Community Perception of the Green Open Space Planning Aspect in the City of Jakarta

This paper examines the community's perception of green open space planning in the city of Jakarta. The discussion will be divided into two main sections, namely aspects that cause green open space to be less successful and identify the most dominant aspects that hinder green open space planning in terms of planning, institutional, human resources, institutional coordination and funding. The method used is the distribution of questionnaires and interviews. Based on the results of data analysis shows that the dominant aspect in managing green open space in Jakarta is the planning aspect.

b. Land management plays a very important role in the development of cities, especially large cities that experience rapid economic growth such as the city of Jakarta. Increased economic growth in the region has had the effect of increasing demand for land, both for private sector and government activities. Weaknesses and obstacles for the local government of Jakarta to build public infrastructure such as green open space, collide with the inability to be fully involved in making management of highly complex urban land. Lack of understanding of geography, historical factors, socio-cultural factors that are interrelated with one another, will bring about the impact of reduced attractiveness, and the comfort of the city. Therefore the ability of the development management system, especially in the field of green open space will have a very strategic meaning and nature.
c. There is no land information system model, and an accurate mapping information system that can easily monitor some of the amount of green open space available, some amount removed, and other information that is needed for decision makers and other information needs. This system will be very necessary for the management of the relevant agencies starting from the process of planning, implementation, monitoring to evaluation and control in the context of decision making, d. There is an ambivalent policy between the central government and the city government. On one hand it recognizes environmental interests, but on the other hand it emphasizes the importance of the economic development sector. Decision makers believe that implementing the concept of sustainability will actually damage economic growth. Therefore when it comes to choosing between maintaining a green open space or giving permission for industrial development, the latter is usually won. One case was the reclamation development on the north coast of Jakarta which damaged the ecological system of the north coast of Jakarta. There are four elements of management planning that affect urban open space, namely, physical elements (Morancho, 2003), ecological (Costanza , 1997;Li, 2005), participation (Morancho, 2003;Li, 2005) and openness (McGill, 2001;Chakrabarty, 2001). These four elements are described in a number of questions in the questionnaire

METHODOLOGY
The study will be directed to study the management of Jakarta's green open space in five municipal areas, namely West Jakarta Municipality, East Jakarta Municipality, North Jakarta Municipality, South Jakarta Municipality and Central Jakarta Municipality  Distribution of question forms is done by free sampling technique. This is in line with the statement of Masri Singarimbun (2005) that the sampling type of random sample is taking the unit of analysis freely. In this study the number of samples involved was 260 respondents with 95% confidence and 5.5% margin error. These levels are based on estimates and beliefs that have been made by De Vaus (Shuhana, 1997). The selection of this amount is based on the suitability of this study with a 95% confidence threshold that is still acceptable for validity. Besides this election was also caused by considerations in terms of cost and time factors. To obtain data in processing data, closed questionnaires were used for respondents from the category of policy recipients with 260 respondents from a population of 9,720.40 residents of the city of Jakarta and distributed randomly to five municipal areas, namely the municipalities of Central Jakarta, North Jakarta, South Jakarta, East Jakarta, and West Jakarta, as shown in The assessment of policy recipient perceptions was developed through a questionnaire which covered issues involving the following five variables: 1) planning; 2) institutional; 3) human resources; 4) coordination and 5) funding.

DISCUSSION
To answer the study relating to the study of management aspects that may contribute to the success of green open space management, the authors have conducted an analysis of the data obtained rather than a study of the question forms and interview studies. , institutional aspects, aspects of human resources, aspects of coordination and aspects of funding, as illustrated in Figure  2 below

a. Physical Elements in the Planning Aspect
Based on the results of the questionnaire in terms of planning aspects, it was found that the people of Jakarta agreed (59 percent) who stated that the factor of physical space limitations was an obstacle in planning. This is due to the reduced area of green open space that can be achieved by the DKI Jakarta government.

b. Ecological Elements in Planning Aspects
The ecological element is an important factor in the planning aspect. This can be seen from the perception of green open space people who agree on the importance of green open space as forming the ecological quality of the city. Judging from the four questions raised concerning ecological aspects, ecological balance is a major factor. This means that the main use of the existence of green open space according to public perception is as a balance of the city's ecosystem. This can be seen from the percentage who strongly agreed and agreed to reach 100 percent. Other ecological elements that stand out and are felt by the community are air and visual pollution (strongly agree and agree 90 percent). Air pollution is the most felt factor due to an imbalance in the city ecosystem. The element of air pollution has the second rank after the awareness of ecological balance. Both of these can be seen in  based on the principles of landscape ecology. So the main thing to do is in the aspects of green space planning is to establish a green open space master plan for the city in a long-term, sustainable and characteristic of the city of Jakarta. With the results of the questionnaire above, the priority that must be done to maintain the balance of the city's ecosystems is to improve the quality of the existing Jakarta city landscape, prevent the reduction in the amount of open space and try to increase the quantity of green open space, so that the ecological function of the city can be fulfilled.

c. Elements of Participation in the Planning Aspect
Community participation is a key element of green open space planning and maintaining its quality. The aspect of planning in the management of urban green open spaces based on community perceptions concerning things that smell of bureaucracy means that up to now the aspects of planning green open spaces have not been socialized by the local government to the community. Thus the government is more likely to implement a top down or central planning process than bottom up which accommodates the wishes of the community. This can be seen from the percentage of public perceptions that have received planning socialization from the government only reaching 20 percent, only a small portion of the public has ever been consulted (public hearing) of 28 percent. The unclear role of the community is still unclear, so there is a striking difference between the ever and never external factors in this case the community in urban green open space planning. When compared with previous research conducted by Breuste (2004), planning will be efficient if it involves the community together. Branch (1970) emphasizes that planning must be evaluated continuously and flexibly in urban green open space planning. In certain areas, there is indeed government authority to plan green open spaces, but in a wider area, community involvement is essential so that the planning is in accordance with the needs of the community and faces the complexity of city growth. Based on the results of the questionnaire concerning the element of participation it appears that the involvement of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) is clearer than the involvement of the community. This shows the role of NGOs in Jakarta in planning green open space is quite useful and calculated. Community involvement is still lacking in terms of the percentage of responses and scoring aspects requested in green open space planning. As many as 72 percent of the community felt they were never asked for their responses and opinions for green open space planning. This means that community participation is representative and not individual. This is related to the planning system which still needs to be improved regarding how the involvement of the community can be thoroughly represented. Is the use of information technology that allows the community to give active advice or by giving awards for community participation.

d. Elements of Openness in Planning Aspects
The element of openness is one aspect of planning, especially in this era. The community has begun to realize and demand openness of the government, especially in managing the city. This can be seen from the respondents' opinions about the openness of bureaucratic attitudes and the dissemination of information on green open space planning in the city of Jakarta. Based on the openness element of the bureaucratic system, it can be seen that 86 percent of the people agreed to this. Whereas in the information element 72 percent of the public strongly agreed and agreed on information disclosure. Judging from this percentage, it can be noted that the community has begun to be critical of the openness of the plan and not just information, which means that there must be more explanation for green open space planning. Clarity of elements in the planning aspect is the main outcome of this research. These aspects include supporting elements in the clearest sequence as follows: ecological elements, physical elements, openness and participation. In a more detailed component the influential ecological elements include ecological balance, air pollution, ecological quality degradation, ecological functions and finally technology. While the physical elements include a decrease in the number and conversion of land. In the openness element, the obvious component is planning and information. Lastly is the element of participation which includes the bureaucracy and the community.