Study of Shefrol – An Eco Friendly Bioreactor used for Wastewater Treatment of Udgaon Village

DOI : 10.17577/IJERTV8IS090152

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Study of Shefrol – An Eco Friendly Bioreactor used for Wastewater Treatment of Udgaon Village

Mr. S. M. Bhosale

Department of Technology, Shivaji university, Kolhapur 416004

Bhokare Pooja

Department of technology,

Mr. J. S. Lambe

Department of Civil engineering,

Dr. J. J.Magdum College of Engineering, Jaysingpur- 416101

Shivaji university, Kolhapur 416004

Abstract:- The use of aquatic plants to treat wastewater is increasing due to its low operation and maintenance cost. In addition it is eco-friendly easy to construct and can be dismantled easily. The Udgaon village doesnt have any management for wastewater disposal. They directly mix the wastewater into natural resources or directly used for irrigation purpose which is not good. In this project, I have used two aquatic plants i.e, Cyperus rotundus L and Ipomoea aquatica and a system with emergent type is constructed called as SHEFROL (Sheet flow root level) system. For Domestic wastewater, It is seen that the removal efficiency of pH is 11.71% in both pre and post-monsoon season and for TS, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, nitrate, potassium, phosphorus, oil and grease are 34.66

%, 33.97%, 50%, 60%, 37.18%, 53.25%, 33.86%, 40.8%, 56.76%, 39.83% respectively during post-monsoon season and during pre-

monsoon season it is 34.26%, 34.29%, 37.5%, 62.5%, 38.22%, 55.17%, 35.92%, 39.19%, 60.65%, 39.68% respectively. For industrial wastewater, it is seen that the removal efficiency of pH, TS, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, nitrate, potassium, phosphorus, oil and grease and Heavy metal-Zinc are 29.61%, 34.66%, 33.97%, 50%, 60%, 37.18%, 53.25%, 33.86%, 40.8%, 56.76%, 39.83% , 33.33%

respectively during post-monsoon season.

Key words: Wastewater treatment., aquatic plants, SHEFROL system, phytoremediation

  1. INTRODUCTION

    In the early days of sanitary engineering, natural treatments such as soil filter, constructed treatment wetlands and waste stabilization pond were the only method known. Initially, treatments were not even an objective, nor were the processes understood. Wastewater was simply disposed of in the nearest river, lake, or swamp if one was available. As the communities grew, the carrying capacity of the receiving water was eventually exceeded and problems began to arise in terms of aesthetics, public health, environmental effects, or, more commonly, a combination of the three. The need for treatment prior to discharge was recognized at this point and primary treatment was developed to remove most of the larger solids and organic matter. Natural systems were more or less forgotten because they had not performed well under the required loads. As understanding of the environment, disease causing agents, and treatment processes increased the complexity of the treatment processes also increased to remove higher and higher percentages of the pathogens and contaminants of concern. The cost of treatment unfortunately increased as well and continues to do so even in the absence of further increase in treatment complexity. The Clean Water Act further aggravated the problem by requiring secondary treatment at many sites that had not previously used that level of treatment. Natural treatment systems came back into consideration mostly as an attempt to find a more cost effective means of achieving the mandated treatment levels than was available with the existing mechanical or chemical processes. Natural treatment systems are not disposal practices nor are they random applications of waste and wastewater in various habitats. Natural treatment systems are engineered facilities which utilize the capabilities of plants, soils, and the associated microbial populations to degrade and immobilize wastewater contaminants (Bruce Alan Hastie, 1992).

    The two main categories of natural treatment system are land treatment and aquatic treatment systems. Each category can be further subdivided based upon the type of application and the types of plants used. Land treatment is the application of wastewater or wastewater sludges to the soil and allowing the plants and soil matrix to remove contaminants. Land treatment is divided into land farming slow rate irrigation, rapid infiltration, and overland flow treatment systems. These treatment schemes are not within the of this report and as such will not be mentioned any further herein (Bruce Alan Hastie, 1992).

    Aquatic treatment involves passing wastewater through either wetlands or other aquatic plant ecosystems, whether natural or man-made. Removal of contaminants takes place by plant uptake, microbial degradation, filtration, chemical precipitation and sedimentation. Wetlands systems are designed around emergent aquatic plants (macrophytes) and can be divided into subsurface flow systems and free water surface systems. The two main categories of aquatic plant systems are floating aquatic plant and submerged aquatic plant systems. Aquatic plant systems take on a variety of forms and use many different species of plants. Several flow schemes have been tried as well as many variations on the varieties of plants used and

    the amount of plant harvest performed. Conflicting opinions on the contribution of the plants themselves to the treatment have resulted in widely varied design approaches.

