Analysis of Energy Produced and Distributed in Rigid Pavement

Abhilekh Srivastava; D. S Ray

doi:10.17577/IJERTV9IS060927

Volume 09, Issue 06 (June 2020)

Analysis of Energy Produced and Distributed in Rigid Pavement

DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV9IS060927

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Authors : Abhilekh Srivastava , D. S Ray
Paper ID : IJERTV9IS060927
Volume & Issue : Volume 09, Issue 06 (June 2020)
Published (First Online): 06-07-2020
ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
Publisher Name : IJERT
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Analysis of Energy Produced and Distributed in Rigid Pavement

Abhilekh Srivastava1, D. S Ray2

1M. Tech Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, BBDU, Lucknow, India

2Professor and Head of Department, Department of Civil Engineering, BBDNITM, Lucknow, India

Abstract:- Modern time requires higher speed and lesser time of travel between origin and destination hence expressways, of rigid pavement have attained more priority than other category of pavement. They have a design module of lesser intersections, lesser obstruction hence providing higher speeds even >100 kmph. This paper has analysed the amount of energy that is contributed by the higher texture depths into the rolling tires. This paper tries to study the energy produced when the tire rolls on the surface of rigid pavement and how it gets distributed into the atmosphere and absorbed by the rubber. For the analysis, pressure and temperature of the tire had a key role in the calculation of the energy produced. The concept of kinetic theory of gases helped us in idealising the nature of the movement of gas molecules and in calculating the energy transfer to the gas molecules. The increase in the kinetic energy gave us the conclusion about the mean texture depth that can be adopted in the designing of the rigid pavement. At different ages of the tire, the relationship between change in kinetic energy and the age of tire has been summarised. For the test site it was concluded that texture depth >2.75 mm is not suitable and greater than this will lead to tire burst accidents.

Keywords:- Rigid pavement, expressway, tire, tire burst, energy, energy transfer, kinetic energy

INTRODUCTION

In the modern world, Transportation has reached to a new level with enhanced technology and different material for its construction. The rigid pavement design (expressways) has given higher speed but has somehow compromised in the surface friction part too and to balance this part there has been a provision of higher texture depths which has given better griping value both in dry and wet conditions. This paper tries to make study of the energy produced when a tire rolls on the surface of rigid pavement and how it gets distributed into the atmosphere and some absorbed by the rolling tire. This paper gives emphasis on the portion of energy produced because of the texture provided on the pavement; and does not include the loss of energy due to any other cause. Necessary assumption has been made to absorb the other cause of energy dissipation. Texture provided on the pavement is basically a series of repeating figures drawn transverse to the moving direction in order to attain a desired value of skid resistance and friction so as to avoid skidding in any condition. But in view of this there is an abrupt increase in the amount of energy being produced and this is causing the problem of tire bursting.

Since the approach to this research is more or less based on the theoretical approach but still some efforts has been made to give the practical relation in the research work and for this purpose the first thing that is being calculated is the inflation pressure inside the tyre and using certain formulas and

certain theoretical relations related to the energy, conclusion is being made about the work done but with lots left for the coming research which is to be done in this respect. Inflation pressure of the tyre is one of basic aspect that can be calculated with utmost precision. The selection of site is also done on the requirement basis and since rigid pavement expressway was needed, therefore Yamuna Expressway connecting Greater Noida with Agra was selected. Yamuna expressway has witnessed many accidents in the past years and tire bursting has been found one of the reasons of accident. It has been seen that the texture depth of the pavement is high enough in causing tire burst hence making it necessary to study this phenomenon and suggest a suitable depth which provided will help in reducing such accidents.
As here in our study, the work is going on for a diatomic gas like O2, N2 etc. hence the translational degree of freedom for the diatomic gas is three and it also spins about its centre of mass about two axes so therefore the total degree of freedom for a diatomic gas is five. In thermal equilibrium at absolute temperature it is seen that each translational mode of motion has an energy equal to (1/2)kBT. Hence the average kinetic energy for a monoatomic gas having three degree of freedom will be (3/2)kbT and similarly for a diatomic gas it will be (5/2)kbT since it has three translational motion and two rotational motion.
LITERATURE REVIEW

Afzali B (2006)12 This paper studied the effect of change in one step of production of tire on the thermal properties and temperature distribution of the rolling tire by performing a finite element modelling of heat transfer and temperature distribution of a steady state rolling tire. It provided the critical points andthe maximum temperature in a rolling tire and it helps in choosing best structure and material of the tire.

L.Tighe (2008)1 This paper performed its study to determine the optimum surface friction and the mean texture depth for cement concrete surface and it was found that mean texture depth of about 1.8 mm provided the maximum friction on textured PCC surface. The different combinations of textures used in preparing the specimen are screed finish, burlap, corn broom and plastic turf drag, exposed aggregate. Woodside (2011)13 This paper has done laboratory tests to measure the dynamic vertical, transverse and longitudinal contact forces under tires with varying inflation pressure and loads. It gave a point that longitudinal contact stresses at the trailing edge of the contact patch were on the higher side when the inflation pressure was low.

