Volume 06, Issue 10 (October 2017)

A Review on Potential Usage of Modified Agro Waste Adsorbents for Binding Pb(II), Hg(II) & Cr(VI) Ions from Aqueous Solutions

DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV6IS100025

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Meenakshi Pandey, Brahm Kumar Tiwari, Abhilekha Sharma, Sunil Kumar Yadav, 2017, A Review on Potential Usage of Modified Agro Waste Adsorbents for Binding Pb(II), Hg(II) & Cr(VI) Ions from Aqueous Solutions, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT) Volume 06, Issue 10 (October 2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV6IS100025

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  • Volume & Issue : Volume 06, Issue 10 (October 2017)
  • DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV6IS100025
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A Review on Potential Usage of Modified Agro Waste Adsorbents for Binding Pb(II), Hg(II) & Cr(VI) Ions from Aqueous Solutions

Meenakshi Pandey1, Brahm Kumar Tiwari*2 Abhilekha Sharma*1, Sunil Kumar Yadav3

1Department of Chemistry, Noida International University Greater Noida (U.P.) India.

2College of Biotechnology, I.T.S Paramedical College Murad Nagar, Ghaziabad (U.P.) India.

3Department of Chemistry, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur (U.P.) India.

Abstract – Heavy metal pollution is a major problem in the environment. The impact of toxic metal ions can be minimized by different technologies, viz., chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, oxidation, reverse osmosis, flotation and adsorption. But among them, adsorption was found to be very efficient and common due to the low concentration of metal uptake and economically feasible properties. Agro waste materials are of low cost and widely used, and very promising for the future. These are available in abundant quantity, are cheap and have low or little economic value. Different forms of agro waste materials are used as adsorbents such as fibers, leaves, roots, shells, barks, husks, stems and seed as well as other parts also. Natural and modified types of cellulosic materials are used in different metal detoxifications in water and wastewater. In this review paper, the most common and recent materials are reviewed as the efficiency of Pb(II), Hg(II) & Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution.

Keywords: Pb(II), Hg(II) & Cr(VI), agricultural wastes adsorbents, adsorption

1 .INTRODUCTION

Environmental pollution due to heavy metals like lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium etc. is of serious concern throughout the world. Due to anthropogenic activities, the concentrations of heavy metals have increased in the environment. Though many methods are available for mercury removal, adsorption is considered as simple, economical and versatile method.

Heavy metals are abundant in our drinking water, air and soil because they are present in every area of modern consumerism like construction materials, cosmetics, medicines, processed foods and personal care products (Abia et al., 2003). In small quantities, certain heavy metals are nutritionally essentially for a healthy life, but in large amounts they may cause acute or chronic toxicity (poisoning). The absorption of this hazardous substance into the bloodstream, distribution to the entire tissues and bioaccumulation in the receptive sites leads to adverse effects, such as potent neurotoxicity, blood vessel congestion and kidney damages (Kidd et al., 2012)

In the present work, we have reviewed the recent articles on the lead (II), mercury(II)and Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution by considering the effect of various parameters such as pH, temperature, metal ion concentration, contact time, and adsorbent dosage on mercury uptake. These factors are of the utmost significance, as any change in these parameters may considerably change the heavy metals

removal efficiency of an adsorbent. In this paper the efficiency of Pb(II), Hg(II) and Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution using agricultural waste material were reviewed.

2. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Most of the studies have been performed in batch mode operation. Synthetic stock solutions were prepared by dissolving lead/mercury compounds (mercury nitrate, mercury chloride etc) and dichromates of chromium for adsorption studies.

    1. Effect of pH

      Adsorption of Pb(II), Hg(II) and Cr(VI) are very sensitive to the pH. The adsorption capacities were found to be low at low pH values and increased with increase in pH for the Pb(II), Hg(II) while, vice-versa in case of Cr(VI) adsorption. The mechanism of adsorption can be explained based on pH. The Pb(II), Hg(II) ions were bound to the adsorbent surfaces mainly by the process of the ion exchange and physico-chemical adsorption as the ionic mobility plays an important role.

