Drinking Water Analysis of Pokhale Village and Engineering Solutions for its Upgradation

Unsafe and inadequate supply of potable water is serious issue in developing nations. So this research work was undertaken to explore the quality as well as quantity of various water sources used for drinking in Pokhale village. After surveying, a total six sample stations were selected from different locations where large number of individuals were utilizing them to drink. It is found that, this village depends upon public pipe born water supply, boreholes and open wells for drinking purpose and all the zones have access to adequate water supply. The collection of samples were done in pre-monsoon as well as post-monsoon season and tested for various physical, chemical and microbial properties such as temperature, pH, electrical conductance, turbidity, total dissolved solid, total hardness, total alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, potassium, chloride and total coliform. Analysis was done by using standard procedures (APHA/NEERI) and result values compared with the World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline values. Most of the parameters were well within WHO guideline values for all the six samples, except that higher level of turbidity and minimum but exceeding MPN was recorded at all sampling sites. Hence from the present research, it is realized that, drinking water sources are suitable or not for human health. From these results, suggestions are given for obtaining clean drinking water in Pokhale village.


INTRODUCTION
Environmental pollution is the worldwide issue of the day. The growth of industrial region is speedy and very fast, therefore associated anthropogenic activities such as waste discharge from industries, transportation and domestic activities have also been increased. The domestic waste generated is directly comes in contact with different sites of water sources without any treatment. Also the continuous flow of wastewater from agricultural area contaminates the water source of surrounding area. This entire problem impacts the water sources and ultimately human health. Water is one of the three primary components of the surroundings. It is almost valuable and crucial natural resources. Therefore, there exists a near linkage between the water quality and the environment which bears a nearly significance for ecosystem.
Water is fundamental in the life of every single living organism including simple plants, microorganisms to most complicated living framework referred to as human body. It is a mixture of oxygen plus hydrogen atoms, having chemical formulation as H2O and acknowledged to be the most plentiful compound on surface of earth. Also it is significant because of its distinctive physical and chemical characteristics.
Water covers approximately 80% of earth's surface. Out of this whole amount of water, approximately 97% of earth's water resources include water from seas and oceans. But it is extremely saline for drinking and also for direct usage in industrial, farming activities. Also in polar icecaps and giant glaciers, up to 2.4% of water is trapped. Therefore not even 1% amount of water is accessible for consuming, domestic, farming and industrial utilization. Because of expanding industrialization as well as exploding populace, the water supply demand has additionally been growing extraordinarily. Inadequate supply of water is still one of the major problem in some regions. Hence, the safe water supply with quality as well as adequate amount is of essential importance for the human being's welfare.
Availability to secure potable water is essential for sustainable development as well as for the production of food, high-quality fitness and reduction in poverty. Also, it is important for existence and adequate supply of safe water should be made accessible to people. Water is therefore turning into an important factor for improvement and standard of life in several nations. Thus, water supposed for human utilization should be free from germs, pathogen, or any hazardous chemicals; since water infected with microorganisms is reason for epidemics. It means ideal potable water isn't a luxurious however most necessary need of existence itself. The WHO discovered that, 75% of all illnesses in developing nations are due to contaminated consuming water. Hence, worries about water quality are frequently the most significant factor for determining accessibility to water from the better sources.

International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181 http://www.ijert.org The suitability of potable water is shown by acceptable quality by using its physico-chemical and microbial properties. Various parameters have been proposed by many local and international agencies to evaluate bacteriological and physico-chemical nature of consuming water.
Most common issues found in household water supply systems can be due to iron, sodium, alkalinity, sulfides, chloride, hardness, acidity, and also illnesscausing pathogens, for example, viruses as well as bacteria. A primary concern about the individuals living in developing countries is that of getting clean drinking water. Most people in rural areas rely upon ground and surface water for sustenance. The situation is not different in Pokhale village. As the Pokhale village is dependent on various water sources for drinking purpose, it is necessary to evaluate water quality and to decide either it is fit for consumption or not. The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the various water quality parameters and to check it either it is suitable for human health or not.

