Experimental Investigation on Ground Water in Nagthan Village

Experimental Investigation on Ground Water in Nagthan Village

Md. Saifaadil Attar (1), Fahad Quadri (2)

(1) assistant Professor Dept Of Civil Engg. Siet Vijaypur, Affiliated To Vtu Belgavi, Karnataka India

(2) student Department Of Civil Engg. Siet Vijaypur Affiliated To Vtu Belgavi, Karnataka India

Abstract – The water and environment has become an emotive issue with the people and policy makers. The chief causes for the pollution of water and environment are anthropogenic activities of human beings. The primary objective is to study the groundwater quality parameters around Nagathan village. Water is a polar inorganic compound and it is a transparent, tasteless, odourless, and nearly colourless with a hint of blue chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth’s streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. Water is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. The project work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the ground water of Nagathan village.The groundwater samples from 35 places were collecting and subjected for a chemical analysis. For calculating the WQI, the following 3 parameters have been considered viz., pH, total hardness and alkalinity. The results analyzed (by WQI method) have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the groundwater quality status of the study area. IS (10500-2012). Hence a study has to be carried out for the quality of the available groundwater around the Nagathan village.

INTRODUCTION.

1.1 General

Water is the most precious gift of nature, the most crucial for sustaining life and is required in almost all the activities of man – for drinking and municipal use, for irrigation, to meet the growing food needs for industries, power generation, navigation and recreation. Moreover, therainfall is mostly confined to the monsoon season and is unevenly distributed both in space andtime even during the monsoon season. As a result, the country is affected by frequent droughts. Nearly one third of the country is drought prone. In the very near future, water will be a scarce resource and therefore, needs to be harnessed in the most scientific and efficient manner. The surface water is subjected to various threats like discharge of effluents from different industries in the vicinity, encroachment of surface water sources like pond, river, stream etc. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural India. The demand for water has increased over the years and this has led to water scarcity in many parts of the world. Exploitation of groundwater reservoir as a viable source of drinking water and for domestic use (or even for small scale industries) is safer and economical than surface water, as groundwater is not only found almost everywhere but also generally uncontaminated. As a result groundwaterinvestigation has assumed top priority in recent years. Groundwater is often thought of as an underground river or lake. Groundwater is usually held in nonporous soils or rock materials. The area where water fills these spaces is called the saturated zone; the top of this zone is calledthe water table. The water table may be shallow (only a foot below the ground surface) or it may be deep (hundreds of feet down) and may rise or fall depending on many factors. Heavy rains or melting snow may cause the water table to rise while an extended period of drought may cause the water table to fall Groundwater is stored in, and moves slowly through, layers ofsoils.

LITERATURE REVIEW.

1. Farah Deeba et.al(2019), The results indicate that pH, color and odor were all within limits of WHO that is pH ranges 6.5 8.5, colorless and odorless, respectively. The high values of suspended solids were observed in the Sindh-1 and Dharki samples. The ionic concentration analysis showed that high bicarbonate (HCO3 -) which leads too headache and muscle pain, ions are present in the samples of Sahiwal and Dharki.

2. Amrita Kasana(2017),The state of Haryana has witnessed a spectacular increase in agricultural production in the last few decades, and is largely dependent on Groundwater mining for irrigation has become a reality in the state over the years as the number of tube wells has increased from 0.02 million in 1966 to 0.73 million in 2012, showing alarming signs of over exploitation. The impact of increased groundwater irrigation on groundwater levels has not been studied both spatially and temporally, which has lead to Contaminated drinking water and having toxin, cancer and other diseases.

3. Razim Ganesh (2018), The extraction of groundwater in Kathmandu Valley is increasing day by day due to increase in population. The present study aims to prepare water table map and groundwater quality Surface maps are prepared for water quality parameters (pH, turbidity, conductivity, TDS, total hardness, iron, ammonia, nitrate, chloride, alkalinity and E-coli) in From the water quality mapping of the Bhaktapur Municipalityp from unconfined aquifer of Bhaktapur Municipality. It is noted that it contains chloride, ammonia and nitrate in majority of wells, which can lead to cyanosis, shortness of breath and vomiting.

4. A. Lumb,(2006), The groundwater quality characteristics of cluster results also revealed that the groundwater quality in the study area depends on geological locations. Most of the samples in Cluster I are located in An Giang province and some in Dong Thap province. Cluster includes 15 samples (AG1-4, AG6-13, DT2, DT8, DT9), which was highly polluted with coliforms. Groundwater samples in this cluster also showed slight total hardness contami- nation.

5. Kumar (2023), Ground water contamination is one of the most popular domain of research in India. While researcher reviewed that uranium and arsenic content is present in the ground water of malwa district of punjab, which leads to brain effects, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The authors also reported that over exploitation of ground water along with anthropogenic was found in ground water, which leads to cancer, chronic disease and early fatal death.

6. Verma and sinha (2023), The investigation was held, where the health risk assessment was conducted due to consumption of elevated levels of arsenic through monte carlo simulations. The authors observed that a high risk of cancer is predominant in the eastern bank of the river ganga than in the western part.

Sampling.

The samples will be collected from the Nagthan village in vijayapura city. The grab samples will be collected covering the entire village. after a gap of every 7 days. One litre of water sample willbe collected from each sampling point and immediately transported to the laboratory for analysis the water samples of Nagthan village.

Correlation and Regression analysis.

Co-variation of two independent magnitudes is known as correlation. If two variables x and y are related in such a way that increase or decrease in one of them corresponds to increase or decrease in the other, we say that the variables are positively correlated. Also if increase or decrease in one of them corresponds to decrease or increase in the other, the variables are said to be negatively correlated. The numerical measure of correlation between two variables x and y is known as coefficient of correlation. Regression is an estimation of one independent variable in terms of the other. If x andy are correlated, the best fitting straight line in the leastsquare sense gives reasonably a good relation between x and y.

