Investigating the Durability of Concrete Filled with Different Ratio’s of Glass Fibre

Concrete is one of the most widely recognized development material for the most part delivered by utilizing locally accessible ingredients. The development of concrete has brought about the essential need for additives both chemical and mineral to improve the performance of concrete. Hence varieties of admixtures such as fly ash, coconut fibre have been used so far. Hence an attempt has been made in the present investigation to study the behaviour of glass fibre in concrete. The present trend in concrete technology is towards increasing the strength and durability of concrete to meet the demands of the modern construction. The main aim of the study is to study the effect of glass fibre in the concrete. Glass fibre has the high tensile strength and fire resistant properties thus reducing the loss of damage during fire accidents. The addition of these fibres into concrete can dramatically increase the compressive strength, tensile strength and split tensile strength of the concrete. In this study, tests have done for the concrete with glass fibre of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% of cement by adding as an admixture. Durability of concrete can also be checked by evaluation of alkalinity and acid curing of sample.


I. INTRODUCTION
Glass fiber has used over 30 years in several construction elements, mainly non constructional ones, like façade panels, piping for sanitation, decorative non recoverable form work and other products.
Concrete is one of the most durable building materials. It provides superior fire resistance compared with wooden construction and gains strength over time. Structures made of concrete can have a long service life. Concrete is used more than any other manmade material in the world Concrete, has relatively high compressive strength, but much lower tensile strength. . Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and shrinks as it matures. All concrete structures crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Glass fiber concrete (GFC) consists basically of a matrix composed of cement, sand, water, and admixtures, in which short length glass fibers are dispersed. The effect of the fibers in this composite leads to an increase in the tension and impact strength of the material. Glass is a useful material due to its high ratio of surface area to weight. Because of this the augmented surface area makes them much more vulnerable to chemical attack. By entrapping air, blocks of glass fibre make good thermal insulation with a thermal conductivity of order of 0.05 w/(mk). The strength of the glass fibre is usually tested and reported for "virgin" or pristine fibres those which have just been manufactured. The freshest, thinnest fibres are more ductile. The more the surface is scratched, the less the resulting tenacity. As the glass possesses an amorphous structure, its properties are the same in all directions. Humidity is an important factor in the tensile strength. Moisture is easily adsorbed. Therefore it can worsen microscopic cracks and surface defects, and lessen tenacity. Unlike carbon fiber, glass can suffer more elongation before it breaks. A correlation exists between bending diameter of the filament and the filament diameter. The viscosity of the molten glass is very important manufacturing success. While drawing i.e., pulling of the glass to reduce fibre circumference, the viscosity has to be relatively low. If it is too high, the fiber will break during drawing. If the viscosity is too low, the glass will end up in droplets rather than being drawn out into fibre. Concrete is prepared with locally available materials. It is also very popular in construction. Therefore to modify the performance of concrete it is essential to add both chemical and mineral additives such as fly ash, silica fume, different types of fibres, etc. Therefore in the present investigation an attempt has been made to study the behaviour of concrete in which fly ash and glass fibre have been added. The present trend in concrete technology is increasing its strength and durability. This is essential to meet the demands of the modern construction. The main aim of the study is to study the effect of glass fibre which has high tensile strength and fire resistant properties. Concrete containing glass fibre diminishes the loss of damage during fire accidents. The results of addition of these fibres into concrete are far fetching in the sense it dramatically increases the compressive strength, tensile strength and split tensile strength of the concrete.
Glass is an ideal material for recycling. The use of recycled glass saves lot of energy and the increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up focus on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its significant contributions is the construction field where the waste glass was reused for concrete production. The application of glass in architectural concrete still needs improvement. Several study have shown that waste glass that is crushed and screened is a strong, safe and economical alternative to sand used in concrete. During the last decade, it has been recognized that sheet glass waste is of large volume and is increasing year by year in the shops, construction areas and factories.
J.M. Khatib, E.M. Negim, H.S. Sohl and N. Chileshe, (2014) Glass is commonly used in building / construction industries and large amount of glass is powdered daily. The disposal of waste glass is an environmental issue as waste glass causes disposal problem. Today the construction industry is in need of finding cost effective materials for increasing the strength of concrete structures. Glass powder finer than 600 µ is reported to have pozzolanic behaviour. An attempt is made to investigate the possibility of using the waste glass powder as the partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement in concrete. Concrete with replacement of cement by waste glass powder such as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were produced and properties of this concrete has been compared with concrete of control mix with no replacement. Cube specimens of 24 numbers were cast, cured and tested for 7 day and 28 days strength. Compression test was conducted and the results were compared. The findings revealed an increase in compressive strength with the increase in the replacement of cement by glass powder. To reduce the demand for cement, glass powder replacements can be adopted. The replacement of glass powder decreases the unit weight as well as the porosity as indicated by the decrease in water absorption. It reduces the quantity of cement to be used in concrete. Also glass powder is proved to be economical and is considered as environmental friendly construction material.J.M. Khatib, E.M. Negim, H.S. Sohl and N. Chileshe, (2014) Glass is commonly used in building / construction industries and large amount of glass is powdered daily. The disposal of waste glass is an environmental issue as waste glass causes disposal problem. Today the construction industry is in need of finding cost effective materials for increasing the strength of concrete structures. Glass powder