Development of Fortified Laddoo with Sweet Lupine

Laddoo is a traditional sweet and well-accepted by people. Traditional (wheat) laddoo had contained only sugar and saturated fatty acids, which are not very healthy. Addition of sweet lupine powder at different levels at 25.0, 50.0, 75.0 and 100%, respectively caused an increase in all measured chemical parameters, except for carbohydrates. In addition, it could be noticed that when the sweet lupine powder was caused the vitamins were increasing. Moreover, the minerals content was increased especially calcium, magnesium, iron zinc, and potassium. Sweet lupine laddoo is a nutritionally enhanced and sensory acceptable snack in comparison to 100% flour laddoo. The addition of sweet lupine flour produces a high protein mineral-rich laddoos with a decent texture. These laddoos are healthy more available providing considerably additional fiber, protein, and minerals than traditional laddoos, however with the comparable appearance and high satisfactoriness ratings. Consuming fortified laddoos could provide males and females with part of their daily requirements of protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, calcium, iron, and zinc. From the obviously results it could be recommended that the addition of sweet lupine until 75% to give laddoo is nutritionally and acceptable in comparison to 100% wheat


INTRODUCTION
Mixtures of cereals and legumes are leading to products rich in protein with great biological value and also, legumes are reduced in sulfurous amino acids and high content in lysine. On the other hand, cereals are a decrease in lysine and an increase in sulfurous amino acids. Thus, cereals and legumes are complementary contribution characteristics in the nutritional quality (Teba et al., 2009).
Lupine (Lupinus spp.) is a legume that has contained and various nutritional constituents. Meanwhile, lupine is not extensively utilized in human food which may be caused to the presence of anti-nutritional agents that should be isolated before consumption of this legume (Botaro, 2010 and Monteiro et al., 2010). Lupinus albus varieties underwent the action of modifying over time to remove the anti-nutritional agents and alkaloids. The heat is one of the major methods utilized to separate these antinutritional agents, and various techniques of heat use, like extrusion, roasting, steaming and microwaving, can be applied (Botaro,  Laddu or laddoo or Avinsh (laḍḍū, lāḍḍū) is a sphere-shaped sweet originating from the Indian subcontinent; the name originated from the Sanskrit word Lattika. Laddoos are made of flour, fat (ghee/butter/oil), and sugar, with other ingredients that vary by recipe, like chopped nuts or dried raisins. They are often served at festive or religious occasions ("Sweet shops make hay in Diwali shine", 2019).
Laddoo is a traditional, energy dense, ball-shaped sweet enjoyed by people of all age groups. Laddoos are made with variety of local ingredients. The basic ingredient of laddoo is either wheat flour or chickpea flour. The product provides good amounts of biological proteins, functional property, vitamins, minerals and adequate fiber and has a good satiety value (Naidu et al., 2013). Flours utilized for laddoo had contained chickpea flour, wheat semolina, and ground coconut (Baker, 2006). Research has been achieved to add different flours like soy flour (Ghatge, 2013 The target of this study was to produce formulate a nutritious laddoo utilizing sweet lupine and to evaluate its nutritional, functional, textural and sensory properties of the product.

Materials
Sweet lupine seeds (Lupinus albus) were obtained from local market in Saudi Arabia. Sweet lupine seeds were soaked in water for 48 h with several changes of water then the soaked seeds were airdried for 3 days at room temperature (25 ºC ±2). The dried seeds were milled in laboratory to pass through a 60-mesh sieve.
Wheat flour (Traticum astivum) 72% extraction, sugar, milk, baking powder, orange powder, coconut powder and ghee were obtained from the local market in Saudi Arabia.

Preparation of laddoo formulae
Wheat flour 72% extraction (500 gram) was used for laddoo fortified with sweet lupine flour at different levels 25.0, 50, 75.0 and 100%, respectively. These are combined separately with sugar (300 gram), milk (100 ml), baking powder (10.0 gram) and orange powder (50.0 gram) as a flavoring and color in additional coconut powder (50.0 g) as a taste well as it was cooked in ghee and molded into a ball shape.

Sensory evaluation of laddoo products
The sensory evaluation was carried out in order to get consumer response for overall acceptability of the 25%, 50.0%, 75.0% and 100% sweet lupine flour incorporated laddoo compared to the control laddoo. Sensory evaluation was achieved by 20 professional panelists. It was done by scoring the test for the different characteristics on which the product was rated are color, appearance, aroma, hardness, flavor, mouthfeel, aftertaste and overall acceptability. For each sample, the professional panelists scored their liking of these characteristics using the ninepoint Hedonic scale. The scores represented the following: 1 = dislike extremely, 2= dislike very much, 3 = dislike moderately, 4 = dislike slightly, 5 = neither like nor dislike, 6=like slightly, 7=like moderately, 8=like very much and 9=like extremely (Ghavidel and Prakash, 2007). An average of ten scores for each parameter is reported.

Chemical analysis of raw materials and their laddoo products
Sweet lupine, wheat flour and their different products laddoo were determined the chemical composition as moisture, ash, protein and fat according to the standard AACC (2000) methods. Nitrogen content as estimated by Micro-Kjeldhal method and was converted to protein by using a factor of 6.25. Carbohydrates are determined by difference. Total calories were calculated by the formula of James (1995) as the equation follows: Total calories = Fat x 9 + Protein x 4+ Total carbohydrate x 4

Determination of total carotenoids and vitamins
Total carotenoids were determined in raw materials and their different products laddoo using the method outlined by Santra et al. (2003). A calibration curve was made from known quantities of β-carotene and was expressed as mg/kg on dry weight basis.

