Factors that Influence Revitalization Area on Fort Rotterdam Makassar

Factors that Influence Revitalization Area on Fort Rotterdam Makassar

Haryati

Department of Architecture-Urban Development Management

lInstitute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya, Indonesia

Dr. Ir. Rimadewi Suprihardjo, M.I.P Dr. Ir. Eko Budi Santoso, Lic. Rer. Reg.

Department of Architecture-Urban Development Management

Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya, Indonesia

Abstract Fort Rotterdam area serves as a administrative center, center of trade and economy, and education centers at the beginning of independence. Now only serves as an office hall preservation of cultural heritage. The function also resulted in a decrease in the region's economic decline Fort Rotterdam. It also resulted in a decrease in the function of the economic downturn Fort Rotterdam region, so it is necessary to revitalize the search for factors that can increase the vitality of the Fort Rotterdam area. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis to formulate factors, and Delphi analysis to determine the enhancement factor. From the analysis, the factors that can improve the vitality of the Fort Rotterdam area, that is the spatial factor, attraction factor, factor supporting facilities, accessibility factors, community factors, and institutional factors.

KeywordsFort Rotterdam; Cultural Heritage Area; Revitalization; Increase Vitality Factors

1. INTRODUCTION

   In the development of the city, which is most susceptible to a decline of vitality is the old city area which is the initial growth of a city. While the area of the old city or old quarter is one important part in the growth of the city. Region and its ancient buildings is a form of cultural relics or historical evidence of the nation [1]. National culture makes a city has its own features and characteristics that are different from other cities.

   Fort Rotterdam area is the area that has historic buildings in the western city of Makassar. Fort Rotterdam is a huge fortress that can not be separated from the history of the city of Makassar. Fort Rotterdam region serve as the central government, the central point of the city, and the center of the crowd. Fort Rotterdam area also serves as a center for scientific research on the language and culture of the reign of Japan [2]. Makassar city became an important milestone as the center of activity in 1669. Fort Rotterdam area into a center of government and trade center since the beginning of independence [3].

   Shifting the center of development of the city from the suburbs, heading inland particular resident's office and the governor's office, Fort Rotterdam area function is also on the wane [4]. The change of function in the area Fort Rotterdam which at first a government center, the center of commerce, military headquarters, the center of defense, and now just as the office of the Institute for Preservation of Cultural Property [5].

   This indicates that the the region Fort Rotterdam has decreased vitality of the region, both forms, the environment, and functions, as compared to the region in the past that plays an important role as a center of activity. In view of the role of the past and the present strategic and historical values and culture in its development, it needed a proper development concept to revitalize the heritage area of Fort Rotterdam.

2. MATERIALS

   The vitality heritage area can be seen on the physical amenities condition in the region. Physical amenities can be seen the roads condition, sidewalks condition, availability hotels and restaurants, etc. [6]. The vitality of a region can be seen also on the physical condition of the buildings in the area of cultural heritage [7]. So amenitas damage cause a decrease in the vitality of the region is the heritage area. Therefore the physical amenities is one of the determining aspects of the vitality heritage area.

   Particularities which provide traction is one of the determining aspects of the vitality of the heritage area. The peculiarities such a culture, dance, folk songs, crafts, and activities or habits of people in the cultural heritage area [7]. Another cause of the decline in the vitality the heritage area is a local cultural tradition that began to fade [8]. So cultural traditions or peculiarities of appeal is one of the determining aspects the vitality the heritage area.

   The vitality of a region can be seen also on the region's ability to compete economically with other regions [8]. The phenomenon of decreasing vitality and quality of cultural heritage area due to changes the demographic structure society, the transfer activities outside the region and the decline in the service of cultural heritage area [6]. Therefore, the region's ability to compete to be one of the determining aspects of the vitality area.

   The vitality of an area can be seen on the suitability activities and functions in the region [8]. The cause of the decline the vitality region because of the change in the demographic structure of society and the function area [7]. So another aspect the determining the vitality of an area can also be seen the activities and functions the region.

   TABLE I. SYNTHESIS THEORY

   Indicator	Variables	Parameter
   Physical amenities or physical facilities	Highway	The road condition as an access to the area
   	Green open space	The availability green open space
   	Accommodati on	Hotel and restaurant condition
   Cultural traditions or peculiarities that provide traction	The art of dance	Importance held dance performances
   	Local crafts	The existence local crafts
   Activities and utilization the function in the region	Community activities	Suitability the community activities the area

   Source: Synthesized, 2015 Based of Table 1, it can be seen that there are several indicators that are used to determine the vitality of the region, that is physical amenities, cultural traditions or peculiarities that provide traction, and activities and utilization the function in the region.

