INTELLIGENT CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING FUZZY LOGIC TECHNIQUE

INTELLIGENT CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING FUZZY LOGIC TECHNIQUE

Er. ChanderShekhar Singh, M Tech. JIET Jodhpur

Prof. Kusum Agarwal , Head, Department of Electrical, JIET, Jodhpur Er. Shrawan Ram Patel , M Tech., JIET Jodhpur

ABSTRACT

In this case, fuzzy logic is implemented in a standard microcontroller to regulate the speed of a universal motor by a real time adjustment (every 30 millisecond) of the motor current. This microcontroller directly tunes the motor current by means of a chopper converter. Starting from a basic food-processor application, the paper practically shows how a fuzzy logic approach can be applied to build a closed speed regulation loop from a very low cost tacho-generator. Practical guidelines are successively given from the initial concept analysis phase, up to the final generation of the executable code to be loaded in the microcontroller. The paper also gives the practical procedure to define the input parameters and to build fuzzy logic rules when using the fuzzy logic development tool. Finally, the major benefits of this paper lie in an original approach where fuzzy logic is applied to fast real-time regulation loop without requiring any specific expertise in conventional methods of regulation.

1. INTRODUCTION:

   DC motor presents an exciting field of research and is used in many industrial and household applications. DC motors used in many applications such as still rolling mills, electric trains, electric vehicles, electric cranes and robotic manipulators require speed controllers to perform their tasks. The speed of the DC motor varies with the variations in the power supply. Thus the speed control of motor is important to achieve maximum torque and efficiency.

2. MOTOR MODEL

The resistance of the field winding and its inductance of the motor used in this study are represented by Rf and Lf, respectively. The resistance of the armature and its inductance are shown by Ra, and La respectively in dynamic model. Armature reactions effects are ignored in the description of the motor. This negligence is justifiable to minimize the effects of armature reaction since the motor used has either inter poles or compensating winding. The fixed voltage V, is applied to the field and the field current settles down to a constant value. A linear model of a simple DC motor consists of a mechanical equation

and electrical equation as determined in the following equations:

The dynamic model of the system is formed using these differential equations and Matlab Simulink blocks given below:

Fig 13:- Matlab Simulink blocks

The various parameters of a DC motor are defined in the table as follows:

Table 1: Parameters of DC Motor

The block diagram of a DC motor can be modeled as follows:

Fig 14: Block Diagram of a DC Motor

The equations of the DC motor can be derived from the block diagram as follows [4]:

E=V ref-Vt

Vf =Ka*E If=Vf / Rf + sLf)

T=KT*If

=T/(sJl+Bf) Vt= *Kt

Based on the values chosen, the measured values of field current, If ref and angular speed, ref were found to be 3.7895 A and 63.158 rad/s.

The motor model described in the previous section

that was implemented in SIMULINK is shown below:

Fig 15: Motor Model in SIMULINK

When the above model is simulated the following graphs are obtained which show clearly that the If ref is 3.7895 A (Figure 16) and ref is 63.158 rad/s (Figure 17).

Fig 16: Plot of Field Current with Time

Fig 17: Plot of angular velocity with Time

1. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER (FLC) DESCRIPTION AND DESIGN

   The fuzzy logic foundation is based on the simulation of peoples opinions and perceptions to control any system. One of the methods to simplify complex systems is to tolerate to imprecision, vagueness and uncertainty up to some extent. An expert operator develops flexible control mechanism using words like suitable, not very suitable, high, little high, much and far too much that are frequently used words in peoples life. Fuzzy logic control is constructed on these logical relationships. Fuzzy sets are used to show linguistic variables. There is a strong relationship between fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory that is similar relationship between Boolean logic and classic set theory. Fig. shows a basic FLC structure.

   Fig 18:-Block level diagram of a Fuzzy Controller

   ii

   Although the classic controllers depend on the accuracy of the system model and parameters, FLC uses different strategies for motor speed control. Basically, FLC process is based on experiences and linguistic definitions instead of system model. It is not required to know exact system model to design FLC. In addition to this, if there is not enough knowledge about control

   process, FLC may not give satisfactory results.The goal of designed FLC in this study is to minimize speed error. The bigger speed error the bigger controller input is expected. In addition, the change of error plays an important role to define controller input. Consequently FLC uses error (e) and change of error (ce) for linguistic variables which are generated from the control rules. Equation (3) determines required system equations. The output variable is the change in control variable (cu) of motor driver. cu is integrated to achieve desired alpha value. Here a is a angular value determining duty cycle of DC-DC converter designed in this paper.

