <2 m is noticed in almost all parts of the State. Water level fall of 2-4 m is also noticed in almost all parts of the State except Koppal districts. Fall in water level of >4 m is noticed as small patches in almost all parts of the State except Chamrajanagar, Kodagu, Koppal and Tumkur districts.
Change in Water Level, Mean (Aug 2005 to Aug 2014)-Aug 2015
– Major part of the State, under consideration, are showing fall in water level compared to decadal mean water level of 2005-2014 with respect to August 2015 water level. In the rise category water level less than 2m rise observed in Chitradurga, Tumkur, Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Mandya, and Chamrajanagar districts. Rise of 2-4 m is observed as patches in Chitradurga, Tumkur, Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Mandya, and
Chamrajanagar districts. More than 4 m rise is observed as small patches in Chitradurga, Chikmagalur, Hassan, Tumkur, Bangalore urban, Mandya, Mysore, Chamrajanagar and Kodagu districts. Fall in water level less than 2m and 2-4 m is recorded in almost all the districts under consideration. Fall in water level of more than 4 m is observed in almost all districts except Chamrajanagar, Kodagu and Mandya districts.
Change in Water Level: Mean (Nov 2005 to Nov 2014) Nov 2015 – Majority of the districts are showing fall in water level as compared to decadal mean water level of 2005-2014 with respect to November 2015 water level. In the rise category, water level showing less than 2m is observed in parts of all most all districts as minor patches. Rise in the range of 2-4 m is observed in Bangalore rural, Bangalore Urban, Chamrajanagar, Chitradurga, Kodagu, Mandya, Mysore, and Tumkur districts. Rise of more than 4m water level is observed as small patches in parts of Bangalore rural, Chikmagalur, Kodagu, Mandya, Tumkur and Chitradurga districts. Fall in water level less than 2m and 2-4 m is noticed in parts of almost all districts. Fall of water level of more than 4m is observed as small patches in all the districts.
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Kerala
Fig. 17 Water level fluctuation – Decadal mean Jan 2015
Fig. 18 Water level fluctuation – Decadal mean-Jan 2016
Fig. 19 Water level fluctuation – Decadal mean Aug 2015
Fig. 20 Water level fluctuation Decadal mean- Aug 2016
Fluctuation between Mean January (2006-2015) and January 2016
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Most of the places in Wayanadu are observed with rise in the range of 0-2 m and in other parts of the districts show a decline in ground water level in the range of 0-2 m.
Fluctuation between Mean April (2006-2015) and April 2016 – The change in water level over the last ten years period is brought out by the comparison of water level with the mean value of April measurements of the period 2006-2015. This analysis indicates that the change in water level is mostly restricted to +2(rise) to – 2(fall) m. Some parts of Idukki are showing rise in water level. However, fall in water level is predominant in many parts of Idukki district and almost all parts of Wayanadu district.
Fluctuation between Mean August (2006-2015) and August 2016
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The change in water level over the last ten years period is brought out by the comparison of water level with the mean value of August measurements of the period 2006-2015. This analysis indicates that the change in water level is mostly restricted to
+2(rise) to -2(fall) m. In rise category, Rise of in the range of 0-2 m is observed as small patches only in Idukki district. However major parts of Idukki district is showing fall in the range of 0-2 m. In case of Wayanadu, almost all parts are observed to be in the range of 0-2 m of fall and some parts are noticed with fall in the range of 2-4 m.
Fluctuation between Mean November (2006-2015) and November 2016 – The change in water level over the last ten years period is brought out by the comparison of water level with the mean value of November measurements of the period 2006-2015. Rise in the range of 0-2 m in some parts of Idukki and in a few areas of Wayanadu. Fall in the range of 0-2m is noticed in major parts of the districts. The occurrence of fall in the range 2-4 m is observed in some parts of Wayanadu and in a few areas of Idukki.
Fluctuation between Mean January (2005-2014) and January 2015
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The change in water level over the last ten years period is brought out by the comparison of water level with decadal mean value of January measurements for the period 2005-2014.This analysis indicate that the change in water level is mostly restricted to +2 (rise) to -2 (fall) m. Rise in water level is predominant in Wayanadu district and it is in the range of 0-2 m. But some parts of the district show fall in the range of 0-2 m. In Idukki area having fall in the range of 00-2m is comparatively larger than area with rise in the range of 0-2 m.
Fluctuation between Mean April (2005-2014) and April 2015 – Rise in the range of 0-2 m water level is predominant in both Idukki and Wayanadu district. However, in some parts of Idukki district and in very few places in Wayanadu district show fall in the water level when compared with the decadal mean. The range of fall is again between 0-2 m.
Fluctuation between Mean August (2005-2014) and August 2015
-Rise in the range of 0-2 m is observed in some parts of Idukki district and in a few places of Wayanadu districts. Other parts in Idukki district and in some places of Wayanadu district show fall in the range of 0-2 m. Fall in the range of 2-4 m is also witnessed in some parts of Wayanadu district.
