Accident Detection and Traffic Congestion Management System Using IoT

Accident Detection and Traffic Congestion Management System Using IoT

Shamal PK

Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, College of Engineering Thalassery Kannur,Kerala,India

Abhinjith C

Department of Information Technology College of Engineering Thalassery Kannur,Kerala,India

Salini K P

Department of Information Technology College of Engineering Thalassery Kannur,Kerala,India

Nanditha V K,

Department of Information Technology College of Engineering Thalassery Kannur,Kerala,India

Drowpathy R Krishnan

Department of Information Technology College of Engineering Thalassery Kannur,Kerala,India

Abstract – IoT is a trending technology and has high potential benefits. These benefits can be integrated in automobile applications. Accident rates are increasing day by day. The delay in conveying information as well as being unable to reach the accident location even leads to death of accident victims. There is a lack of proper accident detection and traffic congestion management systems. Existing systems emergency assistance automatically uses paired phones to call the emergency services operator. It asks for permission before making the emergency call. The call gives location details only. This paper describes a system to detect accidents and thereby alert the emergency contacts. Efficient and smart monitoring and management of traffic signals based on the traffic density. The GPS location and position of accident are delivered to the contacts set by the user. Efficient rescue mechanism by controlling traffic signals for emergency vehicles. Users are also able to view the density in the traffic.

KeywordsAccident, traffic, ATmega328 microcontroller, Arduino Uno, GPS sensors

1. INTRODUCTION

   The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that integrates the communication between humans and things. This technology is gaining wide acceptance as it helps in making life easier. Other advantages are cost efficiency, scalability, portability. Some major applications include home automation, smart irrigation, and health monitoring systems and fall prediction with the help of accelerometer[4] .

   IoT can be incorporated into automobile applications to improve safety, effective communications, and security [1].Providing wireless connectivities for vehicles enables the communication between vehicles and their internal and external environments[6] The procedures include designing the circuit, programming the board, android application development for user interface and connecting the hardware using Bluetooth module. Traffic congestion information can be collected using sensors attached to the junction to take optimal routing decisions by the user which saves time and money. The GPS location and hit position of accident can also be obtained that may be delivered to the contacts set by

   the user. When the vehicle is in an accident it communicates directly with emergency services and family members giving the severity of the accident, GPS location,

2. Literature Review
   1. Accident Detection System
      • The advent of technology has raised the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place repeatedly which causes massive loss of l fe and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
      • Recently, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have emerged as an efficient way of improving interpretation of transportation systems and enhancing travel safety.
      • The accident detected system which based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) can be accomplished through one or several sensors, the system can gather the information and coordinates of accident spot then send this data to the rescues services centre over a network link in shortest time.
      • Proposing an IOT system which may help the community decrease the death rates resulting from vehicle accidents.
      • It also provides many advantages compared to traditional systems, namely, minimizing injured passengers interaction, providing basic medical information to rescue teams, recognizing exact and accurate accidents locations, and facilitating the routing process.
      • This embedded system is useful for tracking and retrieving the exact position of any vehicle which has met with an accident by using Global Positioning System (GPS) and sensors.
   2. Traffic Management System
      • With an ever-increasing population growth in cities around the world, continuous production of all

        kinds of vehicles by manufacturers, and the number of vehicles on the roads leads to increased traffic congestion, especially in large metropolitan areas and even more so during peak rush hour time.

      • In order to address this evolving problem, a number of studies have been conducted that have resulted in some notable improvements such as designated lanes for emergency vehicles in urban areas.
      • A new method which seeks to address this issue is called Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), which helps to solve the problem by integrating existing technology with the current infrastructure.
      • Different methods for managing traffic, namely Traffic Light Systems (TLS) : Static and Dynamic TLS, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and Internet of Things (IoT).
      • Traffic data are quickly acquired and sent to Big Data for processing and mobile applications AKA User Interface (UI) to estimate traffic density in various areas in order to suggest alternative ways to alleviate traffic.
3. PROPOSED SYSTEM

   This paper discusses a system that can detect accidents and send alert to emergency contacts integrating an efficient and smart management of traffic signals based on the density. The system works with the help of MEMS/tilt, Ultrasonic sensors, and front and rear accident detectors.Inputs from sensors are analog that are input to the microcontroller unit. The position of accident as well as location is delivered to contacts set by the users.

   The GPS location and position of accident are delivered to the contacts set by the user. Efficient rescue mechanism by controlling traffic signals for emergency vehicles using ultrasonic sensors. Users are also able to view the density in the traffic. Emergency Assistance automatically uses your paired phone to call the emergency services operator. Existing systems requests for permission before making the call. In the proposed system the call is made automatically. The call gives location details only. In the proposed system the details related to the intensity of accident and effect of it is also sent.

