# Kernel PCA Based Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for preprocessing of Telugu text documents for Cluster Analysis

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#### Kernel PCA Based Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for preprocessing of Telugu text documents for Cluster Analysis

Srinivas Mekala1, Dr. B. Padmaja Rani2

1Research scholar, Dept. of CSE, JNTUH, Hyderabad, Telangana

2Professor of CSE, JNTUH, Hyderabad, Telangana

Abstract: – In this paper we focus on investigating the effect of Dimensionality reduction on text document clustering. Clustering is the process of finding groups of objects such that the objects in a group will be similar to one another and different from the objects in other groups. Dimensionality reduction is the transformation of high dimensional data into a meaningful representation of reduced dimensionality of the data. Indian languages are highly inflectional. The dimension of the feature vector hence is very large resulting in poor performance when K-means clustering algorithm is applied. To improve the clustering efficiency KPCA (Kernel Principal Component Analysis) technique is investigated on Indic Script documents and obtained a reduced data set. we aim to investigate Principle Component Analysis (PCA), and Kernel PCA feature reduction technique (KPCA) for dimensionality reduction on Indic script documents and then apply to K- means clustering algorithm. Telugu text documents are chosen as case study for a baseline. Various Kernel functions applied for improving efficiency is also aimed and compared the results with basic PCA technique.

Index Terms– Dimensionality reduction, Clustering, K-means clustering algorithm, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Kernel Principal Component Analysis (Kernel PCA).

1. INTRODUCTION

Text document clustering is a fundamental and enabling tool for efficient document organization, summarization, navigation and retrieval. Text clustering plays a significant role in Machine Learning and Information Retrieval which facilitate Knowledge Discovery from text mining. As part of text mining we analyse large quantities of text data, detect useful patterns and extract precious information or knowledge. The most critical problem for text document clustering is the high dimensionality of the natural language text, often referred to as the "curse of dimensionality". High dimensionality problem is addressed under Data Reduction strategies. Data Reduction is achieved through Dimensionality reduction, Numerosity reduction and Data Compression. In this paper we focus on dimensionality reduction approaches which can be categorized according to different

perspectives such as, linear versus non-linear. Wavelet Transforms and Principal Component Analysis are linear dimensionality reductions techniques in which Feature extraction method project the original high dimensional

space onto a lower dimensional space. The other Attribute subset selection methods for Dimensionality reduction select a subset of "meaningful dimensions from the original ones. This paper analyses the effect of various dimensionality reduction techniques for natural language text documents under nonlinear dimensionality reduction category for Clusterization process which is a significant step in text mining. Feature extraction methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) [7] and a nonlinear Kernel PCA with several Kernel functions [11] are compared with base method TFIDF which have an established reputation in text document dimensionality reduction.

2. ISSUES RELATED TO DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION

1. Curse of Dimensionality Reduction

The curse of dimensionality refers to various phenomena that arise when analysing and organizing data in high dimensional space(often with hundreds or thousands of dimensions) that do not occur in low-dimensional settings such as the three-dimensional physical space of everyday experience. Most Machine learning and Data mining algorithms may not effective for high-dimensional data. Query accuracy and efficiency degrade rapidly as dimension increases. The expression was coined by Richard E. Bellman when considering problems in dynamic optimization. Telugu language documents analysis for Knowledge discovery is done through Text Mining process which is an interdisciplinary field that draws on information retrieval, data mining, machine learning, Statistics, and Computational linguistics. Enormous information is stored as text such as news articles, books, digital libraries, email messages, blogs, and web pages. Hence a high degree of dimensionality exists analysis of Text data.

There are multiple phenomena referred to by this name in domains such as numerical analysis, sampling, combinatory, databases. The common theme of these problems is that when the dimensionality increases, the volume of the space increases so fast that the available data become sparse. This sparsity is problematic for any method that requires statistical significance. In order to

obtain a statistically sound and reliable result, the amount of data needed to support the result often grows exponentially with the dimensionality. Also, organizing and searching data often relies on detecting areas where objects form groups with similar properties; in high dimensional data, however, all objects appear to be sparse and dissimilar in many ways, which prevents common data organization strategies from being efficient. There are statistical techniques which can find the best representation of data in a lower-dimensional space than that in which it was originally provided.