Yuanmang Xia (2012)6 This paper has developed a new wireless temperature measurement system that aims to measure the interior temperature distribution of the rolling tire. It gave a vital point with respect to the temperature distribution in a rolling tire that at the beginning the tire temperature is in equilibrium with the ambient air temperature and starts absorbing energy and there is an increase in temperature and after much time it attains an

equilibrium or steady state when all the heat generated is transferred to the ambient air and road through the tire boundary.

Zuraulis (2014)14 This paper made an analysis of the impact of the road micro profile on the duration and the type tire road contact with the pavement moving at different speed. It provided a precise data on different types of irregularities relation with the contact time of moving tire with the surface. Sadok Sassi (2015)10 This paper gave a model analysis of the vehicle whose one tire is burst and provided result on the stability and geometry of the vehicle and the driver when phenomenon of tire burst occur. Since tire burst is a fatal phenomenon it relates all the changes that occur in a moving vehicle when the tire blows out.

Grinchuk(2016)8 This paper made a study on the heat exchange with air and gave the temperature profile of moving oversize tire. It gave the mathematical model of heat transfer in a tire and its heat exchange with air. The mean temperature profiles were calculated by considering transition to a stationary thermal regime and the influence of the rate of energy dissipation and of effective thermal conductivity of rubber on the temperature field is investigated.

DATA COLLECTION

Yamuna expressway also known as Taj Expressway is basically a 6 lane, extendable to 8 lanes, 165 km long access controlled expressway which connects Greater Noida with Agra in the territory of Uttar Pradesh. It is one of the Indias longest six lane expressway. This expressway starts from Pari Chowk in Greater Noida and ends at Kuberpur in Agra. It is monitored and maintained by a body called Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority (YEIDA).

Fig. 1 View of Yamuna Expressway

The accident data of the Yamuna Expressway, of the past three years, was made available to us. There was not much classification of the accidents by which cause they have occurred but tyre bursting was one of the many causes due to which those accidents have occurred. The number of road accidents have been on the decrement side but the number of fatal casualties increased.

Fig. 2 Accident Data of Yamuna Expressway

With due permission from the concerned authority some basic technical features of the expressway were obtained.

S.NO.	DESCRIPTION
1.	Total number of lanes	6 : 3.5 m width each
2.	Permissible speed	100 kmph for LMV 60 kmph for HMV
3.	Maximum Allowable speed	120 kmph
4.	Total length	165.5 km
5.	Right of Way	100 m wide
6.	Pavement Width	15.70 m
7.	Maximum axle load design	20 tonnes
8.	Shoulder Width	5.10 m
9.	Thickness of PQC	320 mm (main carriageway)
10.	Thickness of DLC	150 mm
11.	Top Width of Embankment	47.60 m (including 6.0 m wide Median)
12.	Vehicle underpass	70
13.	Minor bridges	41
14.	Interchanges	6
15.	Box Culverts	182
16.	Main Toll Plaza	3 ( 26 lanes at each location)
17.	Concrete	33.2 lakh cum
18.	Cement	12.0 lakh tonnes
19.	Steel	1.30 lakh tonnes
20.	Stone Aggregate	130 lakh tonnes
21.	Bitumen	7500 tonnes
22.	Admixtures	12500 tonnes

Table 1 Features of Yamuna Expressway

In March, the first trial of the experiment was conducted from the region Etmadpur to Gautam Budhh nagar by taking two vehicles of the same class; one in the morning and the other in the afternoon. There were no stops made in between the journey and constant average speed of about 90 kmph was made. It was ensured that the tires used in this test are new and not worn out from before. Of the concerned moving vehicles the initial pressure readings of both the front and rear side (right and left both) tires were recorded with utmost accuracy that could be made on the road. The picture of the existing texture on the pavement was clicked and is shown below. In both the vehicles it was ensured that the pressure in the tires is maintained at the level as prescribed in the manual.

On completing the total length of the expressway then again the pressure of the tires is being recorded with all the precision and is noted in the sheet shown above. After

analysing the sheet we could observe an increase in the pressure reading by about 2 psi in all the four tires of both the vehicles when the vehicle is loaded with the load of two persons of around 75 kg.

Fig. 3 Sheet 1: Etmadpur to Gautambudhh Nagar

Another trial was made on the next day but this time peak temperature was chosen so as to have the effect of high temperature on the test results also. This time the journey was made from the Gautam Budhh Nagar area to Etmadpur region. The loading conditions was kept the same and again the travel speed was maintained at 90 kmph. The concerned initial pressure reading was again taken with utmost precision. There was no stop in between the journey and the journey was completed in about the same time that was taken in the first test trial.