A water quality index provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time based on several water quality parameters. Theobjective of an index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and useable by the public.

According to the concept of indices to represent gradation in water quality was first proposed by Horton(1965). The water quality index has been calculated by standards of drinking water quality recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Indian council for medical research (ICMR). The weighted arithmetic index method has been used for calculation of WQI of groundwater of Bijapur City. Further quality rating or sub index (Qn) is calculated by the following expression.

Qn=100(Vn-Vin)/(Sn-Vin)(1)

Where

Qn= Quality rating for the nth water quality parameter

Vn= Estimated value of the nth parameter at a given sampling pointSn= Standard permissible value of nth parameter

Vin=Ideal value of nth parameter in pure water.(i.e.,0 for all other parameters except theparameter pH and dissolved oxygen 7.0 and 14.6 mg/L respectively).

The overall water quality index was calculated by aggregating the quality rating withthe unit weight.

Source IS;10500-2012

Table-1: Characteristics of groundwater Parameters

Table-2: Analytical method RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1] pH value

Desirable limit:6.5-8.5 Permissible limit: No relaxation

All the values of PH are in desirable limits. 2] Total hardness Desirable limit:200mg/ltr Permissible limit:600mg/ltr

All the values of total hardness are in permissible limit.

1. Calcium hardness Desirable limit:200mg/ltr Permissible limit:600mg/ltr

   Nagthan bore 1	47.33mg/ltr
   Nagthan bore 2	41.83mg/ltr
   Nagthan bore 3	43.16mg/ltr

   The values of calcium hardness in the areas of villages are in desirable limit.

2. Magnesium hardnessDesirable limit:200mg/ltr Permissible limit:600mg/ltr.

   Nagthan bore 1	403mg/ltr
   Nagthan bore 2	378mg/ltr
   Nagthan bore 3	436mg/ltr

   The values of magnesium hardness in the areas o f n a g t h a n v i l l a g e a r e i n the permissible limits.

3. Chloride content Desirable limits:250mg/ltr Permissible limits:1000mg/ltr

   Nagthan bore 1	200mg/ltr
   Nagthan bore 2	196.3mg/ltr
   Nagthan bore 3	189.7mg/ltr

   The values of chloride content in the areas of n a g t h a n v i l l a g e a r e i n the are within the desirable limit.

4. Alkalinity

   Desirable limit:200mg/ltr Permissible limit:600mg/ltr

   Nagthan bore 1	353mg/ltr
   Nagthan bore 2	326mg/ltr
   Nagthan bore 3	323mg/ltr

   The values of alkalinity in the areas of nagthan village are within than the permissible limits.

5. Acidity

Derirable limit:200mg/ltr Permissible limit:600mg/ltr

All the values of acidity are within the Permissible limit.

4.1 Water Quality Index

A water quality index provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time based on several water quality parameters. The objective of an index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and useable by the public.

According to the concept of indices to represent gradation in water quality was first proposed by Horton(1965). The water quality index has been calculated by standards of drinking water quality recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Indian council for medical research (ICMR). The weighted arithmetic index method has been used for calculation of WQI of groundwater of Bijapur City. Further quality rating or sub index (Qn) is calculated by the following expression.

Qn=100(Vn-Vin)/(Sn-Vin)(1)

Where

Qn= Quality rating for the nth water quality parameter

Vn= Estimated value of the nth parameter at a given sampling point

Sn= Standard permissible value of nth parameter

Vin=Ideal value of nth parameter in pure water.(i.e.,0 for all other parameters except theparameter pH and dissolved oxygen 7.0 and 14.6 mg/L respectively).

The overall water quality index was calculated by aggregating the quality rating with the unitweight.

WQI=QnWn/Wn (2)

Table 1 shows the water quality index WQI and status of water quality. The comparison of estimated of water quality parameters with drinking water standards is shown in Table 2. The obtained values of water quality with regard to Physico-chemical parameters are shown in Table 3.

Table 1: Water Quality Index (W.Q.I.) and status of water quality (Chatterji andRaziuddin 2002)

Table 2: Drinking Water standards recommending agencies and unit weight (All valuesexcept pH are in mg/L.)

Table 3: Water Quality Index of the groundwater of nagthan village.

Wn=0.4263 Qn=2,033.30 WnQn=96.789

Water Quality Index WQI=WnQn/Wn=227.0

CONCLUSION

• The Parameters total hardness, magnesium hardness, alkalinity are exceeding the desirable water quality standards (IS 10500-2009) hence required treatment like boilingor adding lime powder.

• As per WQI status of water quality the above water samples fall in grade C category hence it can be stated that the water quality belongs to poor quality.

  REFERENCES

  • Farah Deeba et.al(2019), Ground Water Quality of Selected Areas of Punjab international scientific organization

  • Amrita Kasana(2017), Groundwater Irrigation Economy of Haryana N IRD and PR journal of rural development

  • Razim Ganesh (2018), ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY AND WATER TABLE MAPPING OF BHAKTAPUR MUNICIPALITY JScE Vol. 5,

  • Lumb,(2006), Water Quality Index Assessment under Climate Change

    • Journal of Water Resource and Protection

  • Adimalla, N. (2019/2020): Widely cited papers on groundwater quality status and heavy metal contamination in hard rock terrains, often utilizing WQI models. [1, 2, 3]

  • Sinha, D. K., et al. (2004): Frequently referenced for relative weight assignments (\(W_{i}\)) in computing the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index.

  • Ramakrishnaiah, C. R., et al. (2009): Assessment of water quality index in the tumkur district of Karnataka, India, a highly referenced regional case study utilizing standard BIS and WHO parameters for groundwater.