Fluctuation between Mean November (2005-2014) and November 2015 – Rise in the range of 0-2 m is predominant in Idukki district. Some parts of Idukki and almost entire Wayanadu district are observed to have fallen in the range of 0-2 m.
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Inference
Tamil Nadu – In the months of January, May and August while comparing the scenarios between 2015 and 2016, the districts under observation show expansion of areas where rise in groundwater level is observed. This change is high when compared to the corresponding situations of Karnataka. But the area under fall category has increased drastically when compared to the previous study periods and also larger than Karnataka. Though there is an increase in area under rise category for the months January, May and August, in November almost all the area
has started to show drastic decline in groundwater level. So, the state needs some new ground water managing technique to soften this change.
Karnataka – In the months of January and May, while comparing the scenarios between 2015 and 2016, the districts under observation show expansion of areas where rise in groundwater level is observed. It is noticed that only some area under fall category in 2015 has shifted to raise category in 2016 for the month of August. But for November most of the districts under rise category have started to show decline in groundwater to a depth >2 m that of its decadal mean. Though there is an increase in area under rise category for the months January, May and August, in November almost all the area has started to show drastic decline in groundwater level. So, the state needs some new ground water managing technique to soften this change.
Kerala – The trend of increase in area under decline in groundwater is observed btween fluctuations in the years 2015 and 2016. Almost all the parts of Idukki and Wayanadu are showing a fall in the range of 0-2 m in 2016, while during the same month of 2015 the area under the fall category is less. A significant increase in area having fall of groundwater level in the range 2-4 m is observed in the months of August and November between 2015 and 2016. The fall is within the range of 4m but, if this prevails for n number of years, recharging of ground water to the original depth will become a tough job.
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Suggestions
All the three states have to be effectively managed for conservation of groundwater. However, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka require adopting a new conservative action immediately. In Kerala since they are equally utilizing groundwater, rainwater and river water, there is stretch for natural recharge. Based on the findings, following ideas can be considered:
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Reducing concrete surfaces and increasing green cover.
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Artificial Recharge techniques (indirect and direct) can be as adopted. One of the newly developed ways is sub-surface
dams which has following advantages: minimum amount of evaporation loss, area acquisition is low, environmental flow is maintained and damage due to collapse is eliminated.
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Diversion of flood water towards areas with low rainfall and has soil having high water-retention capacity.
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Coleroon Discharge Variation
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Need for Analysis of Mettur dam
The project also explores the study of Mettur dam. This was carried out due to the recent conflict of releasing the discharge directly into the sea without proper assessment or utilization by the state government water authority. Another reason is due to the resistance from officials in releasing the inflow/outflow values to the public and news media. The study is done from data collected from The Hindu newspaper. The observation is made from 19th July to 2nd August 2018. These dates were purposefully nominated because of the heavy rainfall received by Karnataka during South-
capacity for more than 25 days till the beginning of September. Since the data is collected from newspaper, data is discontinuous.
capacity for more than 25 days till the beginning of September. Since the data is collected from newspaper, data is discontinuous.
West monsoon which in turn lead to excess amount of outflow from Kabini dam and Krishnarajasagar dam. Mettur dam reached its full capacity 39th time in 84-year history on 22nd July, 2018. Starting from the onset of August, the dam has been in its full
Ma
125
120
water level in feet
water level in feet
115
110
E. 3 Need for Analysis of Coleroon dam
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Apart from the inflow from Karnataka, Mettur dam also received water from Bhavani River in Kerala and Amaravathi River in Coimbatore. For second week of August, Cauvery met with heavy flow from Kerala. During this period, flow at Mayanur in Karur was heavy.
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Sometimes the flow reaches 2.21 Lakh cusecs which was
present for three consecutive days. But the carrying capacity of Mukkombu is only 35000-36000 cusecs. So, to ease the flow, major part of the water is released into Coleroon. For this incident, this project also analyses Coleroon discharge for 12 days (peak time). The water levels were collected from newspapers and by discharge calculations, volume of water released from Coleroon were estimated.
105
100
95
90
WATER LEVEL(ft)
Fig. 21 Mettur Dam Water Levels
180000
Volume of water in cusecs
Volume of water in cusecs
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
250000
VOLUME (cusec)
VOLUME (cusec)
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
INFLOW (cusec) DISCHARGE (cusec)
Fig. 23 Graph between Volume of discharge and Date
E.3 Observations
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From the calculations, it is observed that about 16 MCFt of water was directly released into the sea.
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The maximum water level was reached at Grand Anicut at the initial stage of peak flow itself. Once Upper Anicut releases
water, it goes to Grand Anicut which was already full at that instance. So, the excess discharge was released straight to the sea because of inadequate storage capacity.
Fig. 22 Graph between Volume of Discharge and Inflow with Date of Mettur Dam
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Observations
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Initially the outflow was kept less than the inflow. When the dam reached its full capacity, the outflow was made more or less equal to the inflow.
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During mid-August, both the inflow and outflow were equal and at their peaks.
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However, from the start of September, the outflow was maintained higher than the inflow. The reason may be clinched to two possibilities.