    The Aquatic plants used are act as low-cost extraction devices to purify polluted water. In some cases plants decomposes waste faster than micro-organisms. The aquatic plants are capable of reducing the values of BOD, COD, turbidity,odor etc.(Gian 1980) to a concentration required by national and local guidelines as well as international standards for irrigation water.As in rural area, it is very difficult to practice treatment plants due to economic and space concern .Also skilled labors are required to operate other treatment plants. Hence it's required to seek out economical and economical substitute for such treatment plants that ought to be eco-friendly.The aquatic plants that don't need any energy consumption. It can be adopted in rural areas where conventional treatments methods cannot be used due to economic and space concern,. It is an eco-friendly type of system and hence has greater scope in nearby future and can be proved as a beneficial substitute for conventional methods.

    In this project, I have used two aquatic plants namely Cyperus rotundus L and ipomoea aquatica are extremely tolerant and has capacity for uptake of heavy metals from MIDC around udgaon village including, Zn(mg/l),which could make it suitable for bio cleaning of industrial wastewater.The plants eliminate disturbing smell of wastewater which poses serious problem in location throughout Udgaon village. The aquatic plant system offers an environment friendly and cost-effective technology for treatment in and around Udgaon village.

  2. OBJECTIVES

  1. To study wastewater in and around Udgaon village

  2. To investigate treatment performance of SHEFROL system for removal of pollutants in wastewater.

  3. To compare following parameters of wastewater before and after treatment with disposal standards.

    1. pH

    2. TS (Total solids) iii.TDS(Total dissolved solids) iv.TSS (Total suspended solids)

      1. DO (Dissolved oxygen

  4. To make wastewater fit for irrigation purpose.

    1. BOD(Biochemical oxygen demand)

    2. COD (Chemical oxygen demand)

    3. Oil and greas

    4. N,p,k(Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium)

    5. Heavy metals -Zinc

  5. To review the current design approach of SHEFROL system ad provide a consolidated approach by using sedimentation tank before SHEFROL system if possible.

  1. DESIGN OF SHEFROL

    The design of SHEFROL system is done in reference to equalization tank in Gokul dairy in which I have done my industrial training.

    Size of equalization tank =9 m X 5 m X 2 m (For 80000 lit wastewater) i.e, 90 m3 volume is required for 80000 lit wastewater

    I am going to design the SHEFROL system for 500 lit of wastewater. Therefore, the volume of SHEFROL for 500 lit wastewater is-

    V = 90 X 500 X 10-3

    80000 X 10-3

    = 90 X 500

    80000

    = 45000

    80000

    V = 0.5625 m3

    As V = A X d

    Here, depth of root of aquatic plants = 30 cm

    = 0.3m

    Total depth = root of aquatic plant + extra depth for wastewater flow

    = 0.3 m + 0.3 m

    d = 0.6 m

    Now, A = V

    d

    = 0.5625 = 0.93 m

    0.6

    Consider, L = 2 B

    L X B = 0.93 2B x B = 0.93

    2B2 = 0.93

    B2 = 0.465

    B = 0.68 m ~1.5 m

    L = 2B

    = 2 X 0.68

    L = 1.36 m ~1.5 m

    Total size of SHEFROL = L X B X d

    =1.5 m X 1.5 m X 0.6 m

  2. CONSTRUCTION OF SHEFROL

    Steps-

    4.1. Digging of pits

    2 pits have digged, one for domestic wastewater and other for industrial wastewater. Size of each pit= 1.5 X 1.5 X 0.6 m. Capacity of each pit=500 liter

    4.2 Placing non permeable sheet over pits-

    I have placed a polythene sheet over the pit. Size=23 X 23 foot. Density or thickness of polythene sheet= 500GSM (500gm/m2). I have placed this polythene sheet over the pit to avoid seepage of wastewater into the ground and also to protect groundwater sources from pollution occurs due to seepage of wastewater into it.