Fig. 4 Sheet 2: Gautambudhh Nagar to Etmadpur

From the above trial test we observed a significant increase in the pressure of the tires. The pressure in the front side tyres of the vehicle were kept 2 psi less than that of the

prescribed value in the manual and those tires showed an increase of about 5-6 psi pressure value while the rear side tires which were filled with designated pressure value showed an increase of about 2-4 psi.

Fig. 5 Collection of Data

DATA ANALYSIS

After the collection of data, the calculation of the energy and other various aspects were calculated based on the perspective of the gas filled insde the tire and not from the perspective of the tire road contact since it required high and advanced technology for the calculation. Assumptions have been taken of the various laws and concept that are used for the calculation purpose. The one major assumption that has been taken is that the gas filled inside the tire is behaving as an ideal gas and undergoes perfectly elastic collision.

From the above collected data of the initial and final pressure, average three values were selected and the final temperature were calculated using Gay Lussacs Law. The standard initial temperature was taken to be 24oC. The change in kinetic energy was calculated and is tabulated below.

S. N O.	INITIAL PRESSU RE, P1	FINAL PRESSU RE, P2	FINAL TEMPERA TURE, T2	FINAL KINETIC ENERGY, K.E1,2,3	K.E = K.E1,2,3 K.Estan
1.	28 psi	30 psi	318.375 K	16.93 kJ	1.13 kJ
2.	26 psi	32 psi	365.72 K	19.45 kJ	3.65 kJ
3.	26 psi	30 psi	342.86 K	18.23 kJ	2.43 kJ

Table 2 Containing final temperature T2 and change in Kinetic Energy K.E

Every tire has its maximum pressure that it can withstand based on its manufacturing and constituent materials and it decreases with the years and the kms it rolls on the pavement surface. Hence it becomes a major part in the provision of design of the rigid pavement since friction remaining constant in every situation, the capacity of the rolling tires will get reduced with increase in age and this deterioration level will prove fatal for the vehicle. Based on the data collected we can summarise the different situations of the tire at subsequent 1 year of interval and its decrease in the holding maximum pressure.

Case I: when the maximum pressure = 50 psi = 3.4 atm and initial pressure = 28 psi =1.904 atm

For t = 0 it means that the tire is new and can sustain maximum 50 psi pressure; for this condition the kinetic energy of the gas is calculated and at 1 year interval for different pressure conditions kinetic energies are calculated.

Age of tire, t (in years

)

P1

(in atm)

T1 (in K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2 (in K)

K.E1

(in

kJ)

K.E2

(in

kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

1.90

4

297.1

5

3.40

(50)

530.62

5

15.8

0

28.2

2

12.42

1

1.90

4

297.1

5

3.264(4

8)

509.40

15.8

0

27.0

9

11.29

2

1.90

4

297.1

5

3.128(4

6)

488.17

5

15.8

0

25.9

6

10.16

3

1.90

4

297.1

5

2.992(4

4)

466.95

15.8

0

24.8

3

9.03

4

1.90

4

297.1

5

2.856(4

2)

445.72

5

15.8

0

23.7

0

7.90

5

1.90

4

297.1

5

2.72(40)

424.50

15.8

0

22.5

7

6.77

Table 3 Increase in kinetic energy at different age of tires (maximum pressure=50 psi)

14

12

12.42

11.29

10

10.16

Change in kinetic energy(K.E) in kJ

Age of tire, t (in years

)

P1

(in atm)

T1 (in K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2 (in K)

K.E1

(in

kJ)

K.E2

(in

kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

1.90

4

297.1

5

3.468(5

1)

541.23

15.8

0

28.7

8

12.98

1

1.90

4

297.1

5

3.40(50)

530.62

5

15.8

0

28.2

2

12.42

2

1.90

4

297.1

5

3.196(4

7)

498.78

15.8

0

26.5

2

10.72

3

1.90

4

297.1

5

2.856(4

2)

445.72

5

15.8

0

23.7

0

7.90

4

1.90

4

297.1

5

2.856(4

2)

445.72

5

15.8

0

23.7

0

7.90

Age of tire, t (in years

)

P1

(in atm)

T1 (in K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2 (in K)

K.E1

(in

kJ)

K.E2

(in

kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

1.90

4

297.1

5

3.468(5

1)

541.23

15.8

0

28.7

8

12.98

1

1.90

4

297.1

5

3.40(50)

530.62

5

15.8

0

28.2

2

12.42

2

1.90

4

297.1

5

3.196(4

7)

498.78

15.8

0

26.5

2

10.72

3

1.90

4

297.1

5

2.856(4

2)

445.72

5

15.8

0

23.7

0

7.90

4

1.90

4

297.1

5

2.856(4

2)

445.72

5

15.8

0

23.7

0

7.90

Case III: when the maximum pressure = 51 psi and the initial pressure = 28 psi. In this case we assume that the reduction in the maximum pressure is not constant.