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To alleviate the flood which may occur due to the upcoming North-East monsoon,
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To irrigate Lake Samba or Lake Thaladi which help in crop cultivation for Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Thiruvarur, Trichy, Peramblur, and Karur.
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E.4 Suggestions
Regarding the condition when outflow is greater than inflow:
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The water which was released during the time period when inflow was equal to outflow, can be diverted to various irrigation fields of Thanjavur district where there is huge gap in irrigation supply and demand.
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The excess flow can also be diverted and stored in local water
bodies. This is a very efficient procedure as Thanjavur is in semi-critical level of ground water exploitation and the minor difference between domestic demand and supply can be minimalized.
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Once the dam stops receiving a considerable amount of inflow, the outflow can be reduced and the water can be stored for dry season.
Regarding the condition where there is an exclusive flood alert: The Central Water Commission in 1958 commenced Flood Forecasting Services. So far, they have established 175
functional sites in 15 states. But it does not include Cauvery basin. Therefore, in future, it is necessary to implement such sites not only for forecasting flood, but also to control water management as a whole. Thus, there arises a need for Flow Simulation Model.
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Flow Simulation Model
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Quintessential aims and objectives should be instituted according to the history of flow pattern of Cauvery River.
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Entire basin has to be divided into number of categorized watersheds and sub-units, provided the present classification does not favor the new system.
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A panel of professionals, PWD employees and senior students can be allocated for examining the simulation system.
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Within the panel, teams can be split up into smaller crews and
these crews can be assigned to different watershed units for resourceful functioning.
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In this way of team allocation, funding for human resources
can be reduced to an extent as stipend can be given for college students and research scholars.
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Elementary information like Rainfall (DAD curve, Hyetograph, Intensity-depth), Infiltration data, Excess rainfall, Topography can be collected for 10 years and looked upon.
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Initially, it is hard to obtain historical data for all the small
units. So, it is very important to install the necessary measuring devices according to the norms mentioned in Water Management Organization, mentioned in IS 4987-1968.
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After collection of data, the team has to simulate a model for their respective unit by considering all the hydrological aspects.
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The simulation model must be comprised of rainfall and
channel flow relationship and discharge at outlet of each unit.
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This has to be submitted to the main panel. The pnel members can compress all the small units together into a potential workable prototype for the entire basin.
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The simulation model of the entire basin should work in such a way that, hypothetically, if 75mm downpour starts at
12:54pm on 15th October for the duration of 6 hours in Kodagu, about X% of the rainfall excess will be predicted to cause Y% of inflow at Upper Anicut at 11:32pm.
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This process will require proper scheduling, working and
implementing the system. This requires independent and unbiased Water Management Board for the Cauvery basin.
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For further improvement, the entire basin must be connected to a common database by technical assistance such as Internet of Things.
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CONCLUSION
The preliminary aim of the project was to focus primarily on domestic and agricultural usage of water in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, depending on Cauvery water and come up with feasible suggestions and ideas to overcome the inadequacy. As the study progressed, the scope of investigation extended to ground water analysis and evaluation of Coleroon Discharge for a particular flood period. General suggestions were given without paving way for political or legal issues. The project is done on a small-scale basis and the
methodology adopted can be used for a grass-root level exploration.
Judicious use of ground water, rain water and surface water sources is the best simple-cut solution for the enigma of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu water sharing policy. The present scheme is not practically viable as they dont consider agricultural requirements and patterns into account. The resolutions should be a future-based approach. Ideas like ground water management, waste water recycling and more state-confined amendments will foster co- operation rather than competition between the states in dispute.
Socio-economic growth is directly proportional to the availability of resources where water is one among them. If sustainable water use is not put into implementation, researchers suggest that by 2030, there will be water-scarcity in river Cauvery, thereby, declining socio-economic growth of both the states.
Main sufferers of this century old dispute are the farmers. Approximately 7 farmers die each day as of 2015. Unless there is a hope to harmonize water policies, agricultural patterns and schedule, administrative strategies and mindset of citizens, Cauvery dispute cannot be solved just by technical interferences.
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REFERENCES
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T. Subramanium, Performance Evaluation of Cauvery Irrigation System, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2014, Vol.4 (Issue 6), pp. 191- 197.
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T.R. Neelakantan, C.R. Suribabu, & R. Selvakumar, Opportunity to restore irrigation tanks in the Cauvery delta by mining and deepening, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2016.
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S. Anbazhagan & P. Dash, Environmental case study of Cauvery river flood plain, Journal of Environmental Planning, 2003, Vol.7(Issue 12), pp. 30-35.
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K. Ravi Kumar & Rakesh Khosa, Fair and equitable allocation of Cauvery River water, International Water Research Association, 2007, Vol.32(Issue 4), pp. 571-588.
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Population Data, https://www.citypopulation.de/India- Agglo.html
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Tamil Nadu Ground Water Data http://www.twadboard.gov.in/twad/com
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Kerala Habitation Data http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/HabitationDirectory/Rep orts/rpt_HabInformation.aspx
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The HINDU Newspaper
Central Ground Water Board http://cgwb.gov.in/GW-Year- Book-State.html