Determination of minerals content
Minerals content were determined in the diluted solution of ash raw materials and their different products laddoo using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (3300 Perkin-Elme) as described in by AOAC (2012).

Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were carried out by SPSS 16 program. Data were expressed as means ± SEM and the Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's tests. (SPSS, 2000).

Sensory evaluation of laddoo products
The data pertaining to the effect of incorporation of various levels of sweet lupine flour (25.0, 50.0, 75.0 and100.0%)on sensory attributes of laddoo and the results have been shown in Table (1). Sweet lupine laddoo was evaluated for sensory attributes like color and appearance, taste, texture, mouthfeel and overall acceptability.
The scores obtained for all sensory attributes of 75% sweet lupine laddoo were significantly higher than control. The flavor of sweet lupine laddoo, an important parameter for consumer acceptance, showed no significant difference between sweet lupine supplemented laddoo and control, except for 100% sweet lupine laddoo. For color and appearance, 75% sweet lupine laddoo also recorded higher scores. There was no significant difference in hardness between control and sweet lupine supplemented laddoo, except for 100% sweet lupine laddoo which scored lower. Our results are in contrast with work by Indu and Awasthi (2018) who prepared laddoos from variations of the cereal-legume blend. Values are means of ten replicates ±SD. Values number in the same raw followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 levels.

Chemical composition of raw materials and laddoo products
Table (2), showed that the chemical composition of raw materials and different products from the laddoo.
From the results, it could be noticed that the increase in sweet lupine powder caused an increase in moisture content, 14.16% for control to 15.06% for 100% sweet lupine laddoo. This increase in moisture may be due to the found that proteins forming a three-dimensional network structure to provide a matrix capable of holding high amounts of water in sweet lupine flour. As expected, the increase in lupin powder resulted in a significant increase in protein, the protein content increased from 5.74, of control, to 24.05% for 100% sweet lupine laddoo. These increase in due to the high protein content of lupin (32.37 gm/100gm). This agrees with work by Ahmed, 2019. As for fat content, it increased from 21.68% for control to 26.15% for laddoo with 100% sweet lupine. An increase in fat may result from the high-fat content of sweet lupine (3.18%). The oil holding capacity of sweet lupine powder was 110.85%. Algarni et al.
(2019) urged that the raised oil absorption of the sweet lupine flour is also because of the lipophilic nature of sweet lupin seed proteins. The presence of many non-polar side chains could bind the hydrocarbon chains of fats, thereby leading to higher absorption of oil. The mechanism of fat absorption is attributed principally to the physical entrapment of oil and also the binding of fat to the polar chain of the protein. Ash, fiber, and carotenes also increase with increasing the level of sweet lupine in laddoo. This may be due to the high level of ash, fiber, and carotene in sweet lupine. It could be concluded that the increase in sweet lupine powder caused an increase in all measured parameters, except for carbohydrates.  Table (3) showed that the mineral content of both ingredients and different products from the laddoo. The results illustrated that the minerals content of sweet lupine is high, making it a good source of minerals. The mineral content of sweet lupine is slightly below those reported by It could be noticed that the increase in sweet lupine powder caused an increase in all measured minerals. The increase in mineral contents of supplemented products might be due to high contents of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc in sweet lupine flour as compared to wheat flour. Our results are in contrast with work by Pandey and Sangwan (2019) who reported an increase in mineral content of laddoo with the addition of soybean and sorghum flour. Also, calcium showed a 74.05% increase, while iron and zinc were more than 3 and 5 times their content in control.

Vitamins content of raw materials and laddoo products
Vitamins content was determined in raw materials and different products from the laddoo and the results are reported in Table ( al. (2005). Moreover, it could be noticed that the addition of sweet lupine powder caused an increase in all measured vitamins. The increase in the vitamin content of supplemented products might be due to high vitamin content in sweet lupine flour as compared to wheat flour. Vitamin A increased for 100% sweet lupine flour laddoo to reach 1.97. Vitamin B group showed the highest increase due to the high vitamin B content in sweet lupin. Values are means of three replicates ±SD. Values number in the same raw followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 levels.

Nutritional evaluation of laddoo products
The percentages of the recommended dietary allowances (% RDA) are provided from 100g of laddoo for males and females are shown in tables -5 and 6-. As expected, the addition of sweet lupine flour raised the nutritional value of the produced laddoos. Laddoos fortified with 75% sweet lupine provide males with 35.41% protein, 6.74% fiber. Also, 100gm sweet lupine fortified laddoos provide males with substantial amounts of vitamins. While fortified laddoos provide 3.94% of daily requirements of calcium, 11.50% of iron requirements and 7.36% of zinc daily requirements. But for females, Laddoos fortified with 75% sweet lupine provide them with 43.11% protein, 10.24 and 12.19% fiber form females 19-50 and 51-70 years respectively. Also, 100gm sweet lupine fortified laddoos provide females with substantial amounts of vitamins. While fortified laddoos provide 3.94 and 3.28% of daily requirements of calcium, 5.11 and 11.5% of iron requirements and 10.13% of zinc daily requirements.
It could be noticed that consuming fortified laddoos could provide males and females with part of their daily requirements of protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, calcium, iron and zinc. CONCLUSION Nutritious laddoo fortified with sweet lupines a product providing a variety of nutrients like protein, fiber, calcium, vitamins, iron, minerals, etc., and can be recommended for all age groups. Thus it could be recommended that the addition of sweet lupine until 75% to give laddoo is nutritionally and acceptable in comparison to 100% wheat flour laddoo.