8

9.03

7.9

8

9.03

7.9

6

6.77

6

6.77

4

2

0

4

2

0

2

4

6

0

2

4

6

Age of tires (t) in years

Fig. 6 Graph between age of tires and change in kinetic energy (maximum pressure =50 psi)

From the above graph it is estimated that with coming time the capacity of the tires to bear the kinetic energy decreases, not in a constant manner, and therefore if we limit the

Table 5 Increase in kinetic energy at different age of tires (maximum pressure=51 psi)

14

Change in Kinetic Energy(K.E)in kJ

12.98

friction conribution in this energy we can come to the 12

conclusion about the amount of texture that should be

provided and of which particular depth. 10

Case II: when the initial pressure = 28 psi and the maximum

Age	P1	T1 (in	P2 ( in	T2 (in	K.E1	K.E2	K.E
of	(in	K)	atm) (in	K)	(in	(in	=
tire, t (in years	atm)		psi)		kJ)	kJ)	K.E2- K.E1
)
0	1.90	297.1	3.468(5	541.2	15.8	28.7	12.98
	4	5	1)	3	0	8
1	1.90	297.1	3.332(4	520.0	15.8	27.6	11.85
	4	5	9)	1	0	5
2	1.90	297.1	3.196(4	498.7	15.8	26.5	10.72
	4	5	7)	8	0	2
3	1.90	297.1	3.06(45)	477.5	15.8	25.3	9.59
	4	5		6	0	9
4	1.90	297.1	2.924(4	456.3	15.8	24.2	8.47
	4	5	3)	3	0	7
5	1.90	297.1	2.788(4	435.1	15.8	23.1	7.34
	4	5	1)	1	0	4

Age	P1	T1 (in	P2 ( in	T2 (in	K.E1	K.E2	K.E
of	(in	K)	atm) (in	K)	(in	(in	=
tire, t (in years	atm)		psi)		kJ)	kJ)	K.E2- K.E1
)
0	1.90	297.1	3.468(5	541.2	15.8	28.7	12.98
	4	5	1)	3	0	8
1	1.90	297.1	3.332(4	520.0	15.8	27.6	11.85
	4	5	9)	1	0	5
2	1.90	297.1	3.196(4	498.7	15.8	26.5	10.72
	4	5	7)	8	0	2
3	1.90	297.1	3.06(45)	477.5	15.8	25.3	9.59
	4	5		6	0	9
4	1.90	297.1	2.924(4	456.3	15.8	24.2	8.47
	4	5	3)	3	0	7
5	1.90	297.1	2.788(4	435.1	15.8	23.1	7.34
	4	5	1)	1	0	4

pressure = 51 psi=3.468 atm 8

6

4

12.42

10.72

7.9 7.9

2

0

0 1 2 3 4 5

Age of Tires (t)in years

Table 4 Increase in kinetic energy at different age of tires (maximum pressure=51 psi)

Fig. 8 Graph between age of tires and change in kinetic energy (maximum pressure= 51 psi)

Case IV: when the normal pressure = 30 psi and the maximum pressure of the tire= 44 psi =2.992 atm

14

12.98

Change in Kinetic

Energy(K.E)in kJ

Change in Kinetic

Energy(K.E)in kJ

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

11.85

10.72

9.59

8.47

Age of tire, t (in year s)

P1 (in atm)

T1 (in K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2 (in K)

K.E1

(in

kJ)

K.E2

(in

kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

2.04(3

0)

297.1

5

2.992(4

4)

435.8

2

15.8

0

23.1

7

7.37

1

2.04

297.1

5

2.856(4

2)

416.0

1

15.8

0

22.1

2

6.32

2

2.04

297.1

5

2.720(4

0)

396.2

0

15.8

0

21.0

7

5.27

3

2.04

297.1

5

2.584(3

8)

376.3

9

15.8

0

20.0

1

4.21

4

2.04

297.1

5

2.448(3

6)

356.5

8

15.8

0

18.5

2

2.72

297.1

5

Age of tire, t (in year s)

P1 (in atm)

T1 (in K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2 (in K)

K.E1

(in

kJ)

K.E2

(in

kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

2.04(3

0)

297.1

5

2.992(4

4)

435.8

2

15.8

0

23.1

7

7.37

1

2.04

297.1

5

2.856(4

2)

416.0

1

15.8

0

22.1

2

6.32

2

2.04

297.1

5

2.720(4

0)

396.2

0

15.8

0

21.0

7

5.27

3

2.04

2.584(3

8)

376.3

9

15.8

0

20.0

1

4.21

4

2.04

297.1

5

2.448(3

6)

356.5

8

15.8

0

18.5

2

2.72

7.34

0 2 4 6

Age of Tires(t) in years

Table 6 Increase in kinetic energy at different age of tires (maximum pressure=44 psi)

Fig. 7 Graph between age of tires and change in kinetic energy (maximum pressure= 51 psi)

8

7.37

6.32

5.27

4.21

2.72

7.37

6.32

5.27

4.21

2.72

0

1

2

3

4

5

0

1

2

3

4

5

Age of Tires(t)in years

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

2

1

0

Change in kinetic energy(K.E)in kJ

Fig. 9 Graph between age of tires and change in kinetic energy (maximum pressure =44 psi)

Case V: when the normal pressure = 30 psi and the maximum pressure of the tire= 44 psi =2.992 atm

Case VI: when the normal pressure = 30 psi and the maximum pressure of the tire = 44 psi. In this case the deterioration is not taken as constant and accordingly graph is plotted.