    2. Effect of Contact time and initial metal ion concentration

The initial concentration of metal ions provides an important driving force to overcome all mass transfer resistances of the metal ion between the aqueous and solid phases. Equilibrium time is one of the important parameters for selecting a wastewater treatment system]. Equilibrium concentration increases with increase in adsorbate concentration due to saturation of sorption sites on the adsorbent. This may be due to reduction in immediate solute adsorption, owing to the lack of available active sites on the adsorbents surface compared to the relatively large number of active sites required for high initial concentration of metal ions.

2.4 Effect of Adsorbent Dose

Dosage of adsorbent is a key parameter to control both availability and accessibility of adsorption sites. Adsorption has been found increasing with the increase in dose of adsorbent. But with the higher dose of adsorbent in the solution, the mobility of the ion reduces and there results a decrease in the rate of adsorption. The adsorption capacities, of various modified adsorbents are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Adsorption properties of modified agro wastes based adsorbents for heavy metal ions.

Adsorbent Material

Modifying agent

Metal ions

Adsorption capacity (mg/g )

References

Pith,

saw dust, bagasse

Sulfuric acid

Pb(II)

250.0

200.0

227.3

Ayyappan et al. (2005)

Wheat bran

Sulfuric acid

Pb(II)

55.56 – 79.4

Ozer et al.

(2007)

Sugarcane bagasse

Succinic anhydride

Cu(II)

Cd(II)

Pb(II)

185.2

256.4

500.0

Gurgel et al. (2008)

Militia ferruginea

Sulfuric acid

Pb(II)

97.3

Mengistie et al. (2008)

Orange peel

Formaldehyde-treated

Pb(II)

46.61

Lugo et al.

(2009)

Firmiana Simplex leaf

Temperature 100-400 0C

Pb(II)

379.3

Li et al.

(2009)

Cashew nut shells

KOH

Pb(II)

Cd(II)

28.9

14.3

Tangjuank et al. (2009)

Ficus religiosa leaves

Polysulfone

Pb(II)

37.4

Qaiser et al. (2009)

Mango peel waste

CH3OH, conc. HCl & HCHO

Cd(II)

Pb(II)

68.9

99.0

Iqbal et al.

(2009)

Sugarcane bagasse

Steam treated

Pb(II)

Hg(II)

Cd(II)

9.3

3.9

1.8

Krishnani et al. (2009)

Lawny grass

Citric acid

Pb(II)

320.9

Lu et al.

(2009)

Palm empty

fruit bunches

NaOH

Pb(II)

46.7

Ibrahim et al. (2010)

Acacia bark powder

NaOH & H2SO4

Cu(II)

Cd(II)

Pb(II)

147.1

167.7

185.2

Munagapati et al. (2010)

Olive stone

H2SO4

Pb(II)

14.03

Hoces et al.

(2010)

Cicer arietinum

Steam activation

Cu(II)

Cd(II)

Pb(II)

Zn(II)

18.0

18.0

20.0

20.0

Ramana et al. (2010)

Dates stone

Sulphuric acid

Pb(II)

Zn(II)

19.6

10.4

Mouni et al. (2010)

Bamboo activated carbons

Carbonized

Pb(II)

Cu(II)

Cd(II)

2.0

1.4

0.6

Lo et al. (2011)

Typha angustifolia biomass

EDTA

Pb(II)

263.9

Liu et al.