    4.3. Attaching net to pipe structure

    I have used 4 pipes having length 1.4 m and 4 elbows to create structure for one pit, then attached the net to the pipe structure using ties. Material of pipe=PVC. Size of net=1.4 X 1.4 m for each pit. Gap=1 cm

      1. Attaching foam sheet to pipe structure

        Size of foam sheet=1.4 X 1.4 m each for one pit. Thickness of foam sheet=2cm (1 inch) Density of foam sheet=28 kg/m3.

      2. Placing reducers into foam sheet

        I have placed the reducers into the foam sheet so that I can put the plants into it. No of reducers = 13 nos for one pit. Size of reducer= 2 x 2.5.Material= PVC

      3. Passing wastewater through sheets which contains aquatic plants-

        I have filled one pit with 500 lit domestic wastewater of udgaon village and another with industrial wastewater.

      4. Placing aquatic plant over it

        I have placed both combined plants in reducers.

      5. Placing all the structure in pit

    I have placed all the structure in respective pit.

  3. METHODOLOGY

    The study for aquatic plants, selection and collection of species i.e, Cyperus rotundus L and Ipomoea aquatica were done on November, 2018.The design and construction of SHEFROL system is done on October, 2018.

    The cultivation of Cyperus rotundus L and Ipomoea aquatic carried out from November 16, 2018 to November 21, 2018 by transferring the wastewater into SHEFROL system.

    The actual treatment is started from January 20, 2019 to January 27, 2019 for Post-monsoon season and for pre- monsoon season it is started from May 20, 2019 to May 20, 2019. Collection of samples of both domestic and industrial wastewater is done from January 20, 2019 to January 27, 2019 during post-monsoon season and from May 20, 2019 to May 20, 2019 during pre-monsoon season.

  4. CHEMICAL TESTS

    pH, TS(Total solids), TDS (Total dissolved solids), TSS (Total suspended solids) , DO (Dissolved oxygen) , BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) COD(Chemical oxygen demand), Oil and grease N,p,k (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium), Heavy metals (Zinc). were done at Jaysingpur college, Jaysingpur

  5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

    For deteriming the efficiency of each aquatic plant for treatment of wastewater I have firstly conducted experiment in 2lit capacity measuring cylinder.

      1. Comparison of chemical parameters of domestic wastewater after treatment by cyperus rotundus L, Ipomoea aquatic and combined plants

        Sr No

        Parameters

        Unit

        Result

        CPCB Std (RANGE)

        Before treatment

        After treatment

        Cyperus rotundus L

        Ipomoea aquatic

        combined

        1

        pH

        7.51

        6.85

        7.09

        6.63

        5.5-9

        2

        TS

        Mg/Lit

        926

        650

        687

        605

        700

        3

        TDS

        Mg/Lit

        886

        617

        662

        585

        500

        4

        TSS

        Mg/Lit

        40

        33

        25

        20

        200

        5

        DO

        Mg/Lit

        1.5

        0,8

        0.8

        0.6

        0

        6

        BOD

        Mg/Lit

        320

        208

        243

        201

        30

        7

        COD

        Mg/Lit

        400

        224

        260

        187

        250

        8

        Nitrate

        Mg/Lit

        1.56

        1.197

        1.23

        1.032

        1-2

        9

        Potassium

        Mg/Lit

        15.39

        11.87

        12.89

        9.11

        5-10

        10

        Phosphorus

        Mg/Lit

        5.685

        3.72

        3.92

        2.485

        0.05-0.5

        11

        Oil and grease

        Mg/Lit

        10.2

        7.67

        8.48

        6.137

        10

      2. Comparison of removal efficiencies of chemical parameters of domestic wastewater after treatment by Cyperus rotundus L, Ipomoea aquatica and combined plant

        Sr No

        Parameters

        Unit

        Removal efficiency (%)

        Cyperus rotundus L

        Ipomoea aquatic

        combined

        1

        pH

        8.7

        5.59

        11.71

        2

        TS

        Mg/Lit

        29.8

        25.8

        34.66

        3

        TDS

        Mg/Lit

        30.36

        25.28

        33.97

        4

        TSS

        Mg/Lit

        17.5

        37.5

        50

        5

        DO

        Mg/Lit

        46.66

        46.66

        60

        6

        BOD

        Mg/Lit

        35

        24.06

        37.18

        7

        COD

        Mg/Lit

        44

        35

        53.25

        8

        Nitrate

        Mg/Lit

        23.26

        21.15

        33.86

        9

        Potassium

        Mg/Lit

        22.87

        16.24/p>

        40.8

        10

        Phosphorus

        Mg/Lit

        34.56

        31

        56.76

        11

        Oil and grease

        Mg/Lit

        24.8

        16.86

        39.83

      3. Comparison of chemical parameters of industrial wastewater after treatment by Cyperus rotundus L, Ipomoea aquatica and combined plants