Age of tire, t (in years

)

P1

(in atm

)

T1 (in K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2 (in K)

K.E1

(in

kJ)

K.E2

(in

kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.992(4

4)

435.8

2

15.8

0

23.1

7

7.37

1

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.788(4

1)

406.1

0

15.8

0

21.5

9

5.79

2

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.788(4

1)

406.1

0

15.8

0

21.5

9

5.79

3

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.72(40)

396.2

0

15.8

0

21.0

7

5.27

4

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.516(3

7)

366.4

8

15.8

0

19.4

9

3.69

Table 8 Increase in kinetic energy at different age of tires (maximum pressure=44 psi)

8

Change in kinetic energy(K.E) in kJ

7.37

7

Age of tire, t (in years

)

P1

(in atm

)

T1 (in K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2 (in K)

K.E1

(in

kJ)

K.E2

(in

kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.992(4

4)

435.8

2

15.8

0

23.1

7

7.37

1

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.924(4

3)

425.9

1

15.8

0

22.6

5

6.85

2

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.788(4

1)

406.1

0

15.8

0

21.5

9

5.79

3

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.652(3

9)

386.2

9

15.8

0

20.5

4

4.74

4

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.516(3

7)

366.4

8

15.8

0

19.4

9

3.69

Age of tire, t (in years

)

P1

(in atm

)

T1 (in K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2 (in K)

K.E1

(in

kJ)

K.E2

(in

kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.992(4

4)

435.8

2

15.8

0

23.1

7

7.37

1

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.924(4

3)

425.9

1

15.8

0

22.6

5

6.85

2

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.788(4

1)

406.1

0

15.8

0

21.5

9

5.79

3

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.652(3

9)

386.2

9

15.8

0

20.5

4

4.74

4

2.0

4

297.1

5

2.516(3

7)

366.4

8

15.8

0

19.4

9

3.69

6 5.79 5.79

5

4

3

5.27

3.69

8

Table 7 Increase in kinetic energy at different age of tires (maximum pressure=44 psi)

2

1

0

0 1 2 3 4 5

Age of tires(t) in years

7.37

7

6.85

Change in kinetic energy(K.E)in kJ

Fig. 11 Graph between age of tires and change in kinetic energy (maximum pressure =44 psi)

6

5.79

4

3.69

Age of tire, t (in year s)

P1 (in atm)

T1

(in

K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2

(in

K)

K.E

1 (in kJ)

K.E

2 (in kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

2.244(3

3)

297.1

5

4.148(6

1)

549.2

7

15.8

0

29.2

1

13.41

1

2.244

297.1

5

4.012(5

9)

531.2

6

15.8

0

28.2

5

12.45

2

2.244

297.1

5

3.876(5

7)

513.2

5

15.8

0

27.2

9

11.49

3

2.244

297.1

5

3.74(55

)

495.2

5

15.8

0

26.3

4

10.54

4

2.244

297.1

5

3.604(5

3)

477.2

4

15.8

0

25.3

8

9.58

Age of tire, t (in year s)

P1 (in atm)

T

(in

K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2

(in

K)

K.E

1 (in kJ)

K.E

2 (in kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

2.244(3

3)

297.1

5

4.148(6

1)

549.2

7

15.8

0

29.2

1

13.41

1

2.244

297.1

5

4.012(5

9)

531.2

6

15.8

0

28.2

5

12.45

2

2.244

297.1

5

3.876(5

7)

513.2

5

15.8

0

27.2

9

11.49

3

2.244

297.1

5

3.74(55

)

495.2

5

15.8

0

26.3

4

10.54

4

2.244

297.1

5

3.604(5

3)

477.2

4

15.8

0

25.3

8

9.58

Case VII: when the normal pressure = 33 psi and the maximum pressure of the tires =61 psi

5

4.74

5

4.74

3

2

1

0

3

2

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

Age of tires(t) in years

Fig. 10 Graph between age of tires and change in kinetic energy (maximum pressure =44 psi)

Table 9 Increase in kinetic energy at different age of tires (maximum pressure=61 psi)

Change in kinetic energy(K.E)in kJ

16

14 13.41

12 12.45

10

8

6

4

2

0

11.49

10.54

9.58

Case IX: when the normal pressure = 33 psi and the maximum pressure of the tires = 61 psi. And the rate of deterioration is not constant.

0 1 2 3 4 5

Age of tires(t) in years

Fig. 12 Graph between age of tires and change in kinetic energy (maximum pressure =61 psi)

Case VIII: when the normal pressure = 33 psi and the maximum pressure of the tires= 60 psi

Age of tire, t (in years

)

P1

(in atm)

T1 (in K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2 (in K)

K.E1

(in

kJ)

K.E2

(in

kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

2.24

4

297.1

5

4.148(6

1)

549.2

7

15.8

0

29.2

1

13.41

1

2.24

4

297.1

5

4.012(5

9)

531.2

6

15.8

0

28.2

5

12.45

2

2.24

4

297.1

5

3.74(55)

495.2

5

15.8

0

26.3

4

10.54

3

2.24

4

297.1

5

3.672(5

4)

486.2

4

15.8

0

25.8

6

10.06

4

2.24

4

297.1

5

3.468(5

1)

459.2

3

15.8

0

24.4

2

8.62

Age of tire, t (in years

)

P1

(in atm)

T1 (in K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2 (in K)

K.E1

(in

kJ)

K.E2

(in

kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

2.24

4

297.1

5

4.148(6

1)

549.2

7

15.8

0

29.2

1

13.41

1

2.24

4

297.1

5

4.012(5

9)

531.2

6

15.8

0

28.2

5

12.45

2

2.24

4

297.1

5

3.74(55)

495.2

5

15.8

0

26.3

4

10.54

3

2.24

4

297.1

5

3.672(5

4)

486.2

4

15.8

0

25.8

6

10.06

4

2.24

4

297.1

5

3.468(5

1)

459.2

3

15.8

0

24.4

2

8.62

Table 11 Increase in kinetic energy at different age of tires (maximum pressure=61 psi)

Change in kinetic energy(K.E)in kJ

16

Age	P1	T1 (in	P2 ( in	T2 (in	K.E1	K.E2	K.E
of	(in	K)	atm) (in	K)	(in	(in	=	12
tire, t	atm)		psi)		kJ)	kJ)	K.E2-

Age	P1	T1 (in	P2 ( in	T2 (in	K.E1	K.E2	K.E
of	(in	K)	atm) (in	K)	(in	(in	=	12
tire, t	atm)		psi)		kJ)	kJ)	K.E2-

14

(in years

0	2.24	297.1	4.08(60)	540.2	15.8	28.7	12.93
	4	5		7	0	3
1	2.24	297.1	3.944(5	522.2	15.8	27.7	11.97
	4	5	8)	6	0	7
2	2.24	297.1	3.808(5	504.2	15.8	26.8	11.01
	4	5	6)	5	0	1
3	2.24	297.1	3.672(5	486.2	15.8	25.8	10.06
	4	5	4)	4	0	6
4	2.24	297.1	3.536(5	468.2	15.8	24.9	9.10
	4	5	2)	3	0	0

0	.24	297.1	4.08(60)	540.2	15.8	28.7	12.93
	4	5		7	0	3
1	2.24	297.1	3.944(5	522.2	15.8	27.7	11.97
	4	5	8)	6	0	7
2	2.24	297.1	3.808(5	504.2	15.8	26.8	11.01
	4	5	6)	5	0	1
3	2.24	297.1	3.672(5	486.2	15.8	25.8	10.06
	4	5	4)	4	0	6
4	2.24	297.1	3.536(5	468.2	15.8	24.9	9.10
	4	5	2)	3	0	0

)

1

13.41

10

8

6

4

2

12.45

10.54 10.06

8.62

Table 10 Increase in kinetic energy at different age of tires (maximum pressure=60 psi)

0

0 1 2 3 4 5

Age of tires(t)in years

14

Change in kinetic energy(K.E)in kJ

12.93

12

10

8

6

4

2

11.97

11.01

10.06

9.1

Fig. 14 Graph between age of tires and change in kinetic energy (maximum pressure =61 psi)

Age of tire, t (in years

)

P1

(in atm

)

T1 (in K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2 (in K)

K.E1

(in

kJ)

K.E2

(in

kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

2.7

2

297.1

5

4.42(65)

482.8

6

15.8

0

25.6

8

9.88

1

2.7

2

297.1

5

4.284(6

3)

468.0

1

15.8

0

24.8

9

9.09

2

2.7

2

297.1

5

4.148(6

1)

453.1

5

15.8

0

24.1

0

8.30

3

2.7

2

297.1

5

4.012(5

9)

438.2

9

15.8

0

23.3

1

7.51

4

2.7

2

297.1

5

3.876(5

7)

423.4

3

15.8

0

22.5

2

6.72

Age of tire, t (in years

)

P1

(in atm

)

T1 (in K)

P2 ( in atm) (in psi)

T2 (in K)

K.E1

(in

kJ)

K.E2

(in

kJ)

K.E

= K.E2- K.E1

0

2.7

2

297.1

5

4.42(65)

482.8

6

15.8

0

25.6

8

9.88

1

2.7

2

297.1

5

4.284(6

3)

