Comparative Study of Various Routing Protocols in Energy Distributed Clustering Based Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

DOI : 10.17577/IJERTCONV2IS10071

Download Full-Text PDF Cite this Publication

Text Only Version

Comparative Study of Various Routing Protocols in Energy Distributed Clustering Based Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

Bibhav Kr. Mishra

Vikas Pitliya

Arvind Kumar Jain

Scholar M.Tech (Software Engg.)

Scholar B.Tech (COE)

Assist. Prof. (Computer Deptt.)

S.I.T.E,Nathdwara,Rajasthan, India

S.I.T.E,Nathdwara,Rajasthan ,India

S.I.T.E,Nathdwara Rajasthan,India

ercsbibhav@gmail.com

vikaspitliya666@gmail.com

arvind.85@gmail.com

Abstract – Heterogeneous wireless sensor network (WSN) consists sensor nodes with different computing power and sensing range. Compared with homogeneous Wireless sensor network, deployment and topology management are more complex in heterogeneous WSN. Many routing protocols have been suggested in this regard for achieving energy efficiency and prolonging the lifetime of WSN in heterogeneous scenarios. However, every protocol doesn't fit in this criteria, because in heterogeneous WSN all sensor nodes have a dissimilar energy level and capacity to sense element is different as compare to homogeneous WSN where all the nodes in a network have the same energy level and having same sensing capacity. In this paper, we test Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC), Developed DEEC (DDEEC), Enhanced DEEC (EDEEC) and

Threshold DEEC (TDEEC) under several different scenarios containing high level heterogeneity to low level heterogeneity in order to conclude the behavior of those heterogeneous protocols.

Keywords- DEEC, DDEEC, EDEEC, TDEEC.

1. INTRODUCTION

    1. Motivation

      The unique properties mentioned above become challenges to set up a sensor network. The key challenge in setting up and proper operation of WSN is increase the lifetime of the network by minimizing the energy consumption. Since from last few years several of changes have been made to limit the energy requirement in WSN, as mainly energy dissipation is more for wireless transmission and reception [1]. Main approaches till proposed were focusing at making the changes at MAC layer and network layer to minimize the energy dissipation. Two more major challenges are how to place the cluster heads over the grid and how many clusters would be there in a system. If the cluster heads are correctly

      positioned over the grid and sufficient clusters are molded, it will assistance to diminish the dissipation of energy and would help to increase the lifetime of the network to tackle with all the above mentioned challenges clustering have been found the efficient technique [2] [3]. Clustering is always been referred as an effective method to improve the lifetime of WSN.

    2. Problem Definition

      Technological developments in the field of Micro Electro Mechanical Sensors (MEMS) have enabled the development to tiny, low power, low cost sensors having limited processing, wireless communication and energy resource capabilities. With the passage of time researchers have found new applications of WSN. In many critical applications WSNs are very useful such as military surveillance, environmental, traffic, temperature, pressure, vibration monitoring and disaster areas. To achieve fault tolerance, WSN consists of hundreds or even thousands of sensors randomly deployed inside the area of interest [4].

      All the nodes have to send their data towards BS often called as sink. Usually nodes in WSN are power constrained due to limited battery, it is also not possible to recharge or replace battery of already deployed nodes and nodes might be placed where they cannot be accessed. Nodes may be present far away from BS so direct communication is not feasible due to limited battery as direct communication requires high energy. Clustering is the key technique for decreasing battery consumption in which members of the cluster select a Cluster Head (CH). Many clustering protocols are designed in this regard [5, 6]. All the nodes belonging to cluster send their data to CH, where, CH aggregates data and sends the aggregated data to BS [7-9]. Under aggregation, fewer messages are sent to BS and only few nodes have to transmit over large distance, so high energy is saved and over all lifetime of the network is prolonged.

      Energy consumption for aggregation of data is much less as compared to energy used in data transmission. Clustering can be done in two types of networks i.e. homogenous and heterogeneous networks. Nodes having same energy level are called homogenous network and nodes having different energy levels called heterogeneous network. Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) [8], Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS) [10], Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering (HEED) [11] are algorithms designed for homogenous WSN under consideration so these protocols do not work efficiently under heterogeneous scenarios because these algorithms are unable to treat nodes differently in terms of their energy. Whereas, Stable Election Protocol (SEP) [12], Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) [13], Developed DEEC (DDEEC) [14], Enhanced DEEC (EDEEC) [15] and Threshold DEEC (TDEEC) [16] are algorithms designed for heterogeneous WSN. SEP is designed for two level heterogeneous networks, so it cannot work efficiently in three or multilevel heterogeneous network. SEP considers only normal and advanced nodes where normal nodes have low energy level and advanced nodes have high energy. DEEC, DDEEC, EDEEC and TDEEC are designed for multilevel heterogeneous networks and can also perform efficiently in two level heterogeneous scenarios.