   Here K1E, K2CE and K3C are each gaincoefficients and k is a time index.

   Fig 19:- Block diagram of the DC motor control

2. MOTOR MODEL WITH FUZZY CONTROLLER

   The model presented thus far is a very ideal case. In the real world situation, due to variations in the power supply voltages and other disturbances, there may be random variations in the angular speed which may affect the performance of DC motor. So a controller is required which would track these changes in angular speed. The following diagram shows the basic mechanism of a fuzzy controller [5].

   Fig 20: Basic Simulation Model

   The following model using Fuzzy Controller was implemented in SIMULINK.

   Fig 21:- Motor Model with Fuzzy Controller in SIMULINK

3. Inputs & Outputs of Fuzzy Logic Controller

   A lot of research work has been done using different models to control the speed of DC Motor. These models use suitable input combinations based on their models[6]. There are two inputs given to the Fuzzy Logic Controller in our model. These are the change in angular velocity (defined as Error) and the change in the field current (defined as FieldCurrentError). The output of the Fuzzy Logic Controller is new value of field current based on the fuzzy rule base (defined as NewFieldCurrent).

   Our model is desined for particular ranges of inputs where it gives best possible results. The input variable Error lies in the range [-35, 35] while the variable FieldCurrentError lies in the range [-3.5, 3.5]. The output NewFieldCurrent lies in the range [0.2895, 7.2895]. The window where the variables are specified is shown below.

   Fig 22: Defining Input & Output Variables

   iii

4. Defining Membership Functions

   The range of input and output variables was fuzzified using membership functions. The following tables show the association of the linguistic variables used for the various ranges of the Input and the output.

   Table 2: Fuzzy Variable Associations & Numerical Ranges

   Fuzzy Variable 1: Error
   Fuzzy Association	Variable	Range
   LN	Large Negative	[-52.5, -17.5]
   MN	Medium Negative	[-26.25,-8.75]
   SN	Small Negative	[-17.5 ,0]
   Z	Zero	[-8.75,8.75]
   SP	Small Positive	[0 ,17.5]
   MP	Medium Positive	[8.75 ,26.25]
   LP	Large Positive	[17.5 ,52.5]
   Fuzzy Variable 2: Field Current Error
   Fuzzy Association	Variable	Range
   LN	Large Negative	[-5.25, -1.75]
   MN	Medium Negative	[-2.625,-.875]
   SN	Small Negative	[-1.75 ,0]
   Z	Zero	[-.875,.875]
   SP	Small Positive	[0 ,1.75]
   MP	Medium Positive	[.875 ,2.625]
   LP	Large Positive	[1.75 ,5.25]

   Fuzzy Variable 3 : New Field Current
   Fuzzy Association	Variable	Range
   FBN	Far Below Normal	[-1.443 , 2.072]
   BN	Below Normal	[1.157 ,2.919]
   JBN	Just Below Normal	[2.053 ,3.789]
   N	Normal	[2.938 ,4.679]
   JAN	Just Above Normal	[3.789 ,5.526]
   AN	Above Normal	[4.66 ,6.42]
   FAN	Far Above Normal	[5.526 ,9.041]

   The following figure shows the membership functions for input variable Error.

   Fig 23: Defining Membership Functions

5. Fuzzy Rule Base

   The following Fuzzy Rules were used for our model.

   		Field Current Error
   		LN	M N	SN	Z	SP	M P	LP
   	LN	LN	LN	LN	M N	M N	S N	Z
   	M N	LN	M N	M N	M N	SN	Z	SP

   iv

   Erro r	SN	LN	M N	SN	SN	Z	SP	M P
   	Z	LN	M N	SN	Z	SP	M P	LP
   	SP	M N	SN	Z	SP	SP	M P	LP
   	M P	SN	Z	SP	M P	M P	M P	LP
   	LP	Z	SP	M P	M P	LP	LP	LP

   The following snapshot show how the fuzzy rule surface looks in SIMULINK.

   Fig 24: Fuzzy Rule Surface

6. Simulink modeling of Fuzzy Control System

   Motor Model:- The motor model developed is shown below. On simulation the full load (120 V) rated speed of the motor was found to be 480 rad/s as shown in Fig 25.