(2011)

Apricot stone

Sulphuric acid

Pb(II)

21.4

Mouni et al. (2011)

Cotton, wood sawdust, buckwheat hull

Thioglycolic acid, acetic

anhydride, acetic acid & sulphuric acid

Pb(II)

28.7

43.1

44.8

Wu et al. (2012)

Coconut buttons

Sulphuric acid

Pb(II)

Hg(II)

Cu(II)

92.7

78.8

73.6

Anirudhan et al. (2011)

Pine cone

H3PO4

Pb(II)

27.5

Momcilovic et al. (2011)

Tamarind kernel powder

NaOH & epoxychloropropane

Pb(II)

Cu(II)

Fe(II)

Zn(II)

Ni(II)

95.9

94.0

93.9

92.5

92.2

Singh et al. (2011)

Bamboo charcoal

KMnO4

Pb(II)

55.6

Wang et al.

(2012)

Mentha piperita carbon

ZnCl2

Pb(II)

53.2

Ahmad et al. (2013)

Orange peel

HNO3

Pb(II)

Cu(II)

Cd(II)

73.5

15.3

13.7

Lasheen et al. (2012)

Orange peel

Sodium hydroxide & calcium chloride

Pb(II)

Cu(II)

Zn(II)

209.8

70.7

56.2

Chuan et al. (2012)

Peach palm waste

NaOH

Pb(II)

65.3

Salvado et al. (2012)

Olive stone

H2SO4

Pb(II)

17.7

Lara et al.

(2012)

Rice straw Rice bran Rice husk Coconut shell Neem leaves

Hyacinth roots

NaOH and H2SO4

Pb(II)

24.2

20.5

21.4

24.2

22.3

24.9

Singha et al. (2012)

Muskmelon peel

Calcium hydroxide

Pb(II)

167.8

Huang et al. (2013)

Tamarind

Triethylamine

Fe(II)

Zn(II)

Cu(II)

Pb(II)

Cd(II)

93.6

92.5

91.5

90.8

90.0

Singh et al. (2012)

Bamboo charcoal

NiCl2

Pb(II)

142.7

Wang et al.

(2013)

Rosa Canina leaves

FeCl3.6H2O

Pb(II)

833.3

Ghasemi, et al. (2013)

Cattail stem (RC)

NaOH(AC)

Citric acid (CC) Malic acid (MC) Tartaric acid (TC)

Pb(II)

CC 1.7

MC 1.4

TC 0.7

RC 0.4

AC 0.6

Li et al. (2013)

Cotton fiber

Citric acid

Cu(II)

Zn(II)

Cd(II)

Pb(II)

6.1

4.5

8.2

21.6

Paulino et al. (2013)

Olive tree pruning waste

Ammonium nitrate

Pb(II)

Ni(II)

16.78

Anastopoulos et al. (2013)

Date pedicels

Nitrate-enriched solution

Pb(II)

11.6

Yazid et al.

(2013)

Allspice husk

CS2

Pb(II)

38.3

Blancas et al. (2013)

Banana peels

NaOH, HCl & H3PO4

Pb(II)

49.8 to 469.5

Massocatto et al. (2013)

Date palm leaflets

Phosphoric acid

Pb(II)

41.5

EI-Shafey et al. (2013)

Marigold plant leaves

Sulphuric acid

Pb(II)

2.6

Singanan et al. (2013)

Cotton linter

Sulphuric acid

Pb(II)

28.1

Dong et al.

(2013)

Peanut hulls, soybean shells and

grapefruit peels

epichlorohydrin and ethylenediamine

Pb(II)

47.8,

101.0 and 232.0

Ding, et al. (2014a)

walnut wood

Reflux in nitric acid

Pb(II)

58.8

Ghaedi et al. (2015)

Sugarcane bagasse

Hydrogen peroxide

Pb(II)

Cr(VI)

2.5

4.4

Gupta et al.

(2004)

Coconut coir Pith

Polyacrylamide-grafted

Cr(VI)

127.3

Unnithan et al. (2004)

Ectodermis of Opuntia

H2SO4

Cr(VI)

Cr(III)

6.2

11.7

Barrera et al. (2006)

Groundnut husk

Sulphuric acid

Cr(VI)

11.3

Dubey et. al (2007)

Citrus reticulata

HNO3 and H2O2

Cr(III)

Cr(VI)

232.5

263.1

Zubair et al. (2008)

Grape waste

Concentrated sulfuric acid

Cr(VI)

1.91 (mol/kg)

Chand et al. (2009)

Wheat residue

Diethylenetriamine (DETA)

and Triethylamine

Cr(VI)

322.6

Chen et al.

(2010)

Corn stalks

Diethylenetriamine and triethylamine

Cr(VI)

200.0

Chen et al. (2011)

Jatropha seed cake

Hydrochloric acid, phosphoric

acid

Cr(VI)

22.7

Bose et al.

(2011)

Coir pith

Acrylic acid

Cr(VI)

165.0

Suksabye et al. (2012)

Dalbergia sissoo

Carbonized

Cr(VI)

3.5

Mahajan et al. (2012)

Ricinus communis

Concentrated sulphuric

Cr(VI)

7.7

Thamilarasu et al. (2013)

Ficus carica fiber

H3PO4

Cr(VI)

44.8

Gupta et al.

(2013b)

Ficus carica fibers

Acylic acid

Cr(VI)

28.9

Gupta et al.

(2013c)

Avocado seed

Concentrated sulphuric

Cr(VI)

333.3

Bhaumik et al. (2014)

Spruce bark

Formaldehyde Dilute sulfuric acid Concentrated

Sulfuric acid

Cr(VI)

423.0

503.0

759.0

Liang et al. (2014)

Wheat bran

Tartaric acid

Cr(VI)

5.3

Kaya et al.

(2014)

Bamboo processing residues

Urea and melamine

Cr(VI)

85.0

89.0

Zhang et al.

(2015)

Hardwickia binata bark

Formaldehyde

Hg(II)

21.0

Deshicar et al. (1990)

Peanut hull

Bicarbonate-treated

Hg(II)

20.0

Namasivayam et al.

(1993)

Coirpith

Carbon

Hg(II)

154.0

Namasivayam et al.

(1999)

Terminalia catappa fruit shell

Sulfuric Acid

Hg(II)

94.4

Inbaraj et al. (2006)

Tamarind fruit shell

Formaldehyde & H2SO4

Hg(II)

23.9

Anirudhan et al. (2008)

Walnut shell

ZnCl2

Hg(II)

151.5

Zabihi et al. (2009)

Rice husk

Sulfuric acid

Hg(II)

384.6

EI-Shafey et al. (2010)

Soybean stalk

Phenanthrene

Hg(II)

674.9

Kong et al.

(2011)

Pistachio-nut shells and licorice

residues

Zinc chloride

Hg(II)

147.1

Asasian et al., (2012)

Mango kernel

ZnCl2

Hg(II)

19.8

Somayajula et al. (2013)

Palm shell

Trioctyl-methyl-ammonium-

thiosalicylate

Hg(II)

83.3

Ismaiel et al. (2013)

Bamboo leaf powder

Sodium dodecyl sulphate

Hg(II)

31.0

Mondal et al. (2013)

Rice husk

Sulfur-functionalized

Organosilane-grafted

Hg(II)

89.0

118.0

Song et al.

(2014)

Banana Stem

Formaldehyde

Hg(II)

132.2

Mullassery et al. (2014)

Peanut Hull Powder

Mercaptoacetic acid

Hg(II)

83.3

Ding et al.

(2014)

Raw almond Shell Activated Almond Shell

Ortho-phosphoric acid and H3PO4

Hg(II)

3.7

37.1

Taha et al., (2017)

CONCLUSION

The present review has established that adsorption offers a great opportunity for a cheap and highly effective process for the removal of Pb(II), Hg(II) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution. Experimental parameters like temperature, solution pH, heavy metal ions concentration, and adsorbant dose and contact time influence adsorption process. On the basis of evidences presented in this review there exist a significant potential for future research in utilizing the adsorbent in industries, agriculture as well as for domestic purpose.

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