468.0

1

15.8

0

24.8

9

9.09

2

2.7

2

297.1

5

4.148(6

1)

453.1

5

15.8

0

24.1

0

8.30

3

2.7

2

297.1

5

4.012(5

9)

438.2

9

15.8

0

23.3

1

7.51

4

2.7

2

297.1

5

3.876(5

7)

423.4

3

15.8

0

22.5

2

6.72

Case X: when the normal pressure = 40 psi and the maximum pressure of the tires = 65 psi

0

0 1 2 3 4 5

Age of tires(t)in years

Table 12 Increase in kinetic energy at different age of tires (maximum pressure=65 psi)

Fig. 13 Graph between age of tires and change in kinetic energy (maximum pressure =60 psi)

0

1

2

3

4

5

0

1

2

3

4

5

Age of tires(t)in years

12

10

9.88

9.09

8

8.3

7.51

6.72

6

4

2

0

6

4

2

0

Change in kinetic energy(K.E)in kJ

Fig. 15 Graph between age of tires and change in kinetic energy (maximum pressure =65 psi)

Case XI: when the normal pressure = 40 psi and the maximum pressure of the tires = 66 psi

Age of tire, t (in	P1 (in atm )	T1 (in K)	P2 ( in atm) (in psi)	T2 (in K)	K.E1 (in kJ)	K.E2 (in kJ)	K.E = K.E2- K.E1
years
)
0	2.7	297.1	4.488(6	490.2	15.8	26.0	10.27
	2	5	6)	9	0	7
1	2.7	297.1	4.352(6	475.4	15.8	25.2	9.48
	2	5	4)	4	0	8
2	2.7	297.1	4.216(6	460.5	15.8	24.4	8.69
	2	5	2)	8	0	9
3	2.7	297.1	4.08(60)	445.7	15.8	23.7	7.90
	2	5		2	0	0
4	2.7	297.1	3.944(5	430.8	15.8	22.9	7.11
	2	5	8)	6	0	1

Table 13 Increase in kinetic energy at different age of tires (maximum pressure=66 psi)

12

10

10.27

9.48

10

10.27

9.48

8.69

8

7.9

8

7.9

7.11

From the above analysis of different cases of nominal and maximum pressure of different tirs we can obtain a range of texture depths that can be constructed on the pavement considering the worst case involved in the tires.

We take the weight of the un-laden vehicle= 870 kg Weight on single wheel (considering equal distribution of weight on four wheels) = 870/4 = 217.5 kg

As we know that force * displacement = work done

The texture depths are considered as a vertical distance and as soon as the rubber tires rolls over it tends to deflect a small distance x, because of its weight so for different deflection different energies for different depth of deflection can be obtained and has been tabulated below.

Texture Depth in mm	Work done in J
2.0	0.435
2.2	0.478
2.5	0.543
2.75	0.598
2.8	0.609
3.0	0.652
3.5	0.761
3.75	0.815
4.0	0.875

Table 14 Work done by single different texture depths Taking average life of tires as 3 years and considering that the increase in kinetic energy is 1% because of friction and rest by the texture depth we get that for tire with 28 psi nominal pressure 10.16 kJ as minimum energy to reach to the case of maximum holding pressure, for 30 psi 5.27 kJ, for 33 psi 11.01 kJ and for 40 psi 8.30 kJ. But since all these calculations are the cases involving the optimum conditions which is not the case in the present situation. The texture depth of about <1.8 mm is optimum for every situation but the test site involved had more depth so considering the basic number of texture depth as 150 we can give the conclusion of having optimum texture depth that is required for this pavement.

Going by the same methods of analysis for different texture depths starting from 4.0 mm we get the following calculations for different depths:

For 4.0 mm depth: taking number of texture depths as 150 per km of the pavement, we get the energy contributed by all texture depth for 1 km as =150*0.87 J

Similarly for 150 km length = 150*150*087 =19.575 kJ Since the tire had initial energy = 15.80 kJ for 24oC Therefore the total energy attributed by texture will be 15.80

+ 19.575 = 35.37 kJ 35.37*1000=20.5*1.38*2.56*6.022*T T=665.02 K

From Gay Lussacs law,

6

4

2

0

6

4

2

0

Change in kinetic energy(K.E) in kJ

1

=

1

2

0

1

2

3

4

5

0

1

2

3

4

5

Age of tires(t) in years

Fig. 16 Graph between age of tires and change in kinetic energy (maximum pressure =66 psi)

For P1= 30 psi T1=297.15 K, T2=665.02 K

We get P2 =67 psi

Similarly for other depths 3.75 mm, 3.5 mm, 3.0 mm, 2.8 mm, 2.75 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.2 mm different values of final pressure has been calculated and tabulated below:

Texture Depth (in mm)	Final pressure P2 (in psi)
4.0	67
3.75	65
3.5	62
3.0	58
2.8	56
2.75	54
2.5	53
2.2	50

