Review on Application of Drone in Spraying Pesticides and Fertilizers

Review on Application of Drone in Spraying Pesticides and Fertilizers

Sane Souvanhnakhoomman

De La Salle University-

Graduate program in Mechanical Engineering, Manila, Philippine

Abstract: In today's agriculture, there are far too many innovations involved. One of the emerging technologies is pesticide spraying using drones. Manual pesticide spraying has a number of negative consequences for the people who are involved in the spraying operation. The result of exposure symptoms can include minor skin inflammation and birth abnormalities, tumors, genetic modifications, nerve and blood diseases, endocrinal interference, coma or death. However, Drone can be used to automate fertilizer application, pesticide spraying, and field tracking. This paper provides a concise overview of the use of drones for field inspection and pesticide spraying. displays different methodologies and controllers of agriculture drone and explains some essential Drone Hardware, Software elements and applications.

Keywords: Drone technology, spraying pesticides, crop monitoring

1. INTRODUCTION

   The explosion of the human population makes high productivity, high performance and sustainable agriculture more important [1]. In the modern environment, agriculture is essential for the subsistence of more than 60 percent of total of the world's population. [2]. It is a critical element in the protection of the environment in the developed world. The agricultural modernisation is mandatory when demand and food supply are increased. Drone are one of the most advantageous equipment for modern agriculture.

   The pesticides and fertilizers are critical components in the control of insects and the development of crops. Spraying pesticides and fertilizers by hand causes tumors, hypersensitivity, allergies, and other illnesses in people. Hence, Drone can be used to automate fertilizer application, pesticide spraying, and field tracking, which is also used for many applications such as search and rescue, police, code inspections, Emergency Management, fire. Other advantages of drones include their fast maneuverability, improved payload, high lifting power, and stability [3]. It comes with a universal sprayer for spraying both liquid and solid contents. The global nozzle sprays all pesticides and fertilizers, but the tension pump is only used when spraying pesticides and not when spraying fertilizer. In wide fields, the GPS can be used to automatically direct the quadcopter and power it remotely. A quad copter is piloted by an

   Water Level Monitoring sensors. As a result of this experiment, they eventually concluded that with proper implementation of UAVs in the agricultural sector, savings in terms of water, chemical abuse, and labour can be projected to range between 20% and 90%. [7].

   autopilot controller, and the payload is driven by an RF transmitter and motors. The figure 1 illustrates the pesticides spraying mechanism [4].

   Figure 1: Pesticide spraying mechanism

   This paper usually depicts the characteristics of appropriate Drones for a particular agricultural purpose. Furthermore, it will be clear as to which Drone archetype is needed for specific farming tasks. The systematic review of this article is based on basic keyword and abstract searches in Scopus, WOS (Web of Science), and Google Scholar databases. Several trustworthy websites were also consulted for subject-related material.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

   Yallappa (2017) improved an hexacopter with 6 BLDC motors and two LiPo batteries of 6 cells- 8000 mAh. Their research also includes a performance assessment of spray liquid discharge and pressure, spray liquid depletion, and droplet size and density determination. By means of their project, they eventually created a drone that can hold 5.5 L of liquid and has a 16-minute endurance period [5].

   Dongyan (2015) investigated successful swath width and droplet distribution uniformity over aerial spraying systems such as the M-18B and Thrush 510G. The agricultural planes flowered respectively at 5m and 4m high, and by this experiment they conclude the disparity in swath width of M- 18B and Thrush 510G in flight height [6].

   Prof. B. Balaji (2018) created a hexacopter UAV for pesticide spraying as well as crop and environmental surveillance using Raspberry Pi and the Python programming language. Their UAV also has a variety of sensors, including DH11, LDR and

   Kurkute (2018) used basic cost-efficient equipment to work with UAV quadcopter and its spraying system. Spraying with both liquid and solid material is done using the universal sprayer method. During their analysis, they also compared various agricultural controllers and came to the

   conclusion that the quadcopter system with the Atmega644PA is the most suitable due to its successful implementation [8].