    3. Objective

We perform an investigational comparison among DEEC, DDEEC, TDEEC and EDEEC, so as to find a method which can fulfill the goals set, as follows

  1. Minimize the energy dissipation of the network.

  2. Increase the network life time.

  3. Clusters must be better balanced.

  4. Better distribution of cluster heads in the network.

    1. DEEC:

      Let pi = 1/ni, which can be also regarded as the average probability to be a cluster-head during ni rounds. When nodes have the same amount of energy at each epoch, choosing the average probability pi to be popt can ensure that there are popt N cluster-heads every round and all nodes die approximately at the same time. If the nodes have different amounts of energy, pi of

      It is the optimal cluster-head number. The probability threshold that each node si use to determine whether itself to become a cluster-head in each round, as follow:

      = 1 ( )

      0

      1

      Where, G is the set of nodes that are eligible to be cluster head sat round r. If node si has not been a cluster-head during the most recent ni rounds, we have si 2 G. In each round r, when node si finds it is eligible to be a cluster- head, it will choose a random number between 0 and 1. If the number is less than threshold T (si), the node si becomes a cluster-head during the current round.

    2. DDEEC

      = 0 1 +

      We find that nodes with more residual energy at round are more probable to become CH, so, in these way nodes having higher energy values or advanced nodes will become CH more often as compared to the nodes with lower energy or normal nodes. A point comes in a network where advanced nodes having same residual energy like normal nods. Although, after this point DEEC continues to punish the advanced nodes so this is not optimal way for energy distribution because by doing so, advanced nodes are continuously a CH and they die more quickly than normal nodes. To avoid this unbalanced case, DDEEC introduces threshold residual energy as in [14] and given below:

      Threshold residual energy Th is given as in [14] and given below:

      (7/10)0

      DDEEC implements the same strategy like DEEC in terms of estimating average energy of networks and the cluster head selection algorithm which is based on residual energy Average probability pi for CH selection used in DDEEC is as follows as in [14]:

      the nodes with more energy should be larger than p

      opt. Let (r)

      (1 + ) ,

      , >

      (1 + )

      =

      (1 + )

      , >

      (1 + )

      denotes the average energy at round r of the network, which can be obtained by as follow:

      = 1 ()

      (1 + )

      () =1 ()

      =1 =1

      =1

      The probability of the nodes to be a cluster head at per round per epoch will be given by:

      =

      () = () =

    3. EDEEC:

      EDEEC uses concept of three level heterogeneous networks. It contains three types of nodes normal, advanced and super nodes based on initial energy. is

      (1 + )

      =

      0

      (1 + ( + ))

      probability used for CH selection and is reference for . EDEEC uses different values for normal, advanced and super nodes, so, value of pi in EDEEC is as follows:

      1

      1

      1

      ( ) =

      1

      0

      (1 + ( + ))

      (1 + )

      (1 + ( + 0 ))

      Threshold for Cluster Head (CH) selection for all three types of node is as follows:

      1

      0

      1

    4. TDEEC

      TDEEC uses same mechanism for CH selection and average energy estimation as proposed in DEEC. At each round, nodes decide whether to become a CH or not by choosing a random number between 0 and 1. If number is less than threshold as shown in equation then nodes decide to become a CH for the given round. In TDEEC, threshold value is adjusted and based upon that value a node decides whether to become a CH or not by introducing residual energy and average energy of that

      1

      round with respect to optimum number of CHs. Threshold value proposed by TDEEC is given as follows:

      =

      residual energy of a node kopt

      1 average energy of the network

    5. SIMULATION PARAMETERS:

      Parameters

      Value

      Network Field

      (100,100)

      Number of nodes

      100

      Eo ( Initial energy of Normal Nodes)

      0.5 J

      Max.No. of Rounds

      1000

      Message Size

      4000 Bits

      Eelec

      50nJ/bit

      Efs

      10nJ/bit/m2

      Eamp

      0.0013pJ/bit/m4

      EDA

      5nJ/bit/signal

      do( Threshold

      70m

      popt

      0.1

      Table 1.1.Simulation Parameters

    6. SIMULATION RESULTS:

Fig.1.1 Alive nodes comparison

Fig.1.2 Cluster heads formation comparison

Fig.1.3 Dead nodes comparison

Fig.1.4 Comparison of Data packets reaches to the base station

7. CONCLUSION:

In this paper we have examined the current state of proposed clustering protocols, particularly with respect to their computing power and reliability requirements. In wireless sensor networks, the energy limitations of nodes play a crucial role in designing any protocol for execution or implementation. In this manner Quality of Service metrics such as time delay, data loss allowance and network lifetime expose reliability issues when designing recovery mechanisms for clustering schemes. These important features are often opposed, as one often has a negative impact on the other.

We have examined DEEC, DDEEC, EDEEC and TDEEC for heterogeneous WSNs containing different level of heterogeneity. Simulations prove that DEEC and DDEEC perform well in the networks containing high energy difference and concept used in DDEEC improves the lifetime of wireless sensor network in heterogeneous scenarios. Whereas, we find out that EDEEC uses the concept of super node works very well and it prolong the life time network. EDEEC and TDEEC perform well in all scenarios. Simulation result proves that TDEEC has best performance in terms of stability period and life time but instability period of EDEEC and TDEEC is very bigger we can say larger. So, we can say that EDEEC and TDEEC perform better in terms of stability period while compromising on lifetime.

REFRENCES:

  1. Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy- Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Micro sensor Networks Proc. 33rd HICSS, 2000.

  2. N. Vlajic and D. Xia Wireless Sensor Networks: To Cluster or Not To Cluster? WoWMoM'06, 2006.

  3. Vivek Katiyar, Narottam Chand, Surender Soni, Clustering Algorithms for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network: A Survey International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, DINDIGUL Volume 1, No 2, 2010.

  4. I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankara subramaniam, E. Cayirci, Wireless sensor networks: a survey, Computer Networks, 38 (4) (2002) 393-422.

  5. P. Krishna, N.H. Vaidya, M. Chatterjee, D. Pradhan, A cluster-based approach for routing in dynamic networks, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 27 (2) (1997) 49-65.

  6. B. McDonald, T. Znati, Design and performance of a distributed dynamic clustering algorithm for Ad-Hoc networks, in: Proceedings of the Annual Simulation Symposium, 2001.

  7. V. Mhatre, C. Rosenberg, D. Kofman, R. Mazumdar, N. Shroff, Design of surveillance sensor grids with a lifetime constraint, in: 1st European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN), Berlin, January 2004.

  8. W.R. Heinzelman, A.P. Chandrakasan, H. Balakrishnan, Energy efficient communication protocol for wireless micro sensor networks, in: Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-33), January 2000.

  9. W.R. Heinzelman, A.P. Chandrakasan, H. Balakrishnan, An application specific protocol architecture for wireless micro sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 1 (4) (2002) 660-670.

  10. S. Lindsey, C.S. Raghavenda, PEGASIS: power efficient gathering in sensor information systems, in: Proceeding of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, Montana, March 2002.

  11. O. Younis, S. Fahmy, HEED: A hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 3 (4) (2004) 660-669.

  12. G. Smaragdakis, I. Matta, A. Bestavros, SEP: A Stable Election Protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor network, in: Second International Workshop on Sensor and Actor Network Protocols and Applications (SANA 2004), 2004.

  13. L. Qing, Q. Zhu, M. Wang, Design of a distributed energy-efficient clustering algorithm for heterogeneous wireless sensor network, ELSEVIER, Computer Communications 29, 2006, pp 2230- 2237.

  14. Elbhiri, B., Saadane, R., El Fkihi, S., Aboutajdine, D. Developed Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DDEEC) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, in: 5th International Symposium on I/V Communications and Mobile Network (ISVC), 2010.

  15. Parul Saini, Ajay.K.Sharma, E-DEEC- Enhanced Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Scheme for heterogeneous WSN, in: 2010 1st International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC – 2010).

  16. Parul Saini, Ajay.K.Sharma, Energy Efficient Scheme for Clustering Protocol Prolonging the Lifetime of Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887), Volume 6 No.2, September 2010.

  17. The Evolution of Wireless Sensor Networks. Silicon Laboratories, Inc.

  18. N. Xu "A survey of sensor network applications," IEEE Communications magazine, Vol.40, No.8, pp. 102-114, 2002.

Leave a Reply