        Sr No

        Parameters

        Unit

        Result

        CPCB

        Std(Range)

        Before treatment

        After treatment

        Cyperus rotundus L

        Ipomoea aquatica

        combined

        1

        pH

        4.35

        4.78

        5.03

        6.18

        5.5-9

        2

        TS

        Mg/Lit

        1250

        880

        976

        796

        700

        3

        TDS

        Mg/Lit

        1206

        844

        936

        756

        500

        4

        TSS

        Mg/Lit

        44

        36

        40

        25

        200

        5

        DO

        Mg/Lit

        0.5

        0.3

        0.3

        0.2

        0

        6

        BOD

        Mg/Lit

        243

        179

        181

        169

        30

        7

        COD

        Mg/Lit

        304

        224

        243

        109

        250

        8

        Nitrate

        Mg/Lit

        1.447

        1.116

        1.13

        1.012

        1-2

        9

        Potassium

        Mg/Lit

        15.75

        11.89

        12

        9.65

        5-10

        10

        Phosphorus

        Mg/Lit

        4.03

        2.857

        3

        2.775

        0.05-0.5

        11

        Oil and grease

        Mg/Lit

        19.144

        13.51

        14.24

        11.37

        10

        12

        Heavy metal-Zinc

        Mg/Lit

        60

        49

        53

        40

        5

      4. Comparison of removal efficiencies of chemical parameters of industrial wastewater after treatment by Cyperus rotundus L, Ipomoea aquatica and combined plants

        Sr No

        Parameters

        Unit

        Removal efficiency (%)

        Cyperus rotundus L

        Ipomoea aquatic

        combined

        1

        pH

        8.99

        13.51

        29.61

        2

        TS

        Mg/Lit

        29.6

        21.92

        36.32

        3

        TDS

        Mg/Lit

        30.01

        22.38

        37.31

        4

        TSS

        Mg/Lit

        9

        9

        43

        5

        DO

        Mg/Lit

        40

        40

        60

        6

        BOD

        Mg/Lit

        26.33

        25.51

        30.45

        7

        COD

        Mg/Lit

        26.31

        20

        64.14

        8

        Nitrate

        Mg/Lit

        22.87

        21.9

        30

        9

        Potassium

        Mg/Lit

        24.5

        23.8

        38.73

        10

        Phosphorus

        Mg/Lit

        29.1

        25.55

        31.14

        11

        Oil and grease

        Mg/Lit

        29.42

        25.61

        40.6

        12

        Heavy metal-Zinc

        Mg/Lit

        38.33

        25

        66.3

      5. Concentration of Chemical parameter of Domestic wastewater before and after treatment by combined plant at post- monsoon season

        Day

        Test performed

        pH

        TS

        TDS

        TSS

        DO

        BOD

        COD

        Nitrate

        Potassium

        Phosphorus

        Oil and grease

        1

        7.51

        926

        886

        40

        1.5

        320

        400

        1.56

        15.39

        5.685

        10.2

        2

        7.5

        924

        885

        39

        1.5

        318

        397

        1.5

        15.11

        5.65

        10.18

        3

        7.3

        895

        857

        38

        1.3

        301

        355

        1.449

        14.59

        4.88

        9.15

        4

        7.11

        815

        783

        32

        1.1

        288

        304

        1.315

        12.24

        4.44

        8.86

        5

        6.97

        730

        701

        29

        0.9

        257

        281

        1.29

        11.87

        3.6

        8.15

        6

        6.81

        690

        663

        27

        0.8

        215

        233

        1.25

        10.15

        3

        7.85

        7

        6.68

        644

        592

        22

        0.6

        209

        200

        1.055

        9.3

        2.5

        6.2

        8

        6.63

        605

        585

        20

        0.6

        201

        187

        1.032

        9.11

        2.485

        6.137

      6. Concentration of Chemical parameter of Industrial wastewater before and after treatment by combined plant at Post- monsoon season