   Huang (2015) developed a low-volume sprayer that can be used in unmanned helicopters. The helicopter has a 3 m main rotor diameter and a payload capacity of 22.7 kg. It used to take at least a gallon of gas every 45 minutes. This research paved the way for the development of UAV aerial application systems for crop production with a higher goal rate and a larger VMD droplet scale [9].

   Shilpa Kedari has suggested a low-cost, lightweight Quadcopter (QC) framework. The quadcopter is also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). This quadcopter is compact and can be used for both indoor and outdoor crops. The quadcopter is an unmanned flight that uses an android smartphone to spray pesticides and fertilizer. The contact between the quadcopter and the android smartphone is achieved in real time using a Bluetooth device. This method is used to reduce agricultural field problems while still increasing agricultural yield [10].

   Sadhana improved on the above approaches and created the quadcopter UAV and shower module, which can be used to spray pesticides in agriculture fields to increase efficiency

   and protect materials. The total load for this project is 1 kg and is used to spray low altitude pesticide quadruple copter lift. The Arduino UNO AT mega328 and Brushless Direct Current (BLDC), Electronic Speed Control (ESC), MPU- 6050, which combines a MEMS accelerometer and a MEMS gyro into a single chip, Radio receiver, LIPO battery, and pesticide spraying module control this quadcopter [11].

3. METHODOLOGIES AND MATERIALS

   • Methodologies

   The main board in the drone is the flight controller, which is loaded with cutting-edge firmware and is in charge of the actual flight. The flight controller controls a lot during the flight or drone at the same time. It has been designed and connected with a micro controller to the four motors without brush motor. BLDC motor attach in the Drone setup model with the rotors. These BLDC motors are controlled by the Electronic Speed controllers (ESC). The drone is powered by the transmitter and receiver of the radio network. There are several platforms for individual drone control activities for any RC transmitter. A sample block diagram shown in Fig 4. Different methodologies and controllers of Drone are shown in Table 3.

   Figure 4. The main components of methodologies drone

   Table 1. Different methodologies and controllers of Drone

   Author	Implementation Details	Components	Controller	Nozzle Type	Remarks	Load (L-Litres)
   Munmun Ghosal (2018) [12]	Monitoring the exact place in which GPS module is notable for air pollution.	ESC, BLDC motor, sensor such as LM35, AM1001, LDR, MQ6, and MQ135.	Arduino Uno ATmega328		It is a low-cost, high-efficiency model.
   Sabikan (2016) [13]	A platform for the autonomous UAV quad copter was built for open- source projects.	IMU, 2.4GHz telemetry, ESC.	ArduPilotMega (APM) 2.6		The quad copter OSP offers both software and hardware as a comprehensive framework and also flexibility design for research or project purposes.
   Shilpa Kedari (2016) [10]	A quad copter is deployed on Android smartphone. These android applications control the quad-copter for pesticide and fertiliser spraying.	IMU , barometer, accelerometer, gyroscope.	Arduino board		Reduces the problem of the health of farmers during pesticides and fertilizer application.
   Sadhana B (2017) [11]	Developed the quad copter and sprayer module	ESC, BLDC, MPU 6050 sensor.	Arduino Uno ATmega328	Mini nozzle	High stability and increased power lifting. It is easy to compare the quad copter control to a miniature helicopter or vehicle.	1kg
   Parth N. Patel (2016) [14]	The quad copters enable the fabrication of unique folding frames for safe transport and convenient packaging of cylindrical cushioned boxes.	Accelerometer, gyroscope, IMU, Infrared camera, BLDC, ESC	Atmel AVR microcontroller		It is adaptable, allows function performance to be modified and also allows technological integration.
   Weicai Qin (2019) [15]	Study the effect in different heights and sprayers of the spraying system.	GPS, digital temperature, humidity indicator, water sensitive.	N-3 type	Rotary atomizer	In this UAV the pesticides were initially employed in low altitude and low volume.	25 lit
   Tanga (2018) [16]	Determining the deposition of droplets in various forms.	Digital temperature, Humidity indicator, Water sensitive Sensors. Anemometer, Filter papers.	UAV ZHKU- 0404-01	Flat fan	For wind speed measurement. The indicator is used for air humidity measurement.	15 L
   Tejas S. Kabra (2017) [17]	Suggest Quad Copter [QC] to be introduced. The quad copter reduces the problem of farming	BLDC			This procedure reduces the medical problem created by hand sprinkling.	1.5 to 3 L
   Rahul Desale (2019) [18]	This project is being utilized by UAV in agriculture to spray insecticides.	BLDC, ESC, ratio controller, Transmitter.	Flight Controller	Fog nozzle	The benefit of this project is that it frame to spray pesticides in a safe place by utilizing drone.
   Shaik. Khamuruddeen (2019) [19]	This type is used for quad copter spraying of insecticides.	BLDC, ESC, Transceiver, Infrared Camera.	PID Micro Controller		To identify less work where PSQ is used.