3. ANALYTICAL METHODS

   Factors are circumstances or events that affect the occurrence something [9]. The analytical methods will be used to determine increase factors the vitality of Fort Rotterdam region can be seen in figure 1.

   Literature review

   Literature review

   Vitality variable

   Theory or policy Existing condition

   Increase factors vitality

   Increase factors vitality

   Delphi

   Increase factors vitality Fort Rotterdam area

   Increase factors vitality Fort Rotterdam area

   Fig 1. Increased Vitality Factor Analysis Cultural Reserve Fort Rotterdam

   Increase Factors the vitality the region obtained with descriptive analysis based on the results the synthesis of theory study then examined the theories about the vitality region and the existing condition the study area. Increase factors the vitality the region and then analyzed again using the Delphi method. Delphi analysis of questionnaire respondents namely, Institute for Preservation Cultural Heritage Fort Rotterdam, Department of Tourism and Creative Economy, Department of Spatial Planning, Regional Development Planning Board Makassar, region governments (District/Sub), and visitors or tourists. The respondent obtained from the stakeholde analysis. The following chart of the process increase factors analysis the vitality the region Fort Rotterdam.

4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

   Studies of regulation and the existing condition Fort Rotterdam region with descriptive analysis to formulate factors

   1. Green Open Space Fort Rotterdam Region

      In the city spatial planning, supply and use of green open space minimum of 30% from total area the city [10]. Green space in the Fort Rotterdam region among others Pattimura

      park, Macan Park, Town Hall Park, Fort Rotterdam parks, but less well-managed the green space. There are several parks barren, poorly-maintained, not clean, and the park facilities are inadequate. The green space should be considered because it can maintain the quality the environment and as an aesthetic function. The existing green space condition in the Fort Rotterdam region is inadequate and does not meet standards. So the need to increase the amount of the green space in the region and management, replanting barren park, complete park facilities are adequate, and maintain the cleanliness of park.

   2. Availability of Accommodation

      In the tourism business should provide accommodation [11]. Potential Fort Rotterdam accommodation in the region is adequate, tourists have many options ranging from no-star or five-star hotels, as well as with the restaurant. And the problem is some of the hotels and restaurants are located in the core zone of the heritage area. At the core zone there should be no building in addition to cultural heritage buildings. Therefore, relevant factors that must be done is accommodation relocate or demolition accomodation facilities in the core zone.

   3. Dance Performance

      Tourist attraction is everything that has a uniqueness, beauty, and value the wealth of diversity form of natural, cultural and man-made results that were targeted or destination of tourists visit [11]. The attractiveness art area Fort Rotterdam the region's most well known is Gandrang Bulo Dance, Pakkarena Dance, and Paduppa Bossara Dance. But the less publicized areas of art, making it less recognizable or known by the public. Dance is an attraction that must be preserved and given special attention. Therefore, factors associated increase of dance is to increase the intensity of the show.

   4. The Availability of Local Crafts

      Tourist attraction is everything that has a unique, cultural and man-made results of the target or destination of tourists visit [11]. Local handicrafts in the region is quite diverse, such as woven fabrics, miniature crafts, carvings, food products, souvenirs and other crafts. Everything is available in the shopping center for souvenirs typical of Makassar in Somba Opu. So it needs to be promoted to tourists, especially foreign tourists. Therefore, the need to increase the promotion of local handicraft products to tourists, especially the foreign tourists.

   5. Community Activities

      Development is the increased potential value, revitalization and adaptation in a sustainable manner and do not conflict with conservation objectives [12]. Community activities at Fort Rotterdam region dominated by the commerce, settlement, and offices. An area which is used as office, residential, and there are many trading businesses in the core zone heritage area. Street vendors also use a lot of Park area for trade and less organized. As a rule, the core zone there are only heritage buildings and community activities in the region cultural heritage should not omit characteristic the region. So factor increase in vitality is increased surveillance activities so that the community can support the area development, arrangement of street vendors, and demolition the building of settlements near Fort Rotterdam.