        Day

        Test performed

        pH

        TS

        TDS

        TSS

        DO

        BOD

        COD

        Nitrate

        Potassium

        Phosphorus

        Oil and grease

        Heavy metal- zinc

        1

        4.35

        1250

        1206

        44

        0.5

        243

        304

        1.447

        15.75

        4.03

        19.144

        60

        2

        4.39

        1246

        1203

        43

        0.5

        240

        300

        1.42

        15

        4

        19.1

        60

        3

        5.1

        1200

        1160

        40

        0.4

        228

        280

        1.35

        14.85

        3.65

        18.55

        57

        4

        5.41

        1101

        1063

        38

        0.4

        215

        240

        1.3

        12.01

        3.22

        17.46

        51

        5

        5.59

        957

        924

        33

        0.3

        195

        170

        1.27

        11.45

        3.01

        15.85

        46

        6

        5.89

        833

        803

        30

        0.3

        180

        120

        1.21

        10.33

        2.99

        13.5

        43

        7

        6.11

        810

        763

        27

        0.2

        170

        110

        1

        9.75

        2.8

        11.5

        42

        8

        6.18

        796

        756

        25

        0.2

        169

        109

        1.012

        9.65

        2.775

        11.37

        40

      7. Concentration of Chemical parameter of domestic wastewater before and after treatment by combined plant at Pre-monsoon season

    Day

    Test performed

    pH

    TS

    TDS

    TSS

    DO

    BOD

    COD

    Nitrate

    Potassium

    Phosphorus

    Oil and grease

    1

    7.68

    969

    939

    32

    1.6

    327

    406

    1.67

    16.2

    5.77

    12.6

    2

    7.5

    960

    930

    30

    1.5

    315

    400

    1.6

    16

    5.22

    12.4

    3

    7.15

    851

    823

    28

    1.4

    300

    375

    1.51

    15.11

    4.86

    11.47

    4

    7.05

    800

    774

    26

    1.2

    296

    350

    1.45

    14.55

    4.33

    10.57

    5

    6.93

    732

    707

    25

    1

    267

    315

    1.33

    13.9

    3.91

    9.45

    6

    6.85

    699

    675

    24

    0.8

    250

    236

    1.23

    12.77

    3.44

    8.59

    7

    6.8

    650

    628

    22

    0.7

    220

    200

    1.1

    10

    3

    8

    8

    6.78

    637

    617

    20

    0.6

    202

    182

    1.07

    9.85

    2.27

    7.6

  6. RESULT

      1. Comparison of chemical parameters of domestic wastewater after treatment by combined plants between Pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season

        Sr No

        Parameters

        Unit

        Result

        CPCB Std

        (Range)

        Post-monsoon season

        Pre-monsoon season

        1

        pH

        6.63

        6.78

        5.5-9

        2

        TS

        Mg/Lit

        605

        637

        700

        3

        TDS

        Mg/Lit

        585

        617

        500

        4

        TSS

        Mg/Lit

        20

        20

        200

        5

        DO

        Mg/Lit

        0.6

        0.6

        0

        6

        BOD

        Mg/Lit

        201

        202

        30

        7

        COD

        Mg/Lit

        187

        182

        250

        8

        Nitrate

        Mg/Lit

        1.032

        1.07

        1-2

        9

        Potassium

        Mg/Lit

        9.11

        9.85

        5-10

        10

        Phosphorus

        Mg/Lit

        2.485

        2.27

        0.05-0.5

        11

        Oil and grease

        Mg/Lit

        6.137

        7.6

        10

      2. Comparison of removal efficiencies of chemical parameters of domestic wastewater after treatment by combined plants Between Pre-monsoon and post- monsoon season

        Sr No

        Parameters

        Unit

        Removal efficiency (%)

        Post-monsoon season

        Pre-monsoon season

        1

        pH

        11.71

        11.71

        2

        TS

        Mg/Lit

        34.66

        34.26

        3

        TDS

        Mg/Lit

        33.97

        34.29

        4

        TSS

        Mg/Lit

        50

        37.5

        5

        DO

        Mg/Lit

        60

        62.5

        6

        BOD

        Mg/Lit

        37.18

        38.22

        7

        COD

        Mg/Lit

        53.25

        55.17

        8

        Nitrate

        Mg/Lit

        33.86

        35.92

        9

        Potassium

        Mg/Lit

        40.8

        39.19

        10

        Phosphorus

        Mg/Lit

        56.76

        60.65

        11

        Oil and grease

        Mg/Lit

        39.83

        39.68

      3. Comparison of chemical parameters of industrial wastewater sample after treatment by combined plants at post-monsoon season