OBJECTIVES
The primarily goal of the present research work is to assess the various sources of drinking water in Pokhale village.
Specifically, this study seeks: 1. To analyze the quality as well as quantity of drinking water from the various sources in Pokhale village. 2. To determine the degrees of some physico-chemical and microbial characteristics of water.

To compare the various parameters with World Health
Organization (WHO) guideline values.

4.
To determine either drinking water sources are fit for consumption or not. 5. To suggest improvements for the identified problems.

General Description of Study Area:
Pokhale village is situated in Panhala taluka of Kolhapur district in Maharashtra state, India. It has place with Desh or Paschim Maharashtra region with latitude 16.846572 and longitude 74.18734. Total geographical area of Pokhale village is 378.25 hectares. The village is situated on the Warana river basin. The climate of Pokhale is mostly tropical. Summer month is comparatively cooler, but much more humid than neighbouring inland cities.

Field Work:
It included the important data collected through oral interview with people in Grampanchayat and different zones of the village.

Zoning of the Study Area, Interview and Site Observation Assessment:
The Pokhale village was partitioned into three zones with the help of main road network as shown in Figure 3.3, as Zone 1, Zone 2 and Zone 3. These zones of the examination area had been visited for on-spot evaluation of water supply sources and also oral interview had been conducted with occupants to find out the different resources of water supply accessible to them, recurrence of supply, availability and the nature of water supply.

Estimating Water Availability from Open Well:
The open wells in the village are pumped through motor, the water availability per day during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon season was estimated based on water discharge rate of pump and range of hours of operation of pump per day. For this, information collected at respective sites.

Collection of Sample:
In the present investigation, total 6 water samples from drinking water sources in Pokhale village namely, two samples from open well, three from bore well and one from piped river water were collected. Selection of six different stations were identified based on importance of the source, where most of the people were utilizing them for consuming reason. All the water samples were taken from the respective site during pre-monsoon (April 2019) as well as post-monsoon season (December 2018) for testing in cleaned plastic polyethylene bottles of 1liter between 10.00 a.m.-11:30 a.m. For bacteriological examination, samples were taken in sterilized bottles. The water sampling collection, methods as well as strategy were done as per standards set down.

Laboratory Analysis:
After collecting water samples, they were brought into the laboratories for evaluation of physical (turbidity, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity), chemical (pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, chlorides, potassium, phosphate, nitrate, and sulphate) as well as microbiological properties (total coliform). Water temperature was determined during sample collection at sampling sites. The water quality parameters were analyzed by using standard procedures recommended by Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, American Public Health Association, 22 nd edition, 2012 and NEERI, Manual on Water and Wastewater Analysis.

Quantitative Analysis:
The different sources of consuming water in Pokhale village are as shown in Table 4.1.1. The total water availability per day for different sources is represented in Table 4.1.2 as below:

Physico-Chemical Analysis:
The experimental results of various physico-chemical parameters for water samples are presented in Table 4

Microbial Analysis:
The experimental results for microbial parameter of water samples are represented in Table 4

Comparison between seasonal variation for physical, chemical, microbial characteristics of different water samples and WHO standards:
The range of physico-chemical and microbial parameters of different samples for the post-monsoon and pre-monsoon season are given in Table 4.4 and compared with WHO standards.

SOLUTION FOR UPGRADATION IN EXISTING SYSTEM
To improve the quality of drinking water, it is necessary to provide some treatment units. By considering the design period of 30 years, the population at the end of design period (2051) is calculated as 3500, by using different methods of Population Forecasting. As per this, the total water demand in 2051 will raise to 1.3 MLD. By considering the results of water quality, following treatment units will be suggested to provide.
The decadal population data for Pokhale village is presented as below in Table 5:

Design of Rapid Gravity Filter:
1. Number of filter units 2 2.
Size of filter unit 3.7 m x 2.9 m 3.
Number of laterals on both sides of manifold 50 7.
Number of perforations per lateral 11 9.
Diameter of central manifold 500 mm 11.
Size of troughs (free board 0.1 m) 0.3 m x 0.36 m 13.
Total depth of filter box 3.7 m 14.
Wash water pump power required 1.77 kW 15.
Diameter of rising main 100 mm 16.
Size of wash water tank (free board of 0.5 m) 4.7 m x 4.7 x 3.5 m