State Machine based Framework for Genomic Analysis

DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV9IS010132

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State Machine based Framework for Genomic Analysis

1. Lakshmi Bharathi S, 2. Dr. Vidya Niranjan, 3. Sudhamshu Mohan S

Mysore Road, R V Vidyanikethan, Bengaluru 560059, Karnataka, India

INTRODUCTION

The extensibility of Finite State Machines (FSM) to different disciplines viz., networking, compiler design, marketing, etc., is highly appreciated for its optimal and precise solutions to respective problems[12]. The attempt of attributing states of a FSM to biological data, specifically to genes is rarely endeavored because it is very difficult to visualize and represent states and events corresponding to genomic data. This constraint paved the way in looking for a transform using which representable genomic states and events could be realized. The subsequent sections of this paper introduce to such a linear transform thereby the mapping of genes leads to mathematically representable states[17].

METHODOLOGY

  1. Gene Representation

    Let = {G1, G2, GN} be the genes present in a genome, where G1, G2,GN are genes. As there we be a really large set of genes present in genome. This representation can lead to a very large set.

    Mathematically contains finite set of genes, however large it might be. We can use mathematically convenient representations which are computationally appreciable

    = {G1, G2, GN}

    General flow of the framework

    Where, is impulsive only at kth index where gene is present. In fact, will have a value unity where gene-k exists and is equal to 0 elsewhere. This throws focus on mathematical representation of nucleotides A T G C.

    Bergen and Antoniou proposed a method based on complex representation, parametric window function and STDFT to maximize SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) to identify coding regions of the genes

    A= 0.10+0.12j; T= -0.30-0.20j;

    G=0.45-0.19j; C=0

    Graphical representation of nucleotides

  2. Gene Function

    is complex in nature.

    which is a Such that leads to a numerical value V which

    should be a convergent function.

    Where Where, n is the position of nucleotide within a gene

    Where, is the arithmetic mean of gene, l is the number of nucleotides within a gene is the mean of the nucleotide

    the variance of the nucleotide

    So, we will have each gene getting mapped to a number, uniqueness of this value increases with increase in number of parameters, that is if we go for and , the value we get will be more unique.

  3. Representation using Gene Function

    can be represented as a right-handed sequence starting from origin till valN.

    Similarly, we can also represent the query sequence.

    Now we have mathematically representable sequences and numbers which are unique.

  4. Gene Convolution

    Genome convolution is the convolution of these sequences

    (G)

    G1 G2

    GN

    Reference axis

    Here, G1, G2, GN are complex in nature.

    Q(G)

    G1 G2

    Gn

    Reference axis

    Similarly, Reference gene RG corresponds to some value.

    With all these assumptions, we need to find the 1 and 2 Where,

    and

    1(G) and 2(G) are the resultants obtained by convolving genomic sequence with the query sequence and genomic sequence with the reference sequence.[13]

    If 1(G) and 2(G) are of bigger length, we need to use transformation. (1(G), 2(G))

    We need to first reduce the feature space of 1(G) and 2(G) using K means algorithm, if the feature space is very large to the best samples.

  5. Scoring Mechanism

    Now, scoring mechanism needs to be employed This will be a rectangular matrix of order p*q. pq = (1(G) – 2(G))/

    where, is the determinant.

    We need to make order (r*r) where R is the LCM(p,q) = We need to make all the remaining entries 0 by appending it everywhere

    Now, the determinant needs to be calculated

  6. States (Key Players)

    Now try to make the matrix upper/lower triangular or try to diagonalize it (Echelon forms).

    The remaining entries now are the key players of our analysis. If the matrix is diagonalizable then analysis becomes easy. Judgement (J) from the key players will be based on the learning methods.

    Inputs for learning are

    [Principal diagonal elements or Triangular matrix] + [Determinant obtained from matrix] + [Rank of the matrix]

    Using some machine learning techniques like multi-layered perception or SVM we can train some of the inputs. Involving reference genes for a given genome with some of the query sequences (around 30-40 samples)

    Then by using this binary classifier we can make a decision for a particular analysis.

  7. SVM based Binary Classifier

    Training inputs

    Output Range

    Ref Gene +Genome +Query sequence

    Decide on output range of values

    II. CONSTRAINTS FOR THE APPLICATION OF THIS METHOD

    1. Gene Representation

      To mathematically represent a gene, following parameters need to be decided.

      1. All the nucleotides must be unique i.e., the number corresponding to each nucleotide must be different from others.

      2. These numbers must be linearly independent and should not belong to same linear space.

      3. Orthogonality is the most preferred feature to introduce the uniqueness in the analysis.

      4. Each nucleotide will be a point on complex plane. (S-plane in Laplace plane)

        Imaginary plane

        Gene

        Real Plane

    2. Gene Function

      1. It should be convergent

      2. It should be definitive, continuous and differentiable

      3. Periodic and non-periodic properties need to be studied further

    3. Scoring Mechanism

      1. As this involves finding key players (numbers) that is finding triangular elements or diagonal elements, the values are highly uncorrelated.

      2. Dividing the values by determinant will normalize the values.

        1. APPLICATIONS

          This idea could be transformed as a framework for Genomic Analysis, primarily intended to characterize nucleotide, gene, genome and their expressions in a mathematically coherent way.[14] The inherent modularity of this framework ensures to enhance and improve performance of each stage independently. As the crux of the framework is principally derived harnessing the concept of linear systems viz. Convolution, Linear Transformation- Cartesian Association, K- means Clustering, Discrete Differentiation, Characteristic Equations followed by a training method based on Support Vector Machines, the approach employed is robust, simple, conclusive and reliable.[16]

          The tangibility of this approach is derived from the philosophy of Linearization of Sample Space.[13] This novel approach shapes & fits the non-characterized biological data into a framework where one can apply any of the Linear Discriminative Techniques which are deterministic in nature, thus leading to conclusions which are reliable and specific in nature. [18]

        2. FUTURE SCOPE

          As this framework is modular and generic in nature, this could be enhanced and extended to techniques based on Fuzzy Logic, for better decisiveness and quantifiability of conclusions. For huge training data sets a layered approach involving Artificial

          intelligence-based approach could be studied. For better characterization of Gene Functions, we can even go for multi parameter based statistical techniques for Modelling, which are based on Curvature based analysis.

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