        Sr No

        Parameters

        Unit

        Result

        CPCB Std

        Post-monsoon season

        1

        pH

        6.18

        5.5-9

        2

        TS

        Mg/Lit

        796

        700

        3

        TDS

        Mg/Lit

        756

        500

        4

        TSS

        Mg/Lit

        25

        200

        5

        DO

        Mg/Lit

        0.2

        0

        6

        BOD

        Mg/Lit

        169

        30

        7

        COD

        Mg/Lit

        109

        250

        8

        Nitrate

        Mg/Lit

        1.012

        1-2

        9

        Potassium

        Mg/Lit

        9.65

        5-10

        10

        Phosphorus

        Mg/Lit

        2.775

        0.05-0.5

        11

        Oil and grease

        Mg/Lit

        11.37

        10

        12

        Heavy metal-Zinc

        Mg/Lit

        40

        5

      4. Comparison of removal efficiencies of chemical parameters of Industrial wastewater after treatment by combined plants at post-monsoon season

    Sr No

    Parameters

    Unit

    Removal efficiency (%)

    Post-monsoon season

    1

    pH

    29.611

    2

    TS

    Mg/Lit

    34.66

    3

    TDS

    Mg/Lit

    33.97

    4

    TSS

    Mg/Lit

    50

    5

    DO

    Mg/Lit

    60

    6

    BOD

    Mg/Lit

    37.18

    7

    COD

    Mg/Lit

    53.25

    8

    Nitrate

    Mg/Lit

    33.86

    9

    Potassium

    Mg/Lit

    40.8

    10

    Phosphorus

    Mg/Lit

    56.76

    11

    Oil and grease

    Mg/Lit

    39.83

    12

    Heavy metal-Zinc

    Mg/Lit

    33.33

  7. CONCLUSION

From overall study, it can be concluded that the treatment if domestic and industrial wastewater by using SHEFROL system is fair satisfactory but it can be more satisfactory by providing some preliminary process.

  1. By studying measuring cylinder experiment which is conducted on each plant, it is seen that the treatment / removal efficiency of contaminants from both wastewater is more in combined plants (11.71-60 %) than individual plants i.e, for cyperus rotundus L 8.7-46.66%) and for Ipomoea aquatic(5.59-46.66%) for domestic wastewater and for industrial wastewater it is(29.6-60%) for combined plants and (8.99-40%) for cyperus rotundus L and (1.51-40%) for Ipomoea aquatica plant.

  2. From above values. it is seen that the treatment efficiency of combined plants is more. Therefore, I have performed SHEFROL system using both plants in combined manner.

  3. For Domestic wastewater, It is seen that the removal efficiency of pH is 11.71% in both pre and post-monsoon season and for TS, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, nitrate, potassium, phosphorus, oil and grease are 34.66 %, 33.97%, 50%, 60%, 37.18%, 53.25%, 33.86%, 40.8%, 56.76%, 39.83% respectively during post-monsoon season and during pre-monsoon season it is 34.26%, 34.29%, 37.5%, 62.5%, 38.22%, 55.17%, 35.92%, 39.19%, 60.65%, 39.68% respectively.

  4. For industrial wastewater, it is seen that the removal efficiency of pH, TS, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, nitrate, potassium, phosphorus, oil and grease and Heavy metal-Zinc are 29.61%, 34.66%, 33.97%, 50%, 60%, 37.18%, 53.25%, 33.86%, 40.8%,

    56.76%, 39.83% , 33.33% respectively during post-monsoon season.

  5. For Domestic wastewater, The values of pH, TS, TSS, COD, nitrate, potassium, oil and grease are within permissible limit

    .and the values of TDS, DO, BOD, phosphorus are not in the permissible limit after treatment during both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season.

  6. For industrial wastewater, The values of pH, TSS, COD, nitrate, potassium are within permissible limit .and the values of TS, TDS, DO, BOD, phosphorus, oil and grease and Heavy metal-Zinc are not in the permissible limit after treatment during post-monsoon season.

SUGGESTIONS-

  1. Increase quantity of aquatic plants by providing extra number of reducers. By increasing quantity of aquatic plants treatment efficiency can be increased.

  2. For increasing removal efficiency of TS, TSS, TDS provide sedimentation tank before SHEFROL system as primary treatment.