finer than 600 µ is reported to have pozzolanic behaviour. An attempt is made to investigate the possibility of using the waste glass powder as the partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement in concrete. Concrete with replacement of cement by waste glass powder such as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were produced and properties of this concrete has been compared with concrete of control mix with no replacement. Cube specimens of 24 numbers were cast, cured and tested for 7 day and 28 days strength. Compression test was conducted and the results were compared. The findings revealed an increase in compressive strength with the increase in the replacement of cement by glass powder. To reduce the demand for cement, glass powder replacements can be adopted. The replacement of glass powder decreases the unit weight as well as the porosity as indicated by the decrease in water absorption. It reduces the quantity of cement to be used in concrete. Also glass powder is proved to be economical and is considered as environmental friendly construction material. Madandoust Rahmat, Ghavidel Reza (2013).The objective was to make use of the combination of waste glass powder (GP) and rice husk ash (RHA) as replacement for Portland cement. Hybrid mixtures containing 0-20% GP and 0-20% RHA were prepared. The best values of replacements by GP and RHA, based on the 28-days compressive strength and strength activity index, were determined as 10% and 5%, respectively. From these results, the properties of hybrid concrete tended to increase with age due to the development of higher pozzolanic activity. The results also revealed good evidence that both GP and RHA can be used together in concrete without any adverse effects. Balandis A, Vaickelionis G. (2012) One kind of the most abundant glass defects is cord. Cord is the place of concentration of internal stress in the glass and that reduce mechanical and thermo mechanical strength of glass. The reasons of cords formation can be different. The origin of cords formation is commonly examined only by indirect modeling methods of formation processes and its mechanisms. The determination of cords formation reasons is especially important for the production of electro vacuum glass, when the rate of change of the temperature of glass details is big. In this work a new kind of glass defectthread type cord, which forms in the central part of screenis determined and examined. The formation of this cord can be explained by heterogeneous crystallization of glass on the surface of plunger solid phase, when plunger vertically gains height. The problems of homogenization of glass melt in the feeder channel also have been discussed. Mageswari M, Vidivelli B (2010) Sheet glass powder (SGP) used in concrete making leads to greener environment. In shops, nearby Chidambaram many sheet glass cuttings go to waste, which are not recycled at present and usually delivered to landfills for disposal. Using SGP in concrete is an interesting possibility for economy on waste disposal sites and conservation of natural resources. This paper examines the possibility of using SGP as a replacement in fine aggregate for a new concrete. Natural sand was partially replaced (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) with SGP. Compressive strength, Tensile strength (cubes and cylinders) and Flexural strength up to 180 days of age were compared with those of concrete made with natural fine aggregates. Fineness modulus, specific gravity, moisture content, water absorption, bulk density, %voids, % porosity (loose and compact) state for sand (S) and SDA were also studied. The test results indicate that it is possible to manufacture concrete containing Sheet glass powder (SGP) with characteristics similar to those of natural sand aggregate concrete provided that the percentage of SGP as fine aggregate is limited to 10-20%, respectively. I. B. Topcu and M. Canbaz, (2007). The Present study was carried out to evaluate the influence of addition of Fibres and Class this kind of reuse is still not common due to the risk of alkali-silica reaction between the alkalis of cement and silica of the waste glass. This expansive reaction can cause great problems of cracking and, consequently, it can be extremely deleterious for the durability of mortar and concrete. However, data reported in the literature show that if the waste glass is finely ground, under 75mum, this effect does not occur and mortar durability is guaranteed. Therefore, in this work the possible reactivity of waste glass with the cement paste in mortars was verified, by varying the particle size of the finely ground waste glass. No reaction has been detected with particle size up to 100mum thus indicating the feasibility of the waste glass reuse as fine aggregate in mortars and concrete. In addition, waste glass seems to positively contribute to the mortar micro-structural properties resulting in an evident improvement of its mechanical performance.Ahmad Shayan (2004) A large proportion of the postconsumer glass is recycled into the packaging stream again, and some smaller proportions are used for a variety of purposes, including concrete aggregate. However, a significant proportion, which does not meet the strict criteria for packaging glass, is sent to landfill, taking the space that could be allocated to more urgent uses. Glass is unstable in the alkaline environment of concrete and could cause deleterious alkali-silica reaction (ASR) problems. This property has been used to advantage by grinding it into a fine glass powder (GLP) for incorporation into concrete as a pozzolanic material. In laboratory experiments, it can suppress the alkali reactivity of coarser glass particles as well as that of natural reactive aggregates. It undergoes beneficial pozzolanic reactions in the concrete and could replace up to 30% of cement in some concrete mixes with satisfactory strength development. The drying shrinkage of the concrete containing GLP was acceptable. Chesner W.H, Coollins R.J & Mackay M.H 1998. The objective of this project was to develop a concise, easy-to-use manual containing the latest available information on the use of waste or by-product materials in pavement construction applications. The manual provides technical guidance for highway and materials engineers, waste and by-product generators, and others involved in making decisions regarding the use of waste and by-product materials in highway construction. The manual covers nineteen waste and by-product materials from the domestic, industrial, and mining sectors and six highvolume pavement construction applications. For each material, information on material origin, sources, and properties is provided. In addition, application-specific information (for specific material-application combinations) is provided, including past performance, engineering properties, processing requirements, design and construction, and unresolved issues. General guidance on environmental and cost issues, and a general outline on determining the suitability of a material in an application, are also provided. The manual is distributed in loose-leaf format for ease of use and to allow future updates and expansion.

III. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• Determine the optimum waste glass content to be added as a partial replacement of cement. • To determine an optimum mix proportion of cement, Fine ground Glass Waste, Sand, Coarse Aggregate and Water-Cement ratio for a given grade of concrete. • To determine the mechanical and chemical properties of the optimized concrete.
• To economically compare conventional concrete with the concrete modified using glass waste. • Review the merits of using fibered waste glass as a supplementary cementitious material, replacing a portion of the cement fiber used. • Study the influence of waste glass on hardened and fresh properties of concrete mixes. • Utilization of industrial waste in a useful manner in cement production and diverting a waste material from landfills. • Protect the environment by the use of industrial waste in concrete in order to improve the environmental impact of the concrete industry by reducing the greenhouse gases produce

IV. METHODOLOGY a) Fineness Test
The fineness of cement is very significant and plays an important role on the rate of hydration and hence on the rate of gain of strength and also on the rate of evaluation of heat. The surface area of finer cement is larger for hydration and hence it helps achieve a faster development of strength. The fineness of grading has increased over the year. But now it has nearly stabilized. Different cements are ground to different finenesses. Maximum number of particle in a sample of cement should have a size of less than about 100 micron. The smallest particle is a size of about 10 micron. The particle size fraction below 3 micron has been found to have predominant effect on the strength at one day while 3-25 micron fraction to have a major influence on the 28 days strength. It was observed that increase in fineness of cement was also found to increase the shrinkage of concrete. In commercial cement it is suggested that there should be about 25-30 percent of particle of less than 7 micron in size. Fineness of cement is tested in two ways.
• By sieve • By air permeability method b) Standard Consistency Test 400 gm of cement was weighed and it was first mixed with 25% of water by its weight and filled in Vicat mold within five minutes. Now the mould was placed on the glass plate and it was filled with paste further and shaken to expel the entrapped air, if any. The surface of the paste was leveled on the top of the mould with trowel. The plunger was then made to touch the surface of the paste and was allowed to fall under its own weight. When the plunger comes to rest, the depth of penetration was noted. When the plunger was at a depth of 33 mm -37 mm from top the percentages of water added was correct and this percentage of water was taken as the consistency of cement. If not, the test was repeated by taking the fresh sample and mixed with water increasing its content by 1 percentage.

c) Setting Time Test
Initial setting time is regarded as the time elapsed between the moment the water is added to the cement to the time that the paste starts its plasticity. The final setting time is the time that elapsed between the moment the water is added to the cement and the time the paste has completely lost its plasticity and has attained sufficient firmness to resist certain definite pressure.