Table 15 Maximum pressure build up for different texture depths

CONCLUSION
- When the external force does not passes through the centre of mass of the body then it produces angular acceleration along with the linear acceleration resulting in the increase in angular velocity of the body. This process makes the body to slide in the backward direction and here comes the friction which acts in the direction of the force to produce anticlockwise torque to counter act the sliding process hence in helping the body to rotate without sliding with acceleration. It is seen from the concept of rolling that work done by friction is zero and hence here in our study it is concluded that the work done by friction between the rubber tire and the pavement surface is not completely zero but is very small in contributing the energy inside the tire to the gas filled with respect to other sources of energy. We here conclude that the major dissipation of energy in the form of heat is done to the surroundings and less inside the tire since the materials of the tire with high cross link density decreases the conductivity of the tread material as mentioned in the study done in 2006 and it helps the tires to sustain a high temperature in the critical points.
- Whereas in the rigid pavement there are slabs made of concrete either reinforced or without reinforcement, so firstly there are formation of many stresses due to the various climatic factors and changes accordingly too. The friction in these pavements is provided by the formation of textures on its surface. It is seen that due to the repetition of loads these textures tends to get polished and the friction value decreases which not only increases the sliding phenomenon in the rolling tire but also increases the dissipation of energy in the form of heat which causes the wearing of the tire. In the older tires or tires with low inflation pressure tends to get burst as they are not able sustain such high amount of energy.
- This was one aspect where textures play a role in the wearing of the tires. The second aspect of it is if the textures width is increased about > 500 mm, the tires will take a point contact with two ends of the texture wavelength and will experience much high pressure due to less area of contact. It will give better friction but due to continuous direct impact the tires will experience tremendous high stresses and hence will increase the kinetic energy of the enclosed gas molecules. The cross ply tires wont be able to bear such high energy due less flexibility of the sidewall and hence will burn out whereas in radial tires this will be limited to a certain
  
  value and limit due to the flexible nature of the sidewalls of the radial tires.
- We can make a conclusion about the pavement test site that considering the final age of the tires to be 3 years, in this pavement texture depth > 3.5 mm will lead to the bursting of the tires if it satisfies every condition of it so for safety of most vehicle tires depth < 2.5-2.8 mm can be considered the ideal texture depth. More than this can lead to the frequent degradation of the newer tires and bursting of the old tires if not properly handled leading to major accidents.
FUTURE SCOPE

Based on the present work and findings it is believed that better analysis can be done with more advanced technical structure and a relation could be formed though all the proper care that was required was taken.
REFERENCES

Ahammed A Mohammad, Tighe Susan (2008) Pavement Surface Mxture, Texture and Skid Resistance: A Factorial Analysis ASCE Library by University of Water Loo.
Alan Dunford (2013), Friction and the texture of Aggregate particles used in the Surface course, wear 292, 188-196.
Beer De Morris, Maina James, Greben Jan Toward using tire road contact stresses in pavement design and analysis Tire Science and Technology, TSTCA Vol. 4, No.4, pp 246-271.
Chemistry Libre Texts; chem.libretexts.org >2.6 Kinetic theory of gases- Chemistry LibreTexts.
Er. R.K Rajput, Heat and Mass Transfer, S .Chand Publications; Fifth revised edition 2012.
Huang Xi Meng, Li Ziran, Yuanming Xia (2012) The Interior Temperature Distribution Measurement in a Rolling Tire proceedings of 2012 International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Material Science.
Lin Yeong-Jyh and Hwang Sheng-Jye (2004), Temperature prediction of rolling tires by computer simulation, Math. Comp. Simul, 67, 235249 (2004).
P. S. Grinchuk and S. P. Fisenko (2016), Rate of dissipation of low-frequency mechanical disturbances in a tire, J. Eng. Thermo physics, 89, No. 6, 13651368 (2016).
R. Behnke and M. Kaliske (2015), Thermo-mechanically coupled investigation of steady state rolling tires by numerical simulation and experiment , International Journal of Non Linear Mechanics,68.101-1312015.
Sassi Sadok, Sassi Abdelmonem (2015) Destabilising effect of tyre burst on vehicles dynamics International Journal of Vehicle Systems Testing and Modelling Vol. 10,No 2 DOI 10.1504.
S.K Khanna, C.Eg. Justo and A. Veeraragavan, Highway Engineering; Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee, Revised 10th edition.
Tabrizi Basirat H, Afzali B (2006) Effect of Nonstandard Curing Conditions on Thermal properties and Temperature Distribution of a Rolling Tire presented at Meeting of the Tire Society.
Woodward David, Woodside R Alan (2011) Road contact stresses and forces under tires with low inflation pressure Article in Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering DOI 10.1139.
Zuraulis Vidas, Levulyte Loreta,Sokolovskij Edgar (2014) The Impact of Road Roughness on the duration of contact between a vehicle and Road surface article in TRANSPORT DOI 10.3846/16484142.

Analysis of Energy Produced and Distributed in Rigid Pavement

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