4. Hardware and Software

   commonly-known acceleration of gravity which is 1g. By measuring the acceleration caused by gravity, you can calculate the tilt angle of the device to the level surface. GY-61 DXL335 3-Axis Accelerometer Module is a three axis accelerometer sensor module based on ADXL335 integrated circuit.

   Fig 1: GY-61 DXL335 3-Axis Accelerometer Module

   The ADXL335 as shown in Figure 1 is a triple axis accelerometer with extremely low noise and power consumption. The sensor has a full sensing range of +/-3g. It can measure the static acceleration of gravit in tilt-sensing applications, as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration. The sensor consists of a micro-machined structure on a silicon wafer. The structure is suspended by polysilicon springs which allow it to deflect in the when subject to acceleration in the X, Y and/or Z axis. Deflection causes a change in capacitance between fixed plates and plates attached to the suspended structure. This change in capacitance on each axis is converted to an output voltage proportional to the acceleration on that axis.

   1. • Arduino Uno

   Arduino Uno as shown in Figure 2 is a microcontroller board developed by Arduino.cc is an open-source electronics platform mainly based on AVR microcontroller Atmega328. The current version of Arduino Uno comes with USB interface, 6 analog input pins, 14 I/O digital ports that are used to connect with external electronic circuits. Out of 14 I/O ports, 6 pins can be used for PWM output. It allows the designers to control and sense the external electronic devices in the real world.

   1. Hardware
      • Buzzer

        A buzzer is an audio signaling device which may be mechanical, electrical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. A buzzer takes input and emits a sound in response to it. A buzzer needs to have some way of taking in energy and converting it to acoustic energy.

      • GY-61 DXL335 3-Axis Accelerometer Module

        An accelerometer is used to measure the force generated during the acceleration. The most fundamental is the

        Fig 2: Arduino Uno Microcontroller

      • LED (Light-emitting diode)

        A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962,[2] early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.[3] LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

        .

   2. Software
      • Electronic Design Automation Tools

        Most product testing is done with the help of computer programs. The term Electronic Design Automation (EDA) is being used to describe the use of these tools. With the help of advanced powerful computing systems and interactive software tools and development of electronic circuits has undergone automation. Thus, the software and hardware tools, which enables this automation includes PCB designing, IC design, circuit simulation etc. These tools help us in such a way that we can draw the circuit; test the functioning of the circuit in response to test inputs in simulation software. After successfully simulation we can get the PCB art work done by replacing the routing software. The design automation tool used here is ORCAD. Drawing of circuits is done through ORCAD CAPTURE. It includes many libraries with thousands of component symbols. We can select the required symbol from the library and place it in the schematic page. After placing the

        component symbols, we can complete the interconnection using wire or bus control. The next step is to assign part reference. Each component has to be assigned footprint or PCB pattern name. The footprint gives the actual size physical representation of components on the PCB artwork. The component symbol and foot symbol should correspond in all respects.

        After the circuit schematic is completed with all required information such as part reference and footprints, the design rule check can be used for checking errors in the design. It will check for duplicate symbols, overlapped lines and dangling lines. After the schematic design file passes the

        DRC check, it is processed by a program called an electric rule checker (ERC) that checks for writing errors. The final operation to be done before starting PCB artwork is the net list creation. A net list creation of the components and interconnection along with other information such as footprints, track width etc. A net list software or tool can take the circuit schematic as input and generate net list. The net list can be used as an information source for the remaining stages.

      • PCB Design Tools

        Design of printed circuit board (PCB) can be considered as the last step in electronic circuit design as well as the first step in production. It plays an important role in the performance and reliability of electronic circuits, the productivity of the PCBs its assembling, and its service ability depends on design. All these factors get reflected in a piece of electronic equipment. It is clear that the task of PCB design is not very simple or always straight forward. The schematic is followed by layout generation. Layout design is the stage where engineering capacity combined with creativity is the governing inputs.

      • Arduino IDE

        Arduino IDE is open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the code into the Arduino Module. It is official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process. It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role for debugging, editing and compiling the code in the environment. A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more. Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and accepts the information in the form of code. The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board. The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where former is used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code into the given Arduino Module. This environment supports both C and C++ languages.

      • MIT APP Inventor

   App Inventor for Android is an open-source web application originally provided by Google, and now maintained by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). MIT App Inventor is basically for creating Android Apps in your browser where you design how the app will look and function. Like putting together puzzle pieces, you set how your app will behave to different events by simply signing in with your Gmail Account, so that the App Inventor server

   can store your work and help you keep track of projects. It allows newcomers to computer programming to create software applications for the Android operating system (OS). It uses a graphical interface, very similar to Scratch and the Star-Logo TNG user interface, which allows users to drag-and-drop visual objects to create an application that an run on Android devices. In creating App Inventor, Google drew upon significant prior research in educational computing, as well as work done within Google on online development environments.