2. Enhancement in clustering through Dimensionality reduction

We need to derive high-quality information from text. To obtain optimized results for a high dimension data set it is needed to apply dimensionality reduction. Removing redundant and noisy features, discovery of hidden correlations or topics improve clusterization so that interpretation and visualization of results is easy. Intrinsic dimension may be small in some cases, for example number of genes cause for disease is small.

3. Approaches to handle Dimensionality reduction Dimensionality reduction is a pre-process step in which size of the vector space form reduced. The reduced space is

called reduced term set. Dimensionality reduction methods

have been derived from information theory or linear algebra literature. Dimensionality reduction methods primarily categorized based on applicability of domain, like natural language text is undergoing nonlinear dimensionality reduction. In this paper nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques are surveyed for dimensionality reduction by applying different type of Kernel functions, that improves clustering efficiency which in turn improves text mining.

Fig1.Primary categorization of Dimensionality Reduction.

There are three types of linear dimensionality reduction methods, in which feature extraction has applied to the following methods for dimensionality reduction. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Independent Component Analysis (ICA)Orthogonal Component Analysis (OCA). Nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods are Kernel PCA, ISOMAP, LLE, MDS, and MVU.

In text clustering process, the documents or examples are represented by thousands of tokens, which make the

classification problem very hard for many classifiers. Dimensionality reduction is a typical step in text mining, which transform the data representation into a shorter, more compact, and more predictive one. The new space is easier to handle because of its size, and space that describe the data set effectively. Limitations of linear dimensionality reduction through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are understood and studied Nonlinear imensionality reduction techniques by applying Kernel functions. Telegu language dataset is applied for study of the Kernel Principal Component Analysis methods.

1. Principle Component Analysis (PCA)

PCA is a well-known technique that can reduce the dimensionality of data by transforming the original attribute space into smaller space. In the other words, the purpose of principle components analysis is to derive new variables that are combinations of the original variables and are uncorrelated. This is achieved by transforming the original variables Y = [y1, y2… yp] (where p is number of original variables) to a new set of variables, T = [t1, t2… tq] (where q is number of new variables), which are combinations of the original variables.[10] Transformed attributes are framed by first, computing the mean () of the dataset, then covariance matrix of the original attributes is calculated [5]. The second step is, extracting its eigenvectors and these eigenvectors (principal components) introduce as a linear transformation from the original attribute space to a new space in which attributes are uncorrelated. Eigenvectors can be sorted according to the amount of variation in the original data. The best n eigenvectors (those one with highest eigenvalues) are selected as new features while the rest are discarded.

Procedure for PCA

1. Scale the given matrix X with respect to its mean

i.e. X-

2. Find covariance matrix of given matrix X Covariance matrix () =

3. Find the eigen values of the system

These i are called principal components, where is an eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value i.

4. The Components corresponding to larger eigen values explain most of the variance in the data and are hence considered important whereas the eigen vectors corresponding to lower eigen values can be discarded.

Limitations of the PCA are as follows:

1. It assumes that the relationships between variables are linear.

2. Its interpretation is only sensible if all of the variables are assumed to be scaled at the numeric level.

3. It lacks a probabilistic model structure which is important in many contexts such as mixture modelling and Bayesian decision.

2. Kernel Principle Component Analysis (KPCA)

Kernel Principle Component Analysis (KPCA) overcomes the first limitation by using a kernel trick. The essential idea of KPCA is avoid the direct evaluation of the required dot product in a high dimensional feature space using the kernel function. Therefore, no explicit nonlinear function projecting the data from the original space to the feature space is needed. In an approach to analyse kernel principle component in a probabilistic manner has been proposed called probabilistic kernel principle component analysis (PKPCA) that naturally combines PPCA and KPCA to overcome limitations of PCA.

Fig2. Taxonomy of nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction

Kernel PCA is achieved through the following given procedure.

1. Project the data on to the higher dimensional space that makes it linearly separable. This is done by adding a new dimension which is a function of existing dimensions. The high dimensional mapping is represented .

#### 1 2

Example: – (x1, x2) (x1, x2, x2 + x2 )

: R2R3

2. The covariance matrix in the higher dimension is

represented as = (x) (x)T

3. This can be easily calculated as dotproduct of feature vectors in the high dimensional space without actually calculating the high dimensional representation. Typically done via kernel method to obtain a matrix as follows.