   • Hardware and software Components

   Drones are an array of sophisticated hardware, software and advanced technology. In general, many software and hardware components are used to properly control the drone according to Drone's startling variants. The unified body or structural components are usually referred to as hardware. Drone hardware shows the technical components of the Drone enough and takes software applications guidance. Furthermore, the software may be referred to as a Drone's brain. The software is supposed to tell the Drone whether or

   not to go and what to do. As a potential method of speculating and combining all of the Drone's critical data, a complicated structure benefits from the software portion. Drone software consists of a large number of different applications, processes, and operations. It also has a specific liability, as shown by its hardware components. The Drone is correctly controlled by a special combination of hardware and software. Tables 1 and 2 show some of the underlying hardware and software components respectively.

   Table 2. The following are some of the most important drone hardware components and implementations.

   Name of the Element	Purpose	Reference
   BLDC motor	Movement control	[5][7][11][12][14] [17-19]
   Flight Controller	control fixed-wing drone	[5-11][18]
   Transmitter	For use radio signals to transmit commands wirelessly	[5][6][7][10][11][18][19]
   ESC	Regulates the speed of BLDC	[5][7][9][11][12][13][14][19]
   Propeller	Movement of drone	[11]
   Water Pump:	for spraying water	[5][9][11]
   GPS	Navigating	[5][6][7][9][11][15]
   Camera	Record video or capture image	[5][9][11][14][19]
   Accelerometer	For measure the acceleration Gyro	[5-11][12][14]
   Gyroscopes	For rotational motion or Maintaining orientation and angular velocity	[5-11][12][14]
   Magnetometer	Measuring the strength and direction of the magnetic field.	[5-11][12]
   Battery	Retaining power	[5-11]
   WSN	Sensing environmental conditions	[7][11]

   Table 3. The following are some of the most widely used Drone Software components and implementations.

   Name of the Element	Purpose	Reference
   C++	Image processing	[12][13]
   MATLAB	Image-processing and analysis	[20][21][22]
   Adobe Photoshop	Distortion emendation	[23][24]
   GIS	Capturing and analysing spatial and geographic data.	[25] [26]
   MAVLink	Communicating with UAVs	[27][28]
   Pix4D	Vegetation calculation and 3-D models construction	[29] [30]
   Arduino	Control system	[10][11][12][13][14]
   Python	Controlling	[7][31]

4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

The evaluation provided in Table 1 supports the use of Unmanaged Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in different quadcopters and improves the agricultural accuracy method the pesticides and fertilisers in agricultural fields in various crops. However, table 2 and 3 displayed some of the most important drone hardware components and implementations and the software is supposed to tell the Drone whether or not to go and what to do. As a potential method of speculating and combining all of the Drone's critical data. Drone software consists of a large number of different applications, processes, and operations

Drone is still in its early stage in precision agriculture and maybe a scope for additional improvement both in technology and in agriculture. It is expensed to develop Drone's innovation, improved ways of image processing, lower prices, flying times, battery, new camera models, small volume spraying systems and kinds of nozzles.

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