5. Architecture Diagram

   A. ATMEGA328

   Atmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the megaAVR family(later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). Figure 3 shows the architectural diagram of ATmega328. It has a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC processor core.ATmega328 is basically an Advanced Virtual RISC (AVR) micro-controller. It supports the data up to eight (8) bits. ATmega328 has 32KB internal built-in memory. This micro-controller has a lot of other characteristics.

   Fig 3: Architectural Diagram of ATmega328

   ATmega328 has several different features which make it the most popular device in todays market. These features consist of advanced RISC architecture, good performance, low power consumption, real timer counter having separate oscillator, 6 PWM pins, programmable Serial USART, programming lock for software security, throughput up to 20 MIPS etc. ATmega-328 is mostly used in Arduino.

6. Design Diagram
   1. Traffic Light Controlling

      The Traffic light is controlled based on four conditions as shown in the flowchart Figure 4(a) and Figure 4(b). When an emergency vehicle arrives at the junction, the traffic light may be switched to green for 10 seconds. The second condition is when the density is zero, the red light is turned on switching off other lights. Other two conditions are when traffic density is low and high, green light is turned on for 5 and 10 seconds respectively.

      Fig 4(a): Flowchart of Traffic Light Controlling showing response to emergency vehicles and at zero density conditions.

      Fig 4(b): Flowchart of Traffic Light Controlling showing low and high density condition

   2. Circuit diagram of Buzzers

   The buzzer plays a pivotal role in this system.It mainly consists of a BC547 transistor, resistor and a buzzer as shown in Figure 5.

   Fig 5: Circuit Diagram of a Buzzer

7. BLOCK DIAGRAM
   1. Accident Detection

      Fig 6: Block Diagram of Accident Detection using tilt ,front ,rear accident sensors

      The microcontroller(MCU) as shown in Figure 6 is provided with a 5V power supply. Input to MCU are from tilt/ Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) sensors which reads in basic parameters with respect to axis(x,y,z), front, rear accident detector[5]. The position of the accident is delivered through to the user interface through the Bluetooth module.

   2. User Interface Corresponding to Accident

      The output from MCU is viewed in the interface and the GPS location and accident position is stored in the IoT cloud as shown in Figure 7 which can be accessed by the emergency contact set by the user.

      Fig 7:Block Diagram of User interface Corresponding to Accident

   3. Traffic Light Monitoring

      Ultrasonic sensors are used to get information about the density in a traffic junction. It makes use of trigger and echo signals to find the density.This input is passed to the MCU and then to user interface using the Bluetooth module as shown in Figure 8.

      Fig 8: Block Diagram of Traffic Light Controlling using Ultrasonic sensors

   4. User Interface Corresponding to Traffic Management

   Fig 9: Block Diagram of User interface Corresponding to Traffic Light Management

   As shown in Figure 9, the users will be able to view the density at each traffic point so that they can make efficient routing decisions. Emergency vehicles such as police and ambulances will have special provision to request for a change in the traffic signals.

8. CONCLUSION

Improving transportation efficiency is still a challenging research area due to the criticality of the transportation infrastructure being monitored by such systems. This work emphasizes on a well-defined mode to improve the emergency help and accident-rescue operations in the transportation sector for the smooth flow of traffic and to reduce the aftermath of an accident. We have given importance to the smooth and steady flow of traffic and to increase the phase of rescue operations, by alerting the Quick Response groups like ambulance, police,

fire-and-rescue services and the near ones of the victims. This project focuses on reducing the impact of an accident and to prevent the loss of life

References

1. Smart Car: An IoT Based Accident Detection System: Arif Shaik, Natalie Bowen, Jennifer Bole, College of Science and Engineering, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI College of Education and Human Services, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, 2018 IEEE Global Conference on Internet of Things (GCIoT)
2. S. A. Hadiwardoyo, S. Patra, C. T. Calafate, J. C. Cano, and P. Manzoni, “An Android ITS Driving Safety Application Based on Vehicle-toVehicle (V2V) Communications,” 26th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), 2017.
3. J. Lohokare, R. Dani, S. Sontakke, A. Apte and R. Sahni, “Emergency services platform for smart cities,” IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP), 2017.
4. A. John and P. R. Nishanth, “Real-time embedded system for accident prevention,” International Conference of Electronics, Communication, and Aerospace Technology (ICECA), pp. 645-648, 2017.
5. S. Kumar, D. Akash, K Murali, R. Shriram, Call Ambulance Smart Elderly Monitoring System with Nearest Ambulance Detection using Android and Bluetooth, Second International Conference on Science Technology Engineering and management (ICONSTEM), 2016.
6. N. Lu, N. Cheng, N. Zhang, X. Shen, J. W. Mark, Connected Vehicles: Solutions and Challenges, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 289-299, Aug 2014.