K=

K (X1, X2) is called the Kernel function. Most Kernel functions used are Polynomial, Sigmoid, Cosine, and Linear functions.

3. PROPOSED METHOD

In proposed method unsupervised text mining process is applied for Telegu text documents data set. Text documents are given for pre-processing, words or terms are extracted and doing the dimensionality reduction. Kernel Pca is applied for dimensionality reduction. The data reduced documents have given for clusterization process. K- means clustering algorithm is applied for clustering dimensionality reduced documents. The following steps are adopted for proposed methodology.

1. Pre processing

Telugu text documents from three domains Sports, Political News, and literature are given for pre-processing. Lexicalization is done by eliminating special characters and tokenization. Terms are extracted from the documents. Vectorization is done and obtained Term Frequency matrix and Inverse Document Frequency matrix. In the whole pre- processing step, the TF_IDF vector is produced and given for dimensionality reduction by applying Kernel PCA technique.

2. Dimensionality Reduction by applying Kernel PCA

Data reduction is a significant step in the Knowledge discovery process. When applying text mining algorithms on massive amounts of data for extraction of knowledge, large size of data cannot give efficient results. In order to improve efficiency of results, dimensionality reduction which is a method of data reduction is applied as a prior step that effects the text mining algorithm applied. Kernel Principal Component Analysis is applied to reduce data dimensionality. The main idea of in Kernel PCA is to map from input data x via a nonlinear mapping (x) to feature space F, and then execute the linear PCA in the feature space F. For the computation of eigen value in the feature space and the vector projection in the feature space, KPCA does not require the mapping (x) having explicit format, but only computing the dot product can use the kernel function given as follow to compute. The nonlinear of KPCA is achieved by kernel transformation, transforming input space to Hilbert feature space, so it can be said that the PCA is computed in the input space, while Kernel PCA in the feature space.

Kij = k (xi, xj) = ((xi). (xi))

The following steps carried out in order to perform dimensionality reduction.

1. Pick a Kernel function K (Xi, Xj)

2. Calculate the Kernel Matrix K

3. Centre the Kernel Matrix.

4. Solve the eigen system

Fig3: Procedure for DR by using Kernel PCA

3. Properties of Kernel PCA

If we use a kernel which satisfies the conditions for computing Dot products in Feature Space, we know that we are in fact doing a standard PCA in F. Consequently, all mathematical and statistical properties of PCA[4] carry over to kernel based PCA, with the modifications that they become statements about a set of points (xi), i=1,M, in F rather than in RN. In F, we can thus assert that PCA is the orthogonal basis transformation with the following properties. (Assuming that the Eigenvectors are sorted in ascending order of the Eigenvalue size).

1. The first q (q{1,.,M}) principal components, i.e. projections on Eigenvectors, carry more variance than any other q orthogonal directions.

2. The mean-squared approximation error in representing the observations by the first q principal components is minimal.

3. The principal components are uncorrelated

4. The representation entropy is minimized

5. The first q principal components have maximal mutual information with respect to the inputs.

4. Clustering Low dimensional data

After applying Kernel PCA technique we obtain a reduced set of components which can be applied for clusterization process. For better interpretation of the data the reduced data set can be clustered. We adopt k-means clustering algorithm for clusterization.

k-means clustering algorithm

We obtain the purified clusters by applying the original k- means clustering algorithm. The idea is to classify a given set of data into k number of disjoint clusters where the value of k is fixed in avance. The algorithm consists of two phases. The first phase is to define k centroids one for each cluster.[9] The next phase is to take each point belonging to the given data set and associate it to the nearest centroid. Pseudo code for the algorithm is given as follows.

Input

X= {x1, x2,..,xn}// set of n data items K // Number of desired clusters

Output: A set of k clusters

Steps:

1.Arbitrarily choose k data items from X as initial centroids; 2.Repeat

Assign each item xi to the cluster which has the closest centroid;

Calculate new mean for each cluster Until convergence criteria is met

After clusterization process we would get a set of clusters and each cluster contains a set of documents that are most related.