d) Initial Setting Time of OPC
The mould and the non-porous plate were washed, cleaned and dried. 400 gm of the given sample of cement were taken on the non-porous plate. The volume of water taken was 0.85 times of water required for standard consistency which was then added very carefully to dry cement, and mixed thoroughly to form a neat cement paste. The mixing was completed within 3 -5 minutes from the time water was added to cement. At the instance of adding water to the cement, the time taken was noted by using a stop watch. The Vicat mould was placed on the non-porous plate and was filled with the prepared cement paste and the surface of paste was made smooth in level with the top of the mould by using a trowel. By shaking the mould slightly, air if any was expelled from the sample. The non-porous plate and mould were placed under the needle.

e) Final Setting Time of OPC
In this case the annular attachment replaces the needle used in this test. The attachment was let down rapidly permitting it to penetrate into the paste. When the attachment comes to rest, the reading on the index scale was recorded. At every 30 seconds the procedure of releasing the needle was repeated till the reading on the index scale showed 5 ± 5 mm from the bottom of the mould. The releasing the needle was continued at every 2 min till the needle made an impression on the test block.

f) Specific Gravity of Cement
Indian Standard Specification IS:2386 (1963b) recommends various procedures to find out the specific gravity of different sizes of aggregates. A sample of aggregates less than 2 kg is taken. In order to remove the finer particle and dust adhering to the aggregates it is thoroughly washed. Later it is placed in a wire basket and submerged in distilled water at a temperature between 22˚C to 33˚C. Entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting the basket containing it 25 mm above base of the tank and allowing it to drop 25 times at rate of about one drop/second. During the operation, care is taken that the basket and aggregates remaining completely immersed in water. Afterwards they are kept in water for 24 hours. The basket and aggregates are then weighed in water and allowed to drain for a few minutes and then the aggregate is taken out from the basket and placed on dry cloth and surface is gently dried with the cloth. The aggregate is transferred to second dry cloth and further dried. The empty basket again immersed in water, jolted 25 times and weighed in water. The aggregate is exposed to atmosphere away from direct sun light for not less than 10 minutes until it appears completely surface dry. Then the aggregate is weighted in air. Afterwards, the aggregate is kept in the oven at temperatures of 100 to 1000°C and maintained at this temperature for 24(1/2) hours. It is then cooled off in the air tight container and weighed. V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

a) Test Conducted on Fresh and Hardened
Concrete. The grade of concrete selected in this investigation was M25 as designated by IS: 456 (2000). Glass fibre added was 0.5% and 1.5% by volume of cement. Fly ash, when tested in accordance with the methods specified in IS: 1727 (1967) conformed to the chemical requirements.   Water-Cement ratio = minimum of (0.43; 0.50) Therefore, Water-Cement ratio= 0.43

d) Compaction Factor Test
The compaction factor test was carried out as per IS: 1199IS: (1959 and the recommended values are given in Table. It is more precise and sensitive than the slump test and is particularly useful for concrete mixes of very low workability, as they are normally used when concrete is to be compacted by vibration.

Compaction Factor =
Weight of partially compacted concrete Weight of fully compacted concrete    these, the compressive strength is very high at 1% having for 7 days is 20.76N/mm2 and for 28 days is 28.46N/mm 2 . • In split tensile test,the glass fibre is added at the rate of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. Out of these, the split tensile strength is very high at 1% having for 7 days is 2.83 N /mm2 and for 28 days is 3.92N /mm 2 • In acid curing, compressive strength is decreasing compare to normal curing compressive strength.
In this test 0.45 w/c ratio gives higher strength than 0.5 w/c ratio. 0.2 % VF gives higher strength result in both water cement ratio. • In 7 days acid curing test, 0.5 w/c ratio gives higher strength compare to 0.45 w/c. compressive strength of glass fiber is decreasing compare to M25 normal concrete in 0.45 w/c ratio but in 0.5 w/c ratio, the compressive strength of glass fiber increase than the normal concrete. • In 28 days acid curing, compressive strength is decreasing compare to normal curing compressive strength. In this test 0.45 w/c ratio gives higher strength than 0.5 w/c ratio. 0.2 % VF gives higher strength result in both water cement ratio. • Utilization of waste glass in concrete will keep natural resources, particularly river sand and therefore constitute the concrete construction industry sustainable. • With the substitution of waste glass fiber the compressive strength gets improved considerably. • Utilization of waste glass in concrete can turn out to be economical as it is no useful waste and spare of cost.
VII. FUTURE SCOPE  Further study can be carried out using different percentage of using waste glass fiber and determining the optimum percentage of glass waste to achieve compressive strength and split tensile strength.
 Glass fiber can be introduced in concrete.  Study on replacing coarse aggregate with glass pieces can be carried out  Different type of glass fiber can be used.  Replacement of cement with glass fiber with different water cement ratio  Test for other properties of concrete for other concrete grade can be carried out.