   Fig 25:- DC Motor Model

   Fig 26:- DC motor Speed

7. Servo Control

   The servo control model is shown in Fig 27. Different types of input waveforms are given as reference speed and the response of the controller is shown by comparing the output speed of the motor model with the reference speed.

   Fig 27:-Servo Control

   Fig 29:-Triangular Waveform response of controller

   v

   Fig 30:- Sine Wave response of controller

   Fig 31: Saw tooth Waveform response of controller

   Fig 32: Controller response to random speed reference

8. Regulatory Control

   The regulatory control model is shown in Fig 13. Different types of input waveforms are given as line voltage and the response of the controller is shown by comparing the output speed of the motor model with the reference speed.

   Fig 33:- Regulatory Control

   Fig 34:- Controller response to random load

   Fig 35:- Figure showing variations in detail Results and Discussions

   When a sinusoidal input of mean value of ref(63.158) and amplitude 20 was given to the system, the following output was obtained. The output very closely tracks the input sinusoid which is required. The graph in yellow color is the output.

   Fig 36:- Output for Sinusoidal Input

   vi

   The switching on of the motor can be modeled by applying a step input to the motor, which is done below:

   Fig 37: Output for Step Input

   In practice, the load on the motor does not remain constant. It fluctuates about the mean value, which is modeled below by a pulse wave:

   Fig 38:- Output for Pulse Input

   The system is observed to produce most accurate results when simulated around the speed for which it was designed. Variations to a certain extent from the designated speed are tolerated well.

   Conclusions

   A DC Motor model was designed in SIMULINK. Fuzzy Logic Controller was used to control its speed. Various inputs were given to the system. The output waveform closely tracks the input waveform in the results, thereby indicating that the controller designed is quite efficient.

   The small error is due to the fact that our design is valid for a particular range of inputs.

   Hence it is seen that the response of a fuzzy logic controller is much better and faster than a simple feedback control system. The results indicate superior controllability over conventional controllers and it is less sensitive to noise and parameter changes.

   Fuzzy systems are indicating good promise in consumer products, industrial and commercial systems, and decision support systems. Instead of

   using complex mathematical equations, fuzzy logic uses linguistic descriptions to define the relationship between the input information and the output action.

   In engineering systems, fuzzy logic provides a convenient and user-friendly front-end to develop control programs, helping designers to concentrate on the functional objectives, not on the mathematics.

   References

   • Khoei, A.. Hadidi, Kh., Microprocessr Based Closed- Loop Speed Control System For DC Motor Using Power Mosfet. Electronics Circuits and Systems IEEE lntemational Conference ICECS96, Vol. 2, 1247-1250, 1996.

   • V. Chitra, and R. S. Prabhakar, Induction Motor Speed Control using Fuzzy Logic Controller, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 23 2006

   • Marcelo Godoy Simoes, Colorado School of Mines, Introduction to Fuzzy Control, Engineering Division, 1610 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401-1887, USA

   • Nagrath I.J. and M. Gopal, Control System Engineering, NAIL, 5th Edition, 2007

     Seyedrasoul Saneifard, Nadipuram R. Prasad, Jiryes J. Wakileh, Howard A. Smolleck, Fuzzy-Logic-Based Speed Control of a Shunt DC Motor, Page-159, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION, VOL. 41, NO. 2, MAY 1998

   • Mehmet Akar Ismail Temiz , Motion Controller Design for the Speed Control of DC Servo Motor, Tokat Vocational High School Electrical Education Gaziosmanpaa University, Marmara University. Issue 4, Volume 1, 2007

   • Introduction to Fuzzy Control

     by Marcelo Godoy Simoes, Colorado School of Mines, Engineering Division,

     1610 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401-2009,

     USA 2

   • Introduction to Fuzzy Logic using Matlab

     • by Sivanandam Sumathi and Deepa

       © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007

   • Fuzzy-Logic-Based Speed Control of a Shunt DC Motor

     by Seyedrasoul Saneifard, Member, IEEE, Nadipuram

     R. Prasad, Member, IEEE, Howard A. Smolleck, Senior Member, IEEE, and Jiryes J. Wakileh

     Page-159, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON EDUCATION, VOL. 41, NO. 2,

     MAY 1998

   • MOTION CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR THE SPEED CONTROL OF DC SERVO MOTOR

by MEHMET AKAR SMAL TEMZ, Tokat

Vocational High School Electrical Education Gaziosmanpaa University, Marmara University.

Issue 4, Volume 1, 2007

vii