1. IMPLEMENTATION

Telugu Language dataset collected from three categories namely Sports, Political News and Literature comprising

141 documents are considered for experimentation. Both PCA and KPCA techniques are applied. In Kernel PCA the Linear, Polynomial, Cosine, and Sigmoid Kernel methods are used to reduce dimensionality. As dimensionality reduced k-means clustering is applied on reduced documents. The clustering accuracy is measured in terms of the ratio correctly assigned documents to clusters and total documents. Dimension reduction is measured as the ratio of reduced words to the total words in a document. Cluster evaluation is done by applying several cluster efficiency index methods like, Davies Bouldin Index, Completeness, and V-measure.

The following tables depicts the number of components selected and corresponding dimensionality reduced in percentage. The resultant clustering efficiency is shown as cluster evaluation index. The experimentation is done in two phases, first we apply dimensionality reduction technique and then as a second phase applying clustering algorithm.

 Component sChosen for PCA DR %achieved v-measure completeness 141 0 0.2780651088 0.28827468335 136 3.546 0.3608815373 0.3618374002 131 7.092 0.3958254142 0.3990624222 126 10.064 0.3290786855 0.3345533676 121 14.184 0.3024355354 0.3294447764 116 17.731 0.2293089243 0.2342017637 111 21.277 0.2210406248 0.2423483445 106 24.823 0.1153220286 0.1856493850 101 28.369 0.1265987441 0.1402206158 96 31.915 0.3070825983 0.3077338797 91 35.461 0.1608175280 0.1717783444 86 39.007 0.1787879770 0.1964907852 81 42.553 0.1513246566 0.2747459050
 Component sChosen for PCA DR %achieved v-measure completeness 141 0 0.2780651088 0.28827468335 136 3.546 0.3608815373 0.3618374002 131 7.092 0.3958254142 0.3990624222 126 10.064 0.3290786855 0.3345533676 121 14.184 0.3024355354 0.3294447764 116 17.731 0.2293089243 0.2342017637 111 21.277 0.2210406248 0.2423483445 106 24.823 0.1153220286 0.1856493850 101 28.369 0.1265987441 0.1402206158 96 31.915 0.3070825983 0.3077338797 91 35.461 0.1608175280 0.1717783444 86 39.007 0.1787879770 0.1964907852 81 42.553 0.1513246566 0.2747459050

Table 1. Dimensionality reduction achieved when PCA applied and Cluster efficiency indices.

Fig4. Dimensionality reduction with PCA.

 Components Chosen for PCA DR % achieved Davies Bouldin Index 141 0 6.8255869158 136 3.546 6.9887774883 131 7.092 6.8871047776 126 10.064 6.9561863562 121 14.184 6.6044458757 116 17.731 7.0685424846 111 21.277 6.8288590088 106 24.823 4.0856591818 101 28.369 6.8009962824 96 31.915 7.1591625185 91 35.461 7.0761557663 86 39.007 6.6671322717 81 42.553 3.8173672397

Table 2. Dimensionality reduction achieved when PCA applied and Cluster efficiency index.

Fig 5. Dimensionality reduction with PCA.

 Components Chosen for KPCAPolynomial DR %achieved v-measure completeness 141 0 0.4142154538 0.4181524566 136 3.546 0.3608815373 0.3618374002 131 7.092 0.3958254142 0.3990624222 126 10.064 0.3290786855 0.3345533676 121 14.184 0.3024355354 0.3294447764 116 17.731 0.2293089243 0.2342017637 111 21.277 0.0749765416 0.1503420265 106 24.823 0.0954856231 0.1305788924 101 28.369 0.1283104227 0.1857023633 96 31.915 0.1377788797 0.1940382829 91 35.461 0.1732531637 0.1931722836 86 39.007 0.1088373110 0.1310298533 81 42.553 0.1300183036 0.1421154675

Table 3. Dimensionality reduction achieved when Polynomial KPCA applied and Cluster efficiency indices.

Fig 6. Dimensionality reduction with Polynomial KernelPCA.

 Components Chosen for KPCA DR %achieved Davies Bouldin Index 141 0 6.9302001706 136 3.546 6.9887774883 131 7.092 6.8871047776 126 10.064 6.9561863562 121 14.184 6.6044458757 116 17.731 7.0685424846 111 21.277 3.3746448835 106 24.823 5.0773243294 101 28.369 5.2081407357 96 31.915 4.8140699927 91 35.461 6.4449270687 86 39.007 6.0796049994 81 42.553 6.7301045869

Table 4. Dimensionality reduction achieved when Polynomial KPCA applied and Cluster efficiency.

Fig 7. Dimensionality reduction with Polynomial Kernel PCA

 Components Chosen for Sigmoid Kernel PCA DR %achieved v-measure completeness 141 0 0.3181525669 0.3196680331 136 3.546 0.3618374002 0.3608815373 131 7.092 0.3958254142 0.3990624222 126 10.064 0.3290786855 0.3345533676 121 14.184 0.3024355354 0.3294447764 116 17.731 0.2293089243 0.2342017637 111 21.277 0.0749765416 0.1503420265 106 24.823 0.0954856231 0.1305788924 101 28.369 0.1283104227 0.1857023633 96 31.915 0.1377788797 0.1940382829 91 35.461 0.1732531637 0.1931722836 86 39.007 0.1088373110 0.1310298533 81 42.553 0.1300183036 0.1421154675

Table 5. Dimensionality reduction achieved when Sigmoid KPCA applied and Cluster efficiency.

Fig 8. Dimensionality reduction with Sigmoid Kernel PCA

Table 6. Dimensionality reduction achieved when Sigmoid KPCA applied and Cluster efficiency.

Fig 9. Dimensionality reduction with Sigmoid Kernel PCA

 Components Chosen for Cosine Kernel PCA DR %achieved v-measure completeness 136 3.546 0.3608815373 0.3618374002 131 7.092 0.3958254142 0.3990624222 126 10.064 0.3290786855 0.3345533676 121 14.184 0.3024355354 0.3294447764 116 17.731 0.2293089243 0.2342017637 111 21.277 0.0749765416 0.1503420265 106 24.823 0.0954856231 0.1305788924 101 28.369 0.1283104227 0.1857023633 96 31.915 0.1377788797 0.1940382829 91 35.461 0.1732531637 0.1931722836 86 39.007 0.1088373110 0.1310298533 81 42.553 0.1300183036 0.1421154675

Table 7. Dimensionality reduction achieved when Cosine KPCA applied and Cluster efficiency.

 Components Chosen for Sigmoid Kernel PCA DR %achieved Davies Bouldin Index 141 0 6.9887774883 136 3.546 6.9887774883 131 7.092 6.8871047776 126 10.064 6.9561863562 121 14.184 6.6044458757 116 17.731 7.0685424846 111 21.277 3.3746448835 106 24.823 5.0773243294 101 28.369 5.2081407357 96 31.915 4.8140699927 91 35.461 6.4449270687 86 39.007 6.0796049994 81 42.553 6.7301045869
 Components Chosen for Sigmoid Kernel PCA DR %achieved Davies Bouldin Index 141 0 6.9887774883 136 3.546 6.9887774883 131 7.092 6.8871047776 126 10.064 6.9561863562 121 14.184 6.6044458757 116 17.731 7.0685424846 111 21.277 3.3746448835 106 24.823 5.0773243294 101 28.369 5.2081407357 96 31.915 4.8140699927 91 35.461 6.4449270687 86 39.007 6.0796049994 81 42.553 6.7301045869

Fig 10. Dimensionality reduction with Cosine Kernel PCA

 Components Chosen for Sigmoid Kernel PCA DR %achieved Davies Bouldin Index 136 3.546 6.9887774883 131 7.092 6.8871047776 126 10.064 6.9561863562 121 14.184 6.6044458757 116 17.731 7.0685424846 111 21.277 3.3746448835 106 24.823 5.07732432942 101 28.369 5.20814073577 96 31.915 4.81406999275 91 35.461 6.44492706879 86 39.007 6.07960499941 81 42.553 6.73010458699

Table 8. Dimensionality reduction achieved when Cosine KPCA applied and Cluster efficiency

Fig11.Dimensionality reduction with Cosine Kernel PCA

 Components Chosenfor KPCA linear n DR %achieved Completeness V-Measure 136 3.546 0.3618374002 0.3608815373 131 7.092 0.3990624222 0.3958254142 126 10.064 0.3345533676 0.3290786855 121 14.184 0.3294447764 0.3024355354 116 17.731 0.2342017637 0.2293089243 111 21.277 0.1503420265 0.0749765416 106 24.823 0.1305788924 0.0954856231 101 28.369 0.1857023633 0.1283104227 96 31.915 0.1940382829 0.1377788797 91 35.461 0.1931722836 0.1732531637 86 39.007 0.1310298533 0.1088373110 81 42.553 0.1421154645 0.1300183036
 Components Chosenfor KPCA linear n DR %achieved Completeness V-Measure 136 3.546 0.3618374002 0.3608815373 131 7.092 0.3990624222 0.3958254142 126 10.064 0.3345533676 0.3290786855 121 14.184 0.3294447764 0.3024355354 116 17.731 0.2342017637 0.2293089243 111 21.277 0.1503420265 0.0749765416 106 24.823 0.1305788924 0.0954856231 101 28.369 0.1857023633 0.1283104227 96 31.915 0.1940382829 0.1377788797 91 35.461 0.1931722836 0.1732531637 86 39.007 0.1310298533 0.1088373110 81 42.553 0.1421154645 0.1300183036

Table 9. Dimensionality reduction achieved when linear KPCA applied and Cluster efficiency

2. CONCLUSION

We aim to investigate Kernel PCA feature reduction technique (KPCA) for dimensionality reduction on Indic script documents and then apply to K-means clustering algorithm. Telugu text documents are chosen as case study. Various ways of improving efficiency is also aimed to investigate and compare the result with basic PCA technique. Telugu documents suffer from more inflectionality initial reduction resulted in words with its variants mostly efficiency is increased. Whereas further reduction eliminated some of root words and resulting in efficiency decrease.

DR vs Davies Bouldin Cluster Efficiency Index

Cluster Efficiency Index

Cluster Efficiency Index

8

6

4

2

0

0 20 40 60

Dimensionslaity Reduction

Fig13.Dimensionality reduction with Cosine Kernel PCA

Fig12.Dimensionality reduction with Cosine Kernel PCA

 Components Chosen for KPCA linear function DR %achieved Davies Bouldin Index 136 3.546 6.9887774883 131 7.092 6.8871047776 126 10.064 6.9561863562 121 14.184 6.6044458757 116 17.731 7.0685424846 111 21.277 3.3746448835 106 24.823 5.0773243294 101 28.369 5.2081407357 96 31.915 4.8140699927 91 35.461 6.4449270687 86 39.007 6.0796049994 81 42.553 6.7301045869

Table 10. Dimensionality reduction achieved when linear KPCA applied and Cluster efficiency

It is observed that for both PCA and Kernel PCA are consistent as the dimensionality reduction is increased. Then clustering efficiency is increased to a level and then dropped. It is found that for dimensionality reduction at 7% right efficiency of clustering is 0.39 is obtained as computed even dimensionality reduction is increased Davies Bouldin Index is almost constant with the range 6 to7.

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Dr.B.Padmaja Rani received her B.Tech(ECE) from Osmania University, M.Tech Computer Science from JNTU, Hyderabad and Ph.D. from JNTU, Hyderabad. She is currently working as a Professor in the department of Computer Science and Engineering JNTUH College of Engineering, JNTUH, Hyderabad. She is having 25 years of experience in Industry and Academia. Her area of Reserch includes Information Retrieval, Data Mining, Machine Translation, Cloud

Computing, Software Engineering, Computer Networks etc. She is guiding 8 Research Scholars in the area of Information Retrieval and Computer Networks. To her credit she is having more than 70 publications in international Journals and Conferences. She is a member of various advisory committees and Technical Bodies. She is also a member of various Technical Associations including ISTE, CSI, IEEE etc.

Srinivas Mekala received B.Tech degree in Computer Science and Systems Engineering, from Sir CRR College of Engineering, Andhra University, M.Tech Software Engineering from AIET, JNTUK. Presently he is a research scholar from JNTUH, Hyderabad and also he is working as an Assistant Professor in the department of Computer Science and Engineering, Keshav Memorial Institute of Technology, JNTUH, Hyderabad. His area of Research includes Data Mining, Information

Retrieval and Software Engineering.