   6. The authenticity the Heritage Area

      Development of Cultural Heritage carried out with due regard to the principle expediency, authenticity, and the values attached to it [12]. Fort Rotterdam is a heritage building with colonial architecture. Regional and cultural heritage buildings are already experiencing changes in both the material and the form. In the area development, especially the area of cultural heritage to be preserved its authenticity, it has been regulated in the law of cultural heritage. Therefore, it is necessary to restore region as well as a heritage building to its original form.

   7. Road Conditions

      Tourism is an area that is located in one or more regions in which there were complete realization of the accessibility of tourism [11]. Area is located at the center city, so access as the highway is quite adequate. Some roads were damaged, as Pattimura street, WR Supratman street, and Somba Opu street. The highway is also not equipped with a bus stop. So it needs to repair highways and procurement bus stop.

   8. Sidewalks Condition

      Tourism destinations is an area which located in one or more regions in which there were complete realization of the accessibility of tourism [11]. On most of the region is equipped with sidewalks for pedestrian access. Some sidewalks work as Street vendors trade area and lightly damaged condition. Sidewalks are for pedestrians access, so important for the existence of pedestrian pedestrians. While most of the region existing can not be enabled for pedestrians because used as trade area street vendors and parking lot of. So the need to improve the function of sidewalks to support pedestrian access, controlling street vendors and not to sell on sidewalks area, and prohibition of parking in the sidewalks.

   9. The Intensity of Area Use

      The utilization is empowerment heritage for the sake of the welfare of the people by maintaining the preservation [12]. In the area of Fort Rotterdam there are some building that can be used. But there are still some areas and rooms were underused. In developing regions, the intensity both the region and space utilization needs to be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the intensity utilization heritage area.

   10. The Development Potential Region

   The development is an increase in the potential for value, information, and promotion of heritage and its utilization through research, revitalization and adaptation in a sustainable manner and do not conflict with conservation objectives [12]. Potential Fort Rotterdam region among others some heritage buildings, museums La Galigo, culture, natural attractions, and local crafts. But the potentials it has not been well managed. Therefore, it need to be improved the potential value and promotion Fort Rotterdam region.

   Grouping factors increase in vitality region:

   1. Spatial factor

      Spatial factor is about the spatial aspects of region of Fort Rotterdam. Community activities in the each room or zone region must comply with regulations that have been determined. So factor in the region spatial Fort Rotterdam is decisive community activities in the the core zone, buffer zone, zone development and support zone.

   2. Variety attraction factor

      Attraction can be presented in the Fort Rotterdam region:

      1. The originality of heritage area

      2. In the region has a local art in the form music traditional and tradisional dance. But the art of music and dance is rarely publicized, only in the certain events.

      3. Shopping center Somba Opu is the center of the craft gold and central souvenirs in Makassar serves a variety of unique handicrafts from various regions in South Sulawesi, ranging from snacks, carvings, miniatures, souvenirs, embrocation, and fabrics woven of various South Sulawesi area.

      4. The food is typical in the region best known is Coto Makassar and Pisang Epe. Coto Makassar and Pisang Epe known for many local tourists, while foreign tourists mostly do not know.

      5. In the Fort Rotterdam region can present beach tourism, because it is located along the Losari beach. However, unobstructed view directly to the beach a few buildings and Street vendors on trade and live in coastal areas.

      6. In the Fort Rotterdam region there are many Street vendors but less well ordered. If Street vendors are laid out well and facilitated a special place for the street vendors, then this Fort Rotterdam region has an opportunity to present a culinary tour that can support the area development.

      7. In the Fort Rotterdam region there are also several parks and areas designated for green Fort Rotterdam region or the green space. If the green space is managed properly, it can also be an attraction in the the region.

         So factors increase in vitality of attraction Fort Rotterdam region, namely, to restore Fort Rotterdam region and heritage buildings to forms the original, enhanced and additional variety attraction Fort Rotterdam region in the form of culinary and tourist activity, improve the management of the green space Fort Rotterdam region, by managing and replant park barren and complete park facilities adequate like garden chairs, garden lights, and trash.

   3. Supporting facilities factor

      Support facilities are facilities that support and facilitate the activities of tourists in the Fort Rotterdam region . Appropriate existing condition Fort Rotterdam region, supporting the existing facilities in the Fort Rotterdam region is quite complete, such as accommodation. Most of accomodation facilities are located in the core zone. So factors increase in vitality of the support facility that is the relocation or demolition of facilities supporting in the core zone the region.

   4. Accessibility factor

      Adequate accessibility can help visitors or tourists to reach the area. This accessibility can be access for vehicle and pedestrian access. Accessibility factor needs to be done is to improve accessibility in the Fort Rotterdam region, relocation of street vendors in the sidewalks, bus station procurement, and parking.

