Characteristics and Evaluation of Thermal Comfort Around River in Banjarmasin City

The density of buildings in a city has affected the urban microclimate. The urban area gets hotter than the rural area. Characteristics of nature and climate need special attention. The design of the house determines the effect on indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. This research was conducted in two sub-districts or three urban villages in Banjarmasin. The subdistricts are Central Banjarmasin sub-district and the East Banjarmasin sub district. Results, Thermal comfort of Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 03-6572 in open space has a minimum and maximum effective temperature difference, between open space without vegetation and vegetation. Vegetation planted around the building has an effect on the buildings thermal environment. Vegetation around rivers and buildings can lower the average effective temperature by 0.7C ET. At a minimum, the effective temperature difference between green open space and open space without vegetation is 1C ET. The thermal comfort condition in open space without vegetation in uncomfortable condition while vegetated still in a comfortable zone. The indoor effective temperature has differences between riverside buildings and settlements are 1C ET. Conversely, at maximum effective temperature, open space without vegetation is higher than 2C ET compared to open space with vegetation. The thermal comfort condition in buildings with ventilation and ceiling are better, but the buildings with zinc material for the roof are hotter. Keywords— characteristic; evaluation; thermal environment; thermal comfort.

INTRODUCTION Climate and environmental aspects are one of the things that affect architectural products [1]. The climate, or average weather, is primarily a function of the sun. The word "climate" comes from the Greek "Klima", which means the slope of the earth with respect to the sun. The Greeks realized that climate is largely a function of sun angles (latitude) and, therefore, they divided the world into the tropic, temperate, and arctic zones [2]. The climate of a place is known to be at least 10-30 years of average annual weather such as air humidity, temperature, wind patterns and rainfall. Another indication that can be used as a determinant of climate type is vegetation that dominates a region, such as tropical rainforest, deciduous forest, and coniferous forest. Tropical is a word derived from the Greek word "tropikos" which means a return line are latitude 23°27' North and South. The tropical region is defined as an area located between the 20° isotherm line next to the North and South earths [3].
The city as a gathering place that interacts for a particular purpose has influenced the shape and visual of the city. The increasing population living in a city, causing the complexity of the problem, is no exception to the architecture and urban design. The density of buildings in a city has affected the urban microclimate. Urban get hotter than rural areas [4]. Urban planners need to pay attention to several aspects related to the solution to the design of the humid tropics. The relationship between design and rules is the first half of what architects and planners need to know, that is, how design meets the requirements of the rules [5]. For example, urban design should pay attention to the comfort of pedestrians. Pedestrians do not need to use an umbrella, shelter when it rains and the sun shines. Pedestrian way should be provided with corridors that are protected at the top. Buildings must be connected, so the activity does not stop when it rains or the sun shines ( Figure  1.a) [6]. Creating urban forest will minimize heat absorption on the outdoor surface. The goal is the urban forest to anticipate high temperatures. Direct sun exposure to solid surfaces (asphalt, concrete and other) should be avoided. The solid surface needs to be protected by trees, grasses, plants or vegetation. Vegetation can absorb and reflect the heat. So the area covered by vegetation has a relatively low air temperature compared to the open area (Figure 1.b). The hard materials used as surface coatings (asphalt, concrete and others) will absorb much heat, but then the heat will reflect into the air, resulting in the warming of the surrounding air [7,8]. Thus, the concept of a. Shade on the pedestrian ways b. Urban forest c. Wind movement greening the city evenly and thoroughly, so that the air temperature is not too high that can affect comfort.
The building mass arrangement by optimizing the airflow around the building, needs to be a concern. One way to improve thermal comfort in humid tropical climates is to optimize the airflow around (outdoor) and indoor buildings. Wind movement will be better in open space if airflow is not blocked [6]. In the concept of arrangement of building mass, open space between buildings is important so that the air flow around the building. It is expected to be utilized by buildings to create cross ventilation so as to lower indoor air temperatures (Figure 1.c).

A. Thermal Comfort in Public Space: Pedestrian Ways and Public House
The elements that affect comfort in a pedestrian are circulation, accessibility, characteristics of nature and climate, safety, cleanliness, and beauty [9]. Characteristics of nature and climate need special attention. Indonesia's condition, which consists of islands that are surrounded by oceans, causes a humid environment. Hot-humid conditions affect the comfort of pedestrians. The elements of humid tropical climate that affect the comfort level are solar radiation, temperature, humidity, rainfall, and wind movement. In addition, vegetation also affects the comfort of pedestrians. Vegetation serves as aesthetic, also serves as a shade, wind barrier into the building and barrier of solar thermal radiation [10]. For thermal comfort of pedestrians, it takes pedestrians support facilities (street furniture), as follows: • Ground Cover on pedestrian ways can be hard material and soft material. Hard materials, for example are paving, concrete, brick, stone, and asphalt, while soft materials such as clay and grass. Planning ground cover depends on the function and type of pedestrian ways.
• Shelter, shaped linear as a corridor or sitting group whose function can be a place to rest, take shelter from the heat or rain, as well as for public transportation shuttles.
• Vegetation in the pedestrian ways can serve as a barrier by road vehicle or parking. Barrier also can reduce noise, vehicle pollution and shade in the rain. In addition, vegetation also serves to reduce solar heat radiation.

B. Correlation of Thermal Comfort with the House Design
The design of the house determines the effect on indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Thermal comfort of the building can be achieved if the following things are considered: • Locations are important in building design, especially in humid tropical climates. In the area around the river or sea have high humidity especially in the morning. Temperatures in the mainland heat faster than the watery areas [11].
• Form and building components are important things to consider in order to achieve thermal comfort in buildings. A building that maximizes sunlight for natural lighting, but can still control its heat for thermal comfort. The form can also affect the flow of wind for effective cross-ventilation or high ceilings in the room [12]. Building components also affect the thermal comfort of buildings, such as windows, roofs, and walls. Moreover, one thing that most affects the thermal environment is the material [13].

A. Description of Location and Places of Research
This research was conducted in two sub districts or three urban villages in Banjarmasin. The sub-districts are Central Banjarmasin sub-district and the East Banjarmasin subdistrict. The village located in the Central Banjarmasin subdistrict, namely: Gadang Village and Sasirangan Village, while the research location in East Banjarmasin is Bilu Village. The villages are located around the Martapura River. The activities of residents in Bilu Village are heavily influenced by the river. The research was conducted in three places: 1) Siring Tendean-Gadang Village, 2) Sasirangan Village and 3) Bilu Village. (Figure 2).
Siring Tendean is a public space that becomes a new tourist destination in Banjarmasin. This area was once a slum settlement area around the Martapura River. Since 2008, the government of Banjarmasin City has made a revamping of the city area through the arrangement of slum areas on the banks of the river, namely the construction of Siring, construction of Menara and renovation of Anno's house [14,15,16]. Siring Tendean has become a new landmark in Banjarmasin City with Tower and open space. To attract tourists visiting this area, the city government of Banjarmasin prepares support activities such as the restaurant at Anno's house and 'create' new floating market.
Sasirangan village is a residential area of Seberang Mesjid located around the Martapura River. This area has become a tourist destination in the Banjarmasin city, because this area produces sasirangan fabrics. In addition to being the center of the traditional clothing industry, this area also has a traditional house type that is a floating house. This floating house has a unique architectural building construction, because it can float in the river. The uniqueness of the floating house attract visitors to the Sasirangan Village and also becomes the center of the study of the Banjar traditional house, for academics and students. Since 2015, the City Government has made improvements in the area, especially the slums on the errand on the Martapura River. The goal is that visitors who come to the Sasirangan village will feel comfortable. The City Government has renovated floating houses for better and more accessible to visitors. In addition, the houses are arranged and tidied up construction and re-painted with sasirangan motifs as characteristic of Sasirangan village.
Bilu village is a traditional settlement in Banjarmasin City. This is evident from the orientation of the house facing the river. Along the banks of the river there is a pedestrian street, local people call it 'Titian'. This pedestrian way has been around since the beginning of the settlement was built. Pedestrian way in Bilu village is also used by residents as a place of social interaction, so this pedestrian way also becomes a public space area. Since 2016, this settlement has been arranged by the City Government. The pedestrian way is being renovated and the river-oriented houses are painted in green to make it look attractive, clean and no more slums. Today, this village is known as the "green" village.

B. Research Variables and Measurement Procedure
Thermal comfort is that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation. Because there are large variations, both physiologically and psychologically, from person to person, it is difficult to satisfy everyone in a space. The environmental conditions required for comfort are not same for everyone. Thermal sensation: a conscious feeling commonly graded into the categories, cold, cool, slightly cool, neutral, slightly warm, warm, and hot; it requires subjective evaluation [17].
The Government of Indonesia, through the Department of Kementrian PUPR has issued thermal comfort standards of space in buildings. The National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (BSN) issued a national standard ventilation system and energy conservation [18,19]. This standard is intended as a guide for planning, building and building management.
Indonesia already has a national standard for thermal comfort that is SNI-03-6572 and SNI 6390. The SNI 03-6572 with the effective temperature (ET) of 20.5 O C to 27.1 O C and SNI 6390 with the operative temperature (Top) 24 O C to 27 O C. In this study, thermal comfort SNI 03-6572 is used, because it uses an effective temperature that has many variables: temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity. Determination of the comfort zone is not only seen from a dry bulb temperature, but also pay attention to humidity and wind velocity [14,20]. The thermal comfort index at an effective temperature for humid tropics can be divided into: • Cool comfort, between the effective temperature of 20

A. Siring Tendean
Siring Tendean is a public space that becomes a new tourist destination in Banjarmasin. This area was once a slum settlement area around the Martapura River. Since 2008, the government of Banjarmasin City has made a revamping of the city area through the arrangement of slum areas on the banks of the river, namely the construction of Siring, construction of Menara and renovation of Anno's house. Currently, Siring Tendean has become a new landmark in the Banjarmasin City. To attract tourists visiting this area, the city government of Banjarmasin prepares support activities such as the restaurant at Anno's house and 'create' new floating market. The floating market is a 'new' traditional market designed for Siring Tendean open space activities ( Figure 3). So this change can give a positive value [21,22].
The the measurement results in Siring Tendean are difference of maximum dry bulb temperature in indoor between Menara and Anno. The indoor dry bulb temperature in Menara is lower than the outdoor, while the indoor dry bulb temperature in Anno is higher than outdoors. This situation means, the indoor dry bulb temperature in Menara is better and indoor of Anno's house is hotter with dry bulb temperature of 34 O C ( Table 2). The time lag of dry bulb temperature between the Menara's house and Anno's house is 1 hour at the same time. The minimum value of Anno's indoor dry bulb temperature is also higher than the Menara and its minimum point is earlier than outdoor. So the house Anno does not have a time lag, while the Menara has a time lag of 2 hours, but if the averaged value of a time lag minimum dry bulb temperature is 30 minutes. The indoor maximum relative humidity in Anno is higher than outdoor, while the indoor maximum relative humidity in Menara is not higher than outdoor. The indoor minimum relative humidity in Menara and Anno are lower than outdoor. Maximum and minimum relative humidity have time lag. The mean time lag of maximum relative humidity is 3.5 hours while the minimum time lag only 30 minutes. The outdoor minimum wet bulb temperature in Menara and Anno are same, but the outdoor maximum wet bulb temperature in Anno is higher than Menara. The wet bulb temperature of time lag only occurs in Menara at maximum value.
The maximum effective temperature in Anno is quite high compