Design and Execution of Tunnel in Musurumilli Canals: A Case Study in Applied Engineering and Project Management

Design and Execution of Tunnel in Musurumilli Canals: A Case Study in Applied Engineering and Project Management

Pasala Srinivasan,

Dr. Lakshmi Keshav

Deputy Executive Engineer & Research Scholar, Associate Professor

Water Resources Department, Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Government of Andhra Pradesh, India Vijayawada-7,

Abstract

The State of Andhra Pradesh is endowed with around 40 major and medium rivers, among which the Godavari, Krishna, Vamsadhara, Nagavali, and Pennar are prominent interstate rivers that contribute significantly to the state's surface water resources. Across these river basins, there are 33 major irrigation projects with a cumulative storage capacity of 1014.27 TMC, and 80 medium irrigation projects with 91.58 TMC, totaling 1105.85 TMC. Despite these developments, groundwater remains the primary source of irrigation in the state, supporting approximately 49% of the net irrigated area through wells and tube wells. Construction of various irrigation projects has been ongoing over the past two decades, with many works at different stages of completion. The delays in their completion are multifaceted and cannot be attributed to a single cause. Timely completion of these projects would enable fuller utilization of surface water resources, reduce dependency on groundwater, and alleviate the stress on wells and tube wells.

This study aims to document and analyze the success story of one such completed project executed under challenging conditionsthe Canal Network of Musurumilli Medium Irrigation Project in the Godavari basin. The Musurumilli canal work represents a significant engineering achievement in medium irrigation infrastructure, having successfully overcome complex geological, logistical, and environmental challenges. Through meticulous planning, continuous supervision, and the adoption of advanced construction technologies, the project team executed complex tunneling, cut-and-cover structures, and canal systems in remote and hilly terrain. Integration of skilled manpower with modern machinery led to the completion of canal works by 2010, enabling irrigation of 16,148 acres out of the intended 22,646 acres under the Jalayagnam programme.

The project not only exemplifies engineering excellence and human perseverance but also sets a benchmark for future hydraulic infrastructure in difficult terrains, contributing significantly to rural development and sustainable water management.

KeyWords: Tunnel, Blasting, Grouting, Cut & Cover, Field Registers, Aggregate Sieve Analysis,

1. INTRODUCTION:

   The State of Andhra Pradesh is endowed with about 40 major and medium rivers, among which the Godavari, Krishna, Vamsadhara, Nagavali, and Pennar are the prominent interstate rivers contributing the major share of the surface water resources. The total geographical area of the State is 402.70 lakh acres, of which the total cultivable area is 199.04 lakh acres, and the irrigation potential is 103.11 lakh acres.

   Andhra Pradesh contributes nearly 7.3% of the total irrigated area in India. Groundwater remains the predominant source of irrigation in the State, accounting for about 49% of the net irrigated area through wells and tube wells. The remaining irrigation needs are met through canal systems fed by major and medium irrigation project reservoirs, minor irrigation tanks, and other surface water sources.

2. Classification of Irrigation Projects:

   Irrigation projects in India are classified based on the command area as follows:

   • Major Irrigation Projects: More than 10,000 hectares

   • Medium Irrigation Projects: 2,000 to 10,000 hectares

   • Minor Irrigation Projects: Less than 2,000 hectares

3. River Basins in Andhra Pradesh:

According to the official portal of the Andhra Pradesh Water Resources Information & Management System (https://apwrims.ap.gov.in/), the States river basins and their corresponding reservoir storage capacities are presented in Table1.

Table-1: Basin wise storage capacity of all the reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh

In all these basins, there are 33 Major Irrigation Projects (AnnexureA) with a storage capacity of 1014.27 TMC and 80 Medium Irrigation Projects (AnnexureB) with a storage capacity of 91.58 TMC, amounting to a total storage capacity of 1105.85 TMC.

Within the Godavari Basin, there are seven reservoirs (2 Major and 5 Medium) with a combined gross capacity of 26.71 TMC, as shown in Table2.

Table-2: Gross capacity of Reservoirs in Godavari Basin

The Krishna Basin has 13 reservoirs (6 Major and 7 Medium) with a gross capacity of 695.45 TMC (AnnexureC). The Pennar Basin includes 47 reservoirs (18 Major and 29 Medium) with a total capacity of 293.89 TMC (AnnexureD). The Other Basins collectively contain 46 reservoirs (7 Major and 39 Medium) with a gross capacity of 89.80 TMC (AnnexureE).

Details of projects in the Krishna, Pennar, and other basins are enclosed as annexures for reference only, as the present study pertains specifically to a project located in the Godavari Basin and does not concern the other river systems.

It is a well-known fact that the construction of various irrigation projects across Andhra Pradesh has been ongoing for the past two decades, with many works at different stages of progress. The reasons for delay in their completion cannot be attributed to any single factor. Completion of all the contemplated projects would enable fuller utilization of surface water resources, thereby reducing dependence on groundwater and minimizing the pressure on wells and tube wells.

Hence, an attempt has been made in the present study to document and analyze the success story of one such completed project, executed under challenging and adverse conditionsthe Musurumilli Medium Irrigation Project in the Godavari Basin.

1. REAMBLE OF THE STUDY

   The construction and successful completion of any irrigation project demand a high degree of dedication, perseverance, and professional integrity from all personnel involvedranging from field- level laborers to senior engineers and administrative officers. The executing or contracting agency plays a crucial role in ensuring the timely mobilization of adequate manpower, machinery, and materials, while maintaining unwavering commitment to quality, efficiency, and safety standards.

   Even under challenging environmental, geological, and logistical conditions, the workforce and supervisory staff are expected to discharge their duties with steadfast determination and strict adherence to engineering specifications and safety protocols. The success of any irrigation project, therefore, reflects the collective efforts and coordination among various stakeholders involved in planning, execution, and management.

2. Aim of the Study

   In order to document and analyze the efforts, experiences, and challenges encountered during the execution of a completed irrigation project, the Musurumilli Canal Work has been selected for this study.

   The objective of this documentation is to create a reference framework and provide guidance for future projects, while also serving as a source of inspiration for engineers and field staff engaged in similar worksmany of which were initiated nearly two decades ago and continue to face comparable challenges.

3. Method of Study

   The present study is entirely based on information obtained from:

   • The technical personnel of the contracting agency directly involved in the execution of the Musurumilli Canal works, and

   • The departmental authorities of the Irrigation & Command Area Development (I&CAD) Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh (now reconstituted as the Water Resources Department), who were associated with the project during 20072011.

Using the valuable inputs provided by these stakeholders, this report has been prepared by integrating relevant material available in the public domain along with verified field information. The detailed findings and discussions are presented in the subsequent sections of this report

1. OBSERVATIOINS:

2. Musurumilli Project

   The Musurumilli Reservoir Project is a Medium Irrigation Project situated in the Godavari Basin, constructed across the Seethapalli Vagu, one of the tributaries of the River Godavari. The Seethapalli Vagu is a hill stream originating from the hills near Pandirimamidikota village in the Maredumilli Agency Area and eventually joins the Godavari River near Devipatnam village.

   The project site is located near Musurumilli village in the Alluri Sitharama Raju district of Andhra Pradesh, approximately 7 km from Rampachodavaram and 55 km from Rajahmundry. The geographical coordinates of the project are Longitude 81° 46 0 E and Latitude 17° 22 30 N.

3. Contemplted ayacut:

   The project is designed to provide irrigation facilities to about 9,164 hectares (22,643 acres) of agricultural land and to supplement drinking water supply to a population of approximately 53,890 people residing in 23 villages.

   Out of the total ayacut area of 9,164 hectares, an extent of 4,893 hectares falls within the tribal regions of Devipatnam, Rampachodavaram, and Gangavaram Mandals, while the remaining 4,271 hectares are located in non-tribal upland areas of Korukonda, Seethanagaram, and Gokavaram Mandals.

   Village-wise and Mandal-wise details of the contemplated ayacut under the Musurumilli Project are furnished in AnnexureF.

   The project was conceptualized with the objective of uplifting the livelihoods of tribal communities (sons of the forest) whose economic conditions largely fall below the poverty line, by providing reliable irrigation facilities and improving agricultural productivity. The salient features of the Musurumilli Project are presented in Table3.

   Table-3: Salient Features of the Musurumilli Project

   S.No	Particulars of the Project
   1	Full Reservoir Level	+123.00 m
   2	Maximum Water Level	+123.575 m
   3	Top level of the dam	+127.50 m
   4	Gross storage capacity at FRL	45.293 M.cum
   5	Dead storage capacity at MDDL +109.50m	4.879 M.cum
   6	Silting after 25 year in dead storage	2.505 M.cum
   7	Area of submergence at FRL	485 ha
   8	Crest level of the Spillway (Ogee type)	+115.50 m
   9	Crest length of the spillway discharge section	102.0 m
   10	Spillway Discharge capacity	3620 cumec
   11	No. & size of radial gates of the spillway	7 Nos.;12.0 x 8.0 m
   12	Sill level of the canal sluice	+107.73 m
   13	Discharge capacity of the canal sluice	7.128 cumec
   14	No. and size of vent of the canal sluice	One; 2.7 m x 1.60 m
   15	Total contemplated ayacut	9164 hectares
   16	Length of Musurumilli Main Canal	32.370 km
   17	Length of Left Branch Canal (LBC)	9.115 km
   18	Head Discharge of the Musurumilli Main canal	7.128 cumecs
   19	Discharge of the LBC	2.518 cumecs

   The Musurumilli Reservoir Project is one of the medium irrigation projects undertaken under the Jalayagnam programme of the Government of Andhra Pradesh after obtaining the required clearances from the government.

4. Administrative and Statutory Clearances of Musurumilli Project

   The Musurumilli Medium Irrigation Project obtained all necessary administrative and statutory approvals from the competent authorities as summarized below:

   1. The project received Administrative Approval from the Government of Andhra Pradesh during the year 200405.

   2. Investment Clearance was accorded by the Water Resources Division of the Planning Commission in 2007, with the project being included under the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP).

   3. The Central Water Commission (CWC) granted technical clearance in the 88th meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) held on 02.03.2007.

   4. Forest Clearance was obtained in 2005 for diversion of 0.8492 hectares of forest land located in the Eathalapadu Reserve Forest.

   5. The Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) Plan for affected tribal families was approved by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA), Government of India, New Delhi.

5. Land Acquisition

   A total extent of 1,137 hectares of private and forest land was acquired for the headworks and submergence areas of the project. Additionally, an extent of 251 hectares of land was acquired for the construction of canals and distributary systems.

6. Work Entrustment

   The Head Works component of the Musurumilli Projet was entrusted to M/s Srinivasa Civil Works Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, under Package No. 85. Additionally, it is noted that Encardio Rite provided advanced safety monitoring instrumentation for the Musurumilli Reservoir Project.

   According to information available on the companys official project page (https://www.encardio.com/projects/musurumilli-reservoir-project), Encardio Rite installed critical instrumentation systems such as piezometers for monitoring foundation and embankment safety, and magnetic extensometers for tracking both vertical and horizontal movements. This comprehensive monitoring system ensures the structural stability of the dam and facilitates efficient operation and resource management for the surrounding communities.

   The Musurumilli Canal Works were awarded to M/s MCLRSR (Joint Venture), Rajahmundry, under Package No. 86. Construction activities commenced in 2005, and the canal works were successfully completed by 2010. The Head Works, however, are still under execution and are expected to be completed by December 2026. Accordingly, the present study focuses exclusively on the Musurumilli Canal Works.

7. M/s RSR Infra Works (India) Pvt. Ltd:

   Prior to initiating this study, the credentials of the contracting agency were verified through its official website (www.rsrinfra.com). It was observed that, among the five medium reservoir projects executed in the Godavari Basin (refer Table2), M/s RSR Infra Works (India) Pvt. Ltd. played a major role in the successful completion of four projects, namely:

   1. Musurumilli Project Canals

   2. Bhupathipalem Project Canals

   3. Surampalem Project

   4. Kovvadakalva Project

      The consistent performance, technical competence, and engineering capabilities demonstrated by the agency in executing these projects have significantly contributed to their timely completion and operational success. In recognition of their contribution toward the development of irrigation

      infrastructure in the region, the profile of M/s RSR Infra Works (India) Pvt. Ltd. is enclosed as AnnexureG for reference and appreciation.

      In view of the sustained efforts and engineering excellence exhibited during the execution of the Musurumilli Canal Works, the present study aims to document the success story of the canal construction team. This documentation highlights the methodologies adopted, challenges encountered, and innovative solutions implemented during the course of constructionencompassing various structural and hydraulic components of the project.

8. Quality Assessment:

   The quality control aspects of the project were assigned to 3rd party quality control agency Engineering Staff College of India (ESCI). In addition to this, departmental agencies also performed quality control as being done in case of other irrigation projects of the state. Based on the assessment of the 3rd party quality control agency, the defects, if any, are rectified by the executing agency.

9. Musurumilli Canal System:

   The Musurumilli Canal System was designed to efficiently convey water from the reservoir to the command area, ensuring equitable distribution and reliable irrigation supply. To ensure structural stability and hydraulic efficiency, the canal alignment was finalized after detailed surveying, leveling, and hydraulic analysis, followed by the adoption of lined sections in critical stretches to minimize seepage losses.

   The canal works under Package No. 86, executed by M/s MCLRSR (JV), Rajahmundry, encompassed a diverse range of civil engineering components involving both earthwork excavation and structural construction under challenging field conditions.

   The Main Canal off-takes from the head sluice of the Musurumilli Reservoir Project located near Tamarapalli Village in Rampachodavaram Mandal. It traverses through undulating and forested terrain for a total length of 32.370 km, ultimately terminating near Devaram Village in Devipatnam Mandal.

   Similarly, the Left Branch Canal off-takes from the regulator located at Km 10.195 of the main canal and extend for a length of 9.115 km. As both the canals traverse through uneven and hilly terrain, the alignment of these canals necessitated the construction of several Cross Masonry & Cross-Drainage (CM & CD) structures, including aqueducts, super passages, syphons, and canal drops, to ensure smooth conveyance and hydraulic efficiency along the route. The works were carried out under rigorous quality control supervision by the Irrigation & CAD Department (now Water Resources Department), supported by Third-Party Quality Control (TPQC) agency.

10. Approved Hydrulic Particulars of Musurumilli canals: Approved hydraulic Pariculars of Musurumilli Main canal & Left Branch canal are shown in the following Table-4 & Table-5 respectively.

    Table-4: Hydraulic Particulars of Musurumilli Main Canal

    Reach. No	From Km	To Km	Bed Width (B) in m	FSD(D) in m	Velocity (V) in m/sec	Discharge (Q) in cumecs	Remarks
    I	0.000	3.300	7.50	1.50	0.5091	7.446
    II	3.300	4.010	5.00	2.00	0.7694	7.694	Cut & Cover portion (Deep Cut)
    III	4.010	6.650	4.50	2.00	0.820	7.346	Tunnel portion
    IV	6.650	8.375	5.00	2.00	0.7694	7.694	Cut & Cover portion (Deep Cut)
    V	8.375	10.195	4.50	2.00	0.814	7.710	Km 10.195 is Off Take for Left Branch Canal whose length is 9.025 km. It is divided into 3 reaches
    VI	10.195	16.044	5.90	1.25	0.4747	4.613
    VII	16.044	22.169	4.85	1.13	0.4384	3.242
    VIII	22.169	27.094	3.40	0.88	0.3659	1.520
    IX	27.094	30.869	2.95	0.82	0.3487	1.186
    X	30.869	32.370	2.40	0.72	0.3137	0.786	Tail End for Main Canal

    Table-5: Hydraulic Particulars of Left Branch Canal

    Reach. No	From Km	To Km	Bed Width (B) in m	FSD(D) in m	Velocity (V) in m/sec	Discharge (Q) in cumecs	Remarks
    I	0.000	3.890	4.20	1.05	0.4271	2.59
    II	3.890	7.230	3.55	0.92	0.3892	1.765
    III	7.230	9.115	2.40	0.74	0.3062	0.795	Tail End fo LBC

    The project is designed to provide irrigation facilities to 9,164 hectares (22,643 acres) of agricultural land. Off take wise & canal wise ayacut are shown in Annexure-H.

11. Construction of CM & CD Works on Canals

    A total of 184 structures were constructed along the Main Canal and Left Branch Canal (LBC) and about 707 structures were executed across the distributary system. The constructed structures include the following major structures:

    • Construction of DLRBs, SLRBs, and pipe culverts at all necessary locations to facilitate canal crossings.

    • Execution of Under Tunnels, Aqueducts, and Super Passages as per site conditions to manage cross drainage.

    • Construction of drops along all canals as per the approved hydraulic particulars based on topography of the ground along the canal alignment.

    • Provision of Cross Regulators and Off-take Regulators for controlled water release as per irrigation requirements.

4.0 FINDINGS ON MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS:

As the canal works were entrusted to the contracting agency under an EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) Turnkey System, the agency has maintained the following records, arrangements, and facilities at the project site to ensure quality, safety, and timely completion,:

1. Engineering Drawings and Bench Marks

   Approved alignment plans of all canals, along with their longitudinal profiles and cross-sections at 25 m intervals were maintained at the site and kept readily available for reference during inspections by the competent authorities.

   Temporary Bench Marks (TBMs) were established along the alignment of all the canals at regular intervals to facilitate the construction of structures on the canals, and a TBM Register was maintained duly approved by the departmental authorities after proper verification.

2. Geotechnical and Design Data

   Borehole data from all major structure locations was obtained and utilized for the preparation of structural designs and drawings, which were subsequently approved by the department.

   Material quality test results for cement, steel, water, fine and coarse aggregates, and borrow soils were obtained and maintained at the site in accordance with the specifications of the agreement.

   Concrete mix designs for all grades (M15, M20, M25, etc.) were procured from a reputed laboratory and duly approved by the competent authority prior to execution.

3. Construction Records and Registers

   1. Mark-Out Registers: Mark-Out Registers were maintained for each structure, depicting the plan and cross-sections at various elevations as per the approved drawings.

   2. Foundation Registers: Foundation Registers were maintained for each structure by recording the approved foundation levels as well as foundation strata met in construction, duly verified by the concerned departmental officers.

   3. Placement Registers: Placement Registers were maintained by recording the details of executed work, including date, elevation, and component, for every structure.

   4. : OK Cards: OK Cards were maintained for each work, indicating the site conditions before commencement of any activity, duly signed by the departmental and Quality Control (QC) authorities, including the 3rd Party QC representatives.

   5. Embankment Registers: Embankment Registers were maintained by recording the field density test results (Proctors density) for each embankment layer, based on cores tested with reference to

      Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Maximum Dry Density (MDD) values of the barrowed soils.

   6. Concrete Cube Registers: Concrete Cube Registers were maintained by recording the 7-day, 14- day, and 28-day compressive strength results of the concrete cubes prepared & placed in a water tub at site during execution, in accordance with IS code specifications.

   7. Workability Records: Workability Records were maintained by recording slump test results obtained from the Slump Cone Test conducted at regular intervals during concreting, both at the site and at the batching plant (in case of transit mixers). Based on the results, the water-cement ratio (w/c) was adjusted to achieve the required workability under the supervision of the concerned authorities.

   8. Concrete Temperature Records: Concrete Temperature Records were maintained by documenting the concrete temperature, which is critical for strength development, especially during summer. The records show that work was either suspended or alternative arrangements were adopted whenever the temperature exceeded the specified limits.

   9. Aggregate Testing Register: Aggregate Testing Registers were maintained by recording sieve analysis and grading results for all aggregates prior to use. The Fineness Modulus (FM) of fine aggregate was tested and recorded at each site as required under the agreement conditions.

   10. Reinforcement Registers: Reinforcement Registers were maintained by recording the steel schedules for each structure as per the approved drawings. Required quantities of steel rods of specified diameters, binding wires, and other related materials were procured and documented accordingly.

1. Materials, Equipment, and Arrangements

   The following essential materials, equipment, and site arrangements were ensured to be available at all times during execution to facilitate uninterrupted progress and maintain quality standards:

   • PVC pipes were provided for weep holes in abutment walls, wing walls, and return walls of all structures.

   • Binding wires and cover blocks were arranged at all locations of RCC works as per design requirements.

   • Holding-down bolts were made available and used in the construction of under tunnels.

   • Rubber water stoppers were provided for under tunnels and aqueducts to prevent leakage and ensure watertight construction.

   • Shutter frames and gate arrangements were installed for all regulators in accordance with the approved drawings.

   • Suitable packing materials were used to seal gaps in shuttering prior to concrete placement to prevent leakage.

   • Standard weighing boxes were provided at all concrete mixing locations, particularly where small concrete mixers were used, to ensure proper proportioning of materials.

   • Only potable water was used for concrete preparation; water testing was waived in such cases as per agreement provisions.

   • Adequate dewatering arrangements were maintained wherever required during construction.

   • Sufficient numbers of needle vibrators in good working condition were made available and used for all concreting operations to ensure proper compaction.

   A well-stocked store was maintained with adequate quantities of approved materials, ensuring uninterrupted progress of work and preventing delays due to non-availability of items.

2. Formwork and Concreting Practices

   • Shuttering arrangements were made rigid, stable, and completely leak-proof by packing gaps with suitable materials such as cotton waste or equivalent.

   • Approved lubricants were applied to the inner surfacs of all shutters prior to the placement of concrete to ensure smooth finishing and easy removal.

   • Any honeycombing observed in the concrete after the removal of shutters was promptly rectified using approved cement mortar as per specifications.

   • Proper curing arrangements were made for all concrete components to ensure adequate strength development and durability.

   • Grip box arrangements were provided in the final layer of each days concrete work to facilitate effective bonding with the subsequent days concrete layer.

3. On-site Testing and Laboratory Facilities

   • A fully equipped project laboratory was established at the site camp, with all necessary testing instruments duly calibrated and operated in the presence of departmental authorities.

   • Non-Destructive Tests (NDT) like Rebound hammer tests were periodically conducted on selected concrete structures, and results were systematically recorded in dedicated registers.

   • Concrete cores were extracted as per the prescribed specifications, and corresponding test results were documented in separate registers for quality verification.

4. Field Levels and Measurements Records:

   • Levels of all structural components were jointly recorded in Level Field (LF) Books by the agency and departmental authorities.

   • Measurements of executed works were entered in Measurement Books (M-Books) and were verified, checked, and super-checked by the competent authorities in accordance with contract procedures.

   • An approved payment schedule was kept at the site to facilitate timely preparation of bills for completed works.

   • Each submitted bill was accompanied by Quality Control (QC) and 3rd Party QC certificates as proof of compliance with specifications.

5. Overall Finding on Maintenance of Records: All concerned entities including the Contracting Agency, Departmental Staff, Quality Control (QC), and 3rd Party QC Authorities shall be jointly responsible for ensuring:

   • Proper documentation and adherence to specifications.

   • Timely execution of works.

   • Continuous quality monitoring and prompt rectification of deviations.

     Any delay or obstruction in work progress indicates a lapse in coordination, which must be immediately rectified by updating records and taking corrective action.

     5.0 FINDINGS ON EXECUTION OF CUT & COVER WORKS IN DEEP CUT AREAS

     Based on the site observations and interactions with the executing teams, the following findings have been noted regarding the execution of cut and cover works in deep cut zones:

   • Excavation: Sequential bench cutting was adopted to ensure slope stability during excavation. This method allowed for controlled excavation, minimized erosion, and ensured adequate protection of side slopes against collapse or degradation.

   • Concrete Works: The concrete components of the cut and cover structures were executed using mechanized batching plants, transit mixers, and high-capacity concrete pumps. This facilitated consistent concrete quality and timely placement, ensuring adherence to design specifications and construction timelines.

   • Safety Measures: A robust safety management system was in place throughout the execution phase. Key measures included:

     • Comprehensive slope monitoring

     • Controlled movement of construction traffic

     • Continuous on-site supervision by safety personnel

     These efforts contributed to a safe working environment in the challenging deep-cut terrain.

   • Backfilling Over Arch Slab: To safeguard the arch slab against potential impact from falling boulders originating from hill slopes, a soil cushion was placed over the arch. The backfill was executed in accordance with the approved design and specifications, providing effective protection and structural stability.

1. FINDINGS ON THE EXECUTION OF TUNNELING WORK:

   The Musurumilli Canal stands as a testament to engineering excellence, meticulous planning, and human perseverance. Among its various structural components, the tunnel and cut-and-cover sections of the main canal posed the most formidable challenges due to the rugged terrain, steep gradients, and complex geological conditions. The successful execution of these works demonstrates the effective coordination between skilled manpower, advanced construction equipment, and disciplined project management.

   As detailed in the hydraulic particulars of the Musurumilli Main Canal, the canal extends over a total length of 32.370 km, including a 2.7 km tunnel section (from Km 4.010 to Km 6.650) constructed through hilly terrain. This alignment was selected to minimize environmental disturbance while ensuring hydraulic efficiency.

   The hydraulic design parameters of the tunnel were approved in accordance with IS: 4880 (Part III) 1968, Code of Practice for Design of Tunnels Conveying Water: Part III Hydraulic Design, ensuring conformity with national standards for water conveyance tunnels.

2. Tunneling An Overview

   As per the Central Water Commission (CWC) Manual for Design of Tunnels, a tunnel is defined as an underground passage constructed without removing the overlying rock or soil. Over the years, significant advancements in mechanical engineering and construction technologies have transformed tunneling from a hazardous, time-intensive task into a safer, more efficient, and faster operation.

   The evolution of tunneling practices has been driven by the development and use of pneumatic drills, advanced drill bits, and high-performance modern explosives. These have been complemented by the introduction of sophisticated muck clearance machinery and the widespread application of electrical power for lighting and ventilation systems, collectively enhancing operational speed and efficiency.

   Structural safety and durability have seen considerable improvements through the use of support systems such as steel ribs, precast and cast-in-situ concrete linings, cast iron segments combined with pressure grouting, shotcreting, and rock bolting. Additionally, the deployment of shield-driven tunneling techniques has proven particularly effective in navigating water-bearing strata, thereby minimizing risks to personnel and reducing construction-related hazards.

   Observations at the project site indicate that the contracting agency has effectively deployed all the necessary apparatus and followed best practices in tunneling operations, resulting in consistent progress. It is evident that the availability and use of Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) have significantly changed the landscape of tunnel construction. Once considered one of the most perilous and time-consuming branches of engineering, tunneling has now evolved into a highly mechanized and precise process, accelerating construction timelines and substantially improving worker safety.

3. Alignment Accuracy of the Tunnel

   Based on interactions with the concerned authorities involved in the execution of the Musurumilli canal works, it is understood that the tunnel alignment was established using high-precision total stations. The work was carried out in strict adherence to the specifications outlined in IS: 5878 (Part I) 1971, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Construction of Tunnels Conveying Water: Part I recision Survey and Setting Out.

   (Note: This IS code was subsequently updated in 2025 to incorporate modern surveying technologies and methodologies.)

   Excavation was executed simultaneously from both ends of the hill, facilitating continuous progress in day and night shifts, and ensuring optimal utilization of manpower and machinery. In addition to this, cut-and-cover works were employed in zones with deep excavation requirements.

   It is noteworthy that the tunnel drives from both ends converged precisely at the midpoint, with no measurable deviation, underscoring the exceptional technical accuracy and execution capabilities of the engineering and EPC teams involved.

4. Method Adopted for Tunneling

It is ascertained from the study that the Drill and Blast Method was adopted for tunnel excavation, conforming to the guidelines prescribed in IS: 5878 (Part II/Sec 1) 1970 (reaffirmed in 2000), Indian Standard Code of Practice for Construction of Tunnels: Part II Underground Excavation in Rock: Section I Drilling and Blasting.

The typical sequence of daily tunneling operations included the following steps:

• Drilling of blast holes for placement of gelatin explosive sticks.

• Controlled blasting operations, conducted under strict safety protocols.

• Fragmentation of oversized boulders using hydraulic rock breakers.

• Removal of blasted muck only after ensuring complete dissipation of nitrogenous gases.

However, in the deeper sections of the tunnel, limited ventilation posed a significant challenge. This resulted in delays in re-entry, as safe atmospheric conditions had to be re-established before resuming operations.

Typical cross section of the tunnel is shown in Figure-1.

Figure-1: Typical cross sectional drawing of the tunnel in Musurumilli canal

1. Explosives Management and Safety;

   Handling, storage, and transportation of explosives required utmost caution as the project site falls within a sensitive agency area, additional restrictions on blasting were in force. These limitations significantly impacted the pace of work. However, by adopting controlled blasting methodswith permissions obtained from competent authorities as requiredthe excavation of hard rock was completed while maintaining stringent safety standards during tunnel excavation. It is confirmed that the agency followed the safety protocols as outlined in IS: 4081-1967, Safety Code for Blasting and Related Drilling Operations.

2. Support and Stabilization Systems in Tunnel

   To ensure structural integrity and operational safety, appropriate support systems were implemented immediately after each excavation cycle. These were based on geological recommendations and in accordance with the following Indian Standards:

   • IS: 4880 (Part VI) 1971 (reaffirmed in 2000): Code of Practice for Design of Tunnels Conveying Water Tunnel Supports

   • IS: 5878 (Part IV) 1971 (reaffirmed in 2000): Code of Practice for Construction of Tunnels Conveying Water Tunnel Supports

     Support systems provided included:

   • Rock bolts and steel rib supports for structural stability

   • Shotcrete lining for surface protection and prevention of rock loosening

   • Continuous monitoring for signs of distress or movement in tunnel walls and crown areas

3. Ventilation and Drainage Arrangements in Tunnel

   Ventilation and drainage were critical for ensuring safe and productive working conditions within the tunnel. The following measures were taken:

   • Ventilation shafts and dewatering systems were installed during construction.

   • Prior to tunnel breakthrough, poor air circulation resulted in worker discomfort and periodic halts.

   • Post-breakthrough, natural ventilation significantly improved the working environment.

   • Despite improvements, occasional power failures and generator breakdowns led to temporary stoppages.

4. Working Environment Inside the Tunnel

   Post-blasting operations frequently led to accumulation of nitrogenous gases and a temporary drop in oxygen levels, creating a hazardous and uncomfortable environment for workers. This issue became more pronounced as excavation progressed deeper into the tunnel.

   Key findings:

   • Re-entry was delayed after each blast until safe gas levels were re-established.

   • Worker exposure duration increased with tunnel depth, leading to reduced excavation productivity and progress delays.

5. Surveying and Leveling

   Accurate surveying and leveling were essential for marking the finished bed level, both longitudinally and laterally, for subsequent Cement Concrete (CC) lining of the tunnel. However, several challenges were encountered:

   • Continuous seepage and poor visibility created difficult working conditions.

   • Teams had to operate in standing water (~30 cm depth), requiring the use of additional lighting.

   • Standard marking intervals (5 m) could not be used due to waterlogging, necessitating manual tape coordination.

   1. Team Responsibilities during Leveling:

      • 1 person carried the leveling staff.

      • 1 person illuminated the staff.

      • 2 persons managed the longitudinal tape.

      • 2 persons managed the lateral tape.

      • 2 persons operated the leveling instrument (1 observer, 1 recorder/light operator).

        All team members adhered to safety protocols, wearing helmets, gumboots, and appropriate protective gear, and carried drinking water to mitigate the harsh conditions.

   2. Coordination and Verification:

      • Leveling was conducted in multiple stages, with cross-checking for accuracy.

      • The work was carried out over 100 days by the following coordinated teams:

        1. Construction Engineers and EPC Agency

        2. Third-Party Quality Control Team, in coordination with EPC and Construction Engineers

        3. Departmental Quality Control Authorities, jointly with the above teams

        Fig-2: Cross section of tunnel before execution of CC Lining

6. Execution of Cement Concrete (CC) Lining

   The Cement Concrete (CC) lining of the tunnel was executed in a phased and systematic manner, adhering strictly to the specifications laid out in IS: 5878 (Part V) 1976, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Construction of Tunnels Conveying Water: Part V Concrete Lining.

   1. Execution Process:

      • Initially, side wall lining was carried out up to a height of 2.50 meters on both sides. This was achieved by firmly positioning steel shutters to ensure accurate alignment and surface finish.

      • Subsequently, the remaining upper portion of the tunnel periphery was lined using a movable centering system, which was equipped with vibrators to ensure proper compaction and bonding of the concrete.

      • Transit concrete mixers transported ready-mix concrete from the batching plant to the tunnel site. Placemet of concrete at the desired locations was achieved using concrete pumps, enabling efficient handling even in confined working conditions.

   2. Challenges Encountered:

      • Persistent seepage and accumulation of water within the tunnel posed serious challenges. These conditions delayed progress and necessitated round-the-clock dewatering operations.

      • Despite maintaining adequate lighting and ventilation, the fear of rock falls among the workforce affected overall working efficiency. Extra caution was exercised during lining operations to ensure worker safety and structural integrity under wet conditions.

      • All lining activities were carried out with a focus on ensuring durability, surface finish, and bonding quality, particularly in sections exposed to seepage.

7. Tunnel Grouting

   Grouting in the tunnel was executed after the completion of Cement Concrete (CC) lining along the inner periphery, in accordance with the specifications laid down in IS: 5878 (Part VII) 1972, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Construction of Tunnels Conveying Water Part VII: Grouting.

   As per Chapter 7 of the CWC Manual for Design of Tunnels, two distinct types of grouting are recommended, each serving specific technical purposes and applied based on site conditions:

   1. Backfill or Contact Grouting

      • Purpose: To fill voids and cavities between the concrete lining and the surrounding rock mass, enhancing contact and preventing seepage.

      • Nature: Also known as low-pressure grouting typically carried out at pressures ranging from 2 to 5 kg/cm², and not exceeding 5 kg/cm².

      • Execution Guidelines:

        • Performed after the lining concrete has gained sufficient strength, generally after 21 to 28 days of curing.

        • Limited to the arch portion of D-shaped tunnels.

        • Grout holes should extend at least 30 cm beyond the concrete lining into the surrounding rock.

   2. Pressure Grouting or Consolidation Grouting

      • Purpose: To consolidate fractured or shattered rock zones resulting from the drilling and blasting method of excavation. This improves the rock's resistance to internal water pressure and reduces permeability.

      • Execution Guidelines:

        o To be undertaken only after completion of backfill grouting over a length of at least 60 m ahead of the pressure grouting face.

        o Grouting should be carried out for a uniform radial distance of at least 0.75 times the finished tunnel diameter from the concrete face.

        o Hole spacing:

        • Not exceeding 3.0 m, either in depth or between adjacent holeswhichever is less.

        • Holes should be staggered in alternate sections, spaced 3.0 m apart.

        • Closer spacing may be used in weak or crushed zones.

        o Carried out in stages with gradually increasing pressure, typically between 7 to 10 kg/cm².

   3. Process of Grouting: The grouting process involves the following key operations:

      1. Drilling of Holes:

         • Wherever possible, drilling through concrete lining is avoided by embedding GI pipes (50 mm internal diameter) during lining.

         • Nominal size of grout hole: 40 mm.

         • Side holes must be drilled and grouted prior to crown holes to control pressure distribution.

      2. Cleaning and Washing of Holes: Holes are cleaned by:

         o Blowing compressed air, followed by

         o Flushing with water under pressure to ensure unobstructed grout flow.

      3. Testing of Holes:

         • Water intake tests are conducted to assess grout absorption capacity and compare results before and after grouting for effectiveness.

      4. Grouting of Holes:

         • Grout is injected using grout pumps through the prepared holes.

         • Grout mix typically consists of cement and water only, in varying proportions depending on site conditions:

           • Backfill Grouting: Thicker mixes 0.5:1 to 1:1 (cement:water)

           • Pressure Grouting: Thinner mixes 1:1 to 5:1

         • Additives are generally discouraged, but inert materials such as puzolana, fine sand, bentonite, or stone dust may be used to reduce cost when grout intake is high.

         • Completion Criteria:

           • Grouting is considered complete when the grout intake at the designated pressure drops below:

             • 2 L/min for pressures > 3.5 kg/cm²

             • 1 L/min for pressures 3.5 kg/cm² (Averaged over 10 minutes)

         • Sealing and Pressure Retention:

           • Upon completion, grout holes are sealed with valves to maintain internal pressure and prevent backflow.

           • Holding period: 1 to 2 hours, depending on strata type and grout consistency.

      5. Efficacy Testing of Grouted Zones:

      • Additional test holes are drilled between grouted sections.

      • Water intake tests are repeated and compared with pre-grouting results.

      • If intake is not significantly reduced, re-grouting or additional grouting is undertaken with increased density or altered grout planes.

   4. Maintenance and Upkeep of Grouting Equipment

      • After each days operation:

• Grout pumps, manifolds, delivery and return lines, and valves are thoroughly cleaned with water.

• All nozzles, pipes, and fittings are to be lubricated or greased to prevent cement slurry buildup and ensure smooth functioning for subsequent operations.

Fig-4: Tunnel section after completion of CC lining

1. CHALLENGES FACED IN THE EXECUTION OF WORKS

   Despite careful planning and engineering precision, several challengesboth technical and logistical impacted the timely and smooth execution of tunnel and canal works. These are summarized below:

2. Restricted Accessibility

   The project site is located in remote, forested, and hilly terrain, which posed significant access limitations for transporting and installing construction equipment and materials. Major difficulties included:

   • Transportation of Large Equipment

     The movement and establishment of heavy construction machinerysuch as crushers and ready- mix concrete (RMC) batching plantswere severely hampered by narrow, unpaved roads and steep gradients.

   • Operational Challenges After Installation

     Even after installation, operations were affected due to:

     • Reluctance of qualified personnel to work in isolated regions lacking basic infrastructure (housing, healthcare, internet connectivity).

     • Scarcity of local skilled manpower, necessitating the recruitment and training of labor from distant regions.

3. Labor and ogistics Constraints

   Mobilizing and retaining labor in such challenging environments required extraordinary measures. Key issues faced included:

   • Labor Reluctance & Safety Concerns

     o Workers were hesitant to remain in forested areas due to fears of wildlife and unfamiliar surroundings.

     o Health risks posed by insects, snakes, and other hazards prevalent in forest zones further discouraged labor retention.

   • Mechanical Support Limitations

     o Absence of local workshops, trained mechanics, and spare parts led to delays in equipment repair and downtime during machinery breakdowns.

   • Health Hazards and Epidemics

     o The area being an agency/tribal zone, frequent outbreaks of diseases such as:

     • Malaria (including cerebral malaria),

     • Dengue fever,

     • Typhoid, and

     • Jaundice, resulted in the illness of many laborers and technical staff, affecting work continuity.

   • Emergency Response Limitations

     o The nearest emergency medical facility was over 50 km away, complicating response in case of health or injury emergencies.

   • Fatigue Monitoring

     o Continuous supervision was essential to avoid fatigue-related accidents and to ensure that safety protocols were strictly followed during equipment handling and heavy-duty

     operations.

     Mitigation Measures: To address these challenges, the executing agency:

     • Established a permanent labor camp with basic amenities.

     • Engaged permanent laborers familiar with the local conditions.

     • Implemented health monitoring, preventive medical measures, and maintained attention to food quality and hygiene, boosting morale and reducing health risks.

4. Slope Instability and Seepage

   Construction in deep cut zones presented unique geotechnical risks, including:

   • Slope Failures

     • Slopes in deep excavation zones were highly unstable and prone to collapse, particularly during or after heavy rains.

   • Seepage Issues

     • Persistent and heavy seepage affected both excavation and muck removal operations.

     • Slippery conditions made muck transportation dangerous, especially when operating on inclined and narrow haul roads.

   • Equipment Limitations

     • Only high-performance machinery, maintained in 100% operational condition, and operated by experienced personnel, were allowed in high-risk zones to mitigate accidents.

     8.0 FINDINGS ON THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE PROJECT

     Lack of Storage in the Reservoir up to FRL Impact on Tail-End Ayacut:

   • It is found that the execution of the Musurumilli Head Works is currently in its final stages, with completion anticipated by December 2026. As the head works are not yet fully operational, water cannot be stored up to the Full Reservoir Level (FRL).

   • Due to the inability to store water at the designed FRL, there is insufficient driving head and quantum of water required to ensure flow throughout the canal network. Consequently, although the entire canal system is completed and fully functional, irrigation water is not reaching the tail-end ayacut areas as intended.

   • This limitation is significantly affecting the intended irrigation potential of the project, particularly in the Tail End reaches of all canals, where gravity flow depends heavily on full reservoir levels to maintain the necessary hydraulic gradient.

1. SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS

   Despite facing significant geological, logistical, and environmental challenges, the project team successfully executed the tunneling and canal works through meticulous planning, round-the-clock supervision, and the adoption of robust safety and quality control protocols. The Musurumilli Project stands as a model for the successful implementation of complex hydraulic infrastructure in difficult and remote terrains.

   The combination of technical expertise, dedicated manpower, and modern machinery led to the successful completion of canal works by 2010, enabling irrigation of 16,148 acres out of the contemplated 22,646 acres. This milestone sets a benchmark for similar medium irrigation projects executed under the Jalayagnam Programme.

   This achievement not only underscores engineering excellence but also exemplifies the spirit of teamwork, innovation, and perseverance that transformed a challenging natural landscape into a fully functional and sustainable irrigation infrastructure.

2. Engineering Ingenuity and Human Commitment

   The successful execution of the tunneling and cut & cover works demonstrates a perfect blend of engineering precision and human dedication. Overcoming unpredictable geological formations, frequent slope failures, restricted access, and environmental hazards, the project team proved that, with committed personnel and capable machinery, even the most formidable terrains can be converted into engineering landmarks contributing to rural prosperity and sustainable development.

3. Role of Manpower and Machinery

   The projects success is largely attributed to the synergized efforts of skilled engineers, equipment operators, and laborers working in tandem with modern machinery. The key equipment used included:

   • Hydraulic rock breakers, excavators, and drilling jumbos for tunnel and rock excavation

   • Shotcrete machines and concrete pumps for tunnel lining and support

   • Dewatering systems and backup generators to ensure continuous operations in seepage-prone and low-ventilation zones

     The teams operated under adverse climatic and geographical conditions, often in remote tribal areas, demonstrating exceptional professionalism and unwavering dedication.

4. Outcome and Significance

The successful completion of the tunnel, deep cut works, and all CM & CD (Cross Masonry & Cross Drainage) structures, along with canal excavation as per agreement timelines, marks a significant achievement in the realm of modern irrigation engineering.

The infrastructure created enables the smooth and efficient conveyance of water from the reservoir through the main canal network, ultimately supporting irrigation across thousands of acres in tribal and upland regions.

The Musurumilli Canal work not only fulfills a critical developmental objective but also serves as a beacon of engineering excellence and a case study for future irrigation initiatives in similar challenging environments.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We extend our sincere gratitude to Sri R. Subba Raju, Chairman & Managing Director, and Sri R. Gopal Krishna, Executive Director of M/s RSR Infra Works (India) Pvt. Ltd., for their invaluable cooperation and for sharing their practical insights related to the execution of the Musurumilli Canal Works. We are particularly thankful for their permission to engage with technical personnel, which enabled access to critical field experiences and first-hand knowledge that significantly enriched this study.

We are equally grateful to the officers and staff of the Water Resources Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, for their continued support and for providing essential technical data and documentation pertaining to the Musurumilli Project and its asociated canal network. Their assistance has been instrumental in facilitating a comprehensive understanding and analysis of the project execution.

We would also like to express our heartfelt appreciation to Sri M. Chakrapani, Retired Deputy Collector, for his unwavering guidance, valuable suggestions, and consistent encouragement throughout the course of this study and the preparation of this report

REFERENCES:

This study is original and innovative, based entirely on:

• Factual data obtained from the Water Resources Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, and

• Primary field data collected through direct interactions with the technical personnel of the contracting agency involved in the Musurumilli Canal works.

To the best of our knowledge, no prior studies of this nature have been undertaken or published. Consequently, no secondary references were utilized. However, the following references have been cited solely for the purpose of cross-verification of technical information obtained from both the Department and the executing agency:

1. https://apwrims.ap.gov.in/

2. https://www. encardio.com/ projects,

3. www.rsrinfra.com,

4. IS: 4880 (Part III)-1968 Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying water: Part III- Hydraulic design.

5. IS: 5878 (Part I) 1971, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Construction of Tunnels Conveying Water: Part I Precision Survey and Setting Out.

6. IS: 5878 (Part I1/Sec 1)-1970 (reaffirmed in 2000) Indian Standard Code of Practice for Construction of tunnels: Part II- Underground excavation in rock: Section-I: Drilling and Blasting

7. IS: 4081-1967 Safety code for blasting and related drilling operations

8. IS: 488O (Part VI)-1971 (reaffirmed in 2000) Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design of Tunnels Conveying Water: PART- VI Tunnel Supports,

9. IS: 5878 (Part IV) -1971(reaffirmed in 2000) Indian Standard Code of Practice for Construction of Tunnels Conveying water: PART- IV- Tunnel Supports.

10. IS: 5878 (Part V)-1976- Indian Standard Code of Practice for Construction of Tunnels Conveying Water: Part-V-Concrete Lining

11. IS: 5878 (Part VII)- 1972 Indian Standard Code of Practice for Construction of tunnels Conveying water-Part- VII Grouting.

12. Central Water Commission manual for design of tunnels.

BIOGRAPHY OF THE FIRST AUTHOR

The first author completed his B.Tech in Civil Engineering with First Class and Distinction from JNTU College of Engineering, Kakinada in 1993. He secured an All India Rank of 352 in GATE-1994, placing in the 95.12 percentile. He went on to earn his M.Tech in Civil Engineering with a specialization in Environmental Engineering from Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Tirupati, graduating with First Class and Distinction in 1996. He was awarded the Senior Research Fellowship (SRF) by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for a period of 3 years during 19982001 for pursuing his research in the area of Industrial Noise Pollution Control. From 2002 to 2005, he served as Lecturer and Assistant Professor in reputed institutions such as SASTRA University, Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu) and GMRIT, Rajam (Andhra Pradesh). In 2005, he joined the Irrigation & Command Area Development (I&CAD) Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, as an Assistant Executive Engineer. Over the years, he has executed several critical and technically challenging irrigation infrastructure works including:

• Tunnels and tunnel lining

• Aqueducts and super passages

• Drops, DLRBs, and SLRBs

• Cut & cover works in deep cut canal portions

• Box culverts and cross drainage structures

  For his exemplary work, he was awarded a Certificate of Appreciation by the District Collector of East Godavari in 2011.

  After his promotion to Deputy Executive Engineer in 2012, he successfully implemented Cement Concrete lining works in black cotton soils using CNS (Cohesive Non-Swelling Soil) treatment techniques, earning a Certificate of Appreciation from the Superintending Engineer, Pulichintala Project Circle in 2018.

  In March 2023, he was deputed to the Vigilance & Enforcement Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, where his services earned high recognition. He received:

• A Certificate of Appreciation from the then Honble Minister Sri P. Viswaroop in August 2023

• Another Certificate from the District Collector of West Godavari in January 2025

• And a third Certificate from the Honble Director General of Police, Andhra Pradesh, in February 2025, in acknowledgment of his dedicated and efficient service.

Annexure-A: Major Irrigation Reservoirs serving the ayacut in Andhra Pradesh

Annexure-B: Medium Irrigation Reservoirs serving the ayacut in Andhra Pradesh

Annexure-C: Gross capacity of Reservoirs in Krishna Basin

Annexure-D: Gross capacity of Reservoirs in Pennar Basin

Annexure-E: Gross capacity of Reservoirs in Other Basins

Vol. 14 Issue 10, October – 2025

ANNEXURE-G: RSR INFRA WORKS (INDIA) PVT. LTD.

RSR Infra Works (India) Pvt. Ltd., formerly known as M/s R. Subba Raju, is a leading Civil Engineering and Infrastructure Construction Company, established in 1974 and headquartered in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh. The company is an ISO 9001:2008 certified organization, recognized for its commitment to quality, timely execution, and engineering excellence.

Over the past five decades, RSR Infra Works has evolved from a small proprietary concern into one of South Indias most respected infrastructure development companies. The organization has built a strong reputation for delivering complex and large-scale projects across multiple sectors, including irrigation, railways, buildings, and industrial works.

Core Areas of Expertise: RSR Infra Works undertakes a wide spectrum of civil and infrastructure construction activities, including but not limited to:

• Irrigation Infrastructure:

  Construction of dams, barrages, canals, aqueducts, and irrigation command area development schemes.

• Railway Projects:

  Execution of railway tunnels, bridges, track works, and associated civil structures for South Central, Southern, and South Western Railways.

• Tunnel and Hydro Projects:

  Expertise in tunnel excavation, controlled blasting, lining works, and hydraulic structures.

• Industrial and Institutional Buildings:

  Development of industrial complexes, institutional campuses, and commercial structures with advanced construction technologies.

• Urban and Housing Infrastructure:

  Construction of housing projects, townships, roads, and urban utilities for both public and private sectors.

• Thermal Power Projects:

  Execution of civil works for power plant infrastructure and allied facilities.

  Organizational Growth and Legacy:

• Founded in 1974 as a proprietary concern, the company initially executed civil contracts in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

• In 1998, it was converted into a partnership firm under the name M/s R. Subba Raju, Railway & Special Contractor, expanding into EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) projects.

• In 2010, the firm was restructured as RSR Infra Works (India) Pvt. Ltd., marking a new phase of corporate growth and diversification.

  RSR Infra Works has since executed several major irrigation, railway, and infrastructure projects with agencies such as:

• Irrigation & Command Area Development Department (I&CAD), Government of Andhra Pradesh

• Public Works Department, Karnataka

• South Western Railway, Hubballi

• South Central Railway, Secunderabad

• Southern Railway, Chennai

  Strengths and Capabilities:

• Over 50 Years of Experience in large-scale civil and infrastructure projects.

• ISO 9001:2008 Certification, ensuring adherence to international quality standards.

• Dedicated and Skilled Workforce comprising engineers, planners, and technicians.

• Modern Equipment Fleet for earthworks, concrete works, tunneling, and specialized structures.

• Proven Expertise in project management, safety compliance, and timely completion of works.

  Corporate Philosophy: RSR Infra Works believes that longevity and reputation are built on consistent performance, trst, and client satisfaction.The companys core philosophy rests on the following principles:

• Commitment to quality, safety, and sustainability.

• Client-centric approach, ensuring transparency and value addition.

• Continuous improvement through technology adoption and skill development.

• Upholding integrity, teamwork, and excellence in every project undertaken.

Presence and Future Outlook: RSR Infra Works has a strong operational presence across Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. With its proven expertise and reliable track record, the company continues to expand its footprint across India, exploring new avenues in infrastructure development, EPC contracting, and public-private partnership (PPP) models.

With over five decades of experience, RSR Infra Works (India) Pvt. Ltd. stands as a symbol of reliability, quality, and engineering proficiency in Indias infrastructure sector. Its continued success is a testament to the dedication of its workforce, trust of its clients, and commitment to nation-building through sustainable infrastructure.

Annexure-H: Canal wise & Off Take wise ayacut of Musurumilli Project in acres