  3. In industrial wastewater, due to acidic pH, aquatic plants were not alive which resulted in decrease in treatment efficiency. To solve this problem, we can cultivate other plants which can tolerate acidic pH.

  4. By treating wastewater using aquatic plants which can tolerate acidic pH, we can increase pH value which is suitable for treatment by the aquatic plants which were used in SHEFROL system.

  5. Add chemicals into the industrial wastewater for pH neutralization so that aquatic plants can perform treatment process effectively.

    10. REFERENCES

    1. Adane Sirage Ali et al.(2017) Purifying Municipal Wastewater Using Floating Treatment Wetlands: FreeFloating and Emergent Macrophytes Advances in Recycling and WasteManagement,.Department of Environmental Science,Kotebe Metropolitan University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

    2. Ahmad Qasaimeh (2015) a Review on Constructed WetlandsComponents and Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater ,Civil Engineering Department, Jadara University, Irbid.Journal of Environmental Protection, 2015, volume 6, 710-718.

    3. Gopal Goswami et al.(2010) Studies on the Physico-Chemical characteristics, Macrophyte Diversity andtheir Economic Prospect in Rajmata Dighi: A wetland in Cooch Behar District,West Bengal, India. New Jalpaiguri Railway Colony High School, P.O. Bhaktinagar, Jalpaiguri, West Begal. Vol. 1(3),page 21-27. [4] Bhandari (1974), Famine foods in Rajasthan Desert . Economic Botony .28(1): 78.

    4. Hammad,D. M (2011).Cu, Zn, Ni and Phytoremediation and translocation by water hyacinth plant at different aquatic environment .Australian Journal of Basic and Applied science 5 (11), 11-22

    5. Holm et al. (1977). The worlds worst weeds: Distribution and biology. Haqaii: University Press of Hawaii.

    6. Jan Vymazal (2010). Constructed wetland for wastewater treatment. Department of landscape Ecology, faculty of environmental science;530-549.

    7. Leslie Gray Evaluation of Treatment Potential and Feasibility of Constructed Wetlands receiving Municipal Wastewater in Nova Scotia, Department of landscape Ecology, Faculty of environment science; 530-549.

    8. Omezine et al. (2009). Biological Behavior of Cyperus rotundus in Relation to Agro-Ecological Condition and Imposed Human Factors.

    9. Oren Shelef (2013)Role of Plants in a Constructed Wetland: Current andNew Perspectives,French Associates Institute for Agriculture & Biotechnology of Drylands, The JacobBlaustein Institutes for Desert Research (BIDR), Ben Gurion University of the Negev(BGU), Sede Boqer Campus 84990, Israel19, Water 2013, 5(2), 405-419.

    10. Prof S.A /Abbasi. The low cost technology is helping a Pondicherry village to treat its wastewater using pants. March 2, 2017.Innovation , Pondicherry, waste management, water management.

    11. Rahi, R, Gunaseelean ,S. A .Abbasi and Abbasi S. A. (2013). Assessment of role of aquatic macrophytes Eichhornia Crassipe (water hyacinth ) as a bio agent for rapid wastewater treatment in embankment of SHEFROL bioreactor. National conference on hydrology with special emphasis on Rain water harvesting (P 207).

    12. Rita,P.Shingare et al. (2017). Comparative study of enteric pathogens from domestic wastewater using Typha latifolia and cyperus rotundus along with different sub strates. International Journal of Phytoremediation : 899-908.Volume 19.

    13. Robert et al. (2009)Weeds of Upland Cambodia Archived 2014-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, ACIAr Monograph 141, Canberra.

    14. S.A.Abbasi , G.Ponni, S.M. Tauseeef. Treatemnt of sewage by weed Ipomoea Aquatica. A feasibility study on Bench scale SHEFROL Bioreactor. Advances in Health and Environment safety . PP 353-359, 29 Dec 2017. Springer Transactions in civil and Environment Engineering springer, Singapore.Chapter 30 , volume I.

    15. Sinha,R.K.et al (2003). A review of phytoremediation as cost effective, ecologically sustainable and socially acceptable bioengineering technology. Nationally Environment Conference.

One thought on “Study of Shefrol – An Eco Friendly Bioreactor used for Wastewater Treatment of Udgaon Village

  1. Raaga madhu says:

    Hello madam
    Good to see your study. Great initiative towards water recycling. We are from Bangalore. Is it possible to implement this method for washing machine wastewater
    Is it sustainable in long run and how much of maintenance is needed

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