   5. Society factors

      In improving vitality Fort Rotterdam region is also influenced by the public. In this case the community of visitors and the public at Fort Rotterdam region. The following existing condition related to the Fort Rotterdam region community factors, namely:

      1. Knowledge about the society and culture of the local Fort Rotterdam region in the Fort Rotterdam region is very limited.

      2. Awareness and knowledge of the community to maintain

         Description : A : Agree

         D : Disagree

         : Need iteration

         	so that people can support the development activities of Fort Rotterdam region, and the relocation of existing settlements in the core zone
         	Institutional Factors
         1 0	Improved management, increased promotion to foreign, and increased utilization of space	D	A	A	D	A	A

         	so that people can support the development activities of Fort Rotterdam region, and the relocation of existing settlements in the core zone
         	Institutional Factors
         1 0	Improved management, increased promotion to foreign, and increased utilization of space	D	A	A	D	A	A

         Source: Synthesized, 2015

         heritage area is still lacking, it is evident there are still many people who live right in the core zone of heritage area, until the settlement has been coincides with the wall of building .

         So the factors affecting the increase in vitality Fort Rotterdam region, namely, increase in public knowledge about heritage area community activity in the Fort Rotterdam region so that it can support the development of Fort Rotterdam region, and the relocation of existing settlements in the core zone.

   6. Institutional factors

   In the management and area development of cultural heritage can not be separated from the role of management institutions, both the Institute for Preservation of Cultural Property, Department of Tourism, and the local government. In addition to heritage buildings, cultural heritage environment must be managed properly and in accordance with the relevant regulations. So the institutional factors that need to be done is improved management, increased promotion to foreign, and increased utilization vacant spaces. Factors increase in vitality Fort Rotterdam region , then analyzed using the Delphi technique and involves stakeholders selected.

   1. :Institute for Preservation of Cultural Heritage The Building Utilization Responsible Development of cultural heritage

   2. : Department of Tourism and Creative Economy

   3. : Department of Spatial Planning and Building Makassar

   4. : Regional Development Planning Board Makassar

   5. : Government Areas (headman)

   6. : Visitors / Travellers

      To get an agreement or consensus related factors increase in vitality Fort Rotterdam region, conducted a phase II questionnaire. Factors included in the analysis Delphi phase II only factors that need iterations. Exploration of the opinion of the respondents about the increased vitality heritage area phase II.

      N o	Factor	Respondent
      		1	2	3	4	5	6
      1	Increased attraction Fort Rotterdam region and the addition of such culinary and tourist activities such as dancing, playing traditional musical instruments, and weave cloth	A	A	A	A	A	D
      2	Increasing the intensity of local arts performances	A	A	A	A	A	A
      3	Improved manageability with increased promotion to foreign and optimize space utilization	A	A	A	A	A	A

      N o	Factor	Respondent
      		1	2	3	4	5	6
      1	Increased attraction Fort Rotterdam region and the addition of such culinary and tourist activities such as dancing, playing traditional musical instruments, and weave cloth	A	A	A	A	A	D
      2	Increasing the intensity of local arts performances	A	A	A	A	A	A
      3	Improved manageability with increased promotion to foreign and optimize space utilization	A	A	A	A	A	A

      TABLE III. DELPHI PHASE II

      TABLE II. DELPHI PHASE I

      Source: Synthesized, 2015 Phase II of the questionnaire results finally obtained an agreement or consensus of all respondents. Reasons respondents who did not agree to change the choice of

      N o

      Factor

      Respondents

      1

      2

      3

      4

      5

      6

      Spatial factor

      1

      Determination of community activities in the the core zone, a buffer zone, zone development and support zone

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      Variety Attractions Factors

      2

      Restore Fort Rotterdam region and heritage buildings to their original shape

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      3

      Improved and additional variety attraction Fort Rotterdam region in the form of culinary and tourist activities such as dancing and playing traditional musical instruments Fort Rotterdam region

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      D

      4

      Increasing performances

      the

      intensity

      of

      local

      arts

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      D

      5

      Increased promotion of local arts and specialties in the foreign tourists

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      6

      Improve the management of Fort Rotterdam region the green space, by managing and replanting barren park and park equip adequate facilities such as benches, garden lights, and trash

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      Supporting Facilities Factors

      7

      Relocation or demolition supporting facilities contained in the core zone Fort Rotterdam region

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      Accessibility Factor

      8

      Improvement of accessibility in the Fort Rotterdam region, relocation of Street vendors on the sidewalks, bus station and parking provision

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      Society Factors

      9

      Increased public knowledge about heritage area

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      N o

      Factor

      Respondents

      1

      2

      3

      4

      5

      6

      Spatial factor

      1

      Determination of community activities in the the core zone, a buffer zone, zone development and support zone

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      Variety Attractions Factors

      2

      Restore Fort Rotterdam region and heritage buildings to their original shape

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      3

      Improved and additional variety attraction Fort Rotterdam region in the form of culinary and tourist activities such as dancing and playing traditional musical instruments Fort Rotterdam region

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      D

      4

      Increasing performances

      the

      intensity

      of

      local

      arts

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      D

      5

      Increased promotion of local arts and specialties in the foreign tourists

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      6

      Improve the management of Fort Rotterdam region the green space, by managing and replanting barren park and park equip adequate facilities such as benches, garden lights, and trash

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      Supporting Facilities Factors

      7

      Relocation or demolition supporting facilities contained in the core zone Fort Rotterdam region

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      Accessibility Factor

      8

      Improvement of accessibility in the Fort Rotterdam region, relocation of Street vendors on the sidewalks, bus station and parking provision

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      Society Factors

      9

      Increased public knowledge about heritage area

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      A

      becoming agree the Delphi questionnaire phase 2 are:

      1. Improvement and increase attraction Fort Rotterdam region in the form of culinary and tourist activities such as dancing, playing traditional musical instruments, and weave cloth.

         At first the respondents still do not agree, arguing that the addition of attraction the Fort Rotterdam region feared would damage the image and identity of cultural heritage buildings . Respondents who at first did not agree to change the statement to agree, by reason of the more attraction, it is increasingly attracting tourists to visit the region.

      2. The increase in the intensity the performing arts area

         At the beginning of the respondents do not agree with the factor of increase in the intensity the performing arts of the region changed his plea to agree. Because in addition to the main attraction of visitors, increasing the intensity of local arts performances can also make the public more familiar with the distinctive art of Fort Rotterdam region.

      3. Improved management, increased promotion to foreign, and optimize space utilization

   Respondents who at first disagreed then change the statement to agree because to enhance the promotion of the Fort Rotterdam region to foreign will be better known, not only at national but also international. As well as with utilization existing space the Fort Rotterdam region to be optimized.

   Delphi analysis of results of phase I and phase II, the obtained factors that can increase the vitality of heritage area. Factors increase in vitality Fort Rotterdam region are:

   TABLE IV. FACTORS INCREASING THE VITALITY FORT ROTTERDAM AREA

   N o	Factor
   	Spatial factor
   1	Spatial factors in determining the public activity the the core zone, buffer zone, and zone developers, and support zone
   	Variety Attractions Factors
   2	Restore Fort Rotterdam region and heritage buildings to their original shape
   3	Improved and additional variety attraction Fort Rotterdam region in the form of culinary and tourist activities
   4	Increasing the intensity of local arts performances
   5	Increased promotion of local arts and food typical of Fort Rotterdam region to foreign tourists
   6	Improve the management of Fort Rotterdam region the green space, by managing and replanting barren park and park facilities complete
   	Supporting Facilities Factors
   7	Relocation or demolition of supporting facilities located to the core zone Fort Rotterdam region
   	Accessibility Factor
   8	Improvement of accessibility to Fort Rotterdam region, relocation of street vendors on the sidewalk, bus station procurement, and parking
   	Society Factors
   9	Increased public knowledge about heritage area community activity to Fort Rotterdam region so that it can support development Fort Rotterdam region, and the relocation of existing settlements to core zone
   	Institutional Factors
   1 0	Improved management, increased promotion to foreign, and optimize space utilization

   Source: Synthesized, 2015

   Based on the analysis in table 4 have been obtained factors increase the vitality of cultural heritage Fort Rotterdam area, ranging from spatial factors to institutional factors. So these factors will be taken into consideration in the development of the Fort Rotterdam heritage area.

5. CONCLUSION

To increase the vitality of heritage area has been degraded need to be revitalized. Before to revitalize need to know in advance the factors increase in vitality Fort Rotterdam region. And based on the analysis of the factors that affect vitality Fort Rotterdam region that is spatially factor, attraction factor, factor supporting facilities, accessibility factors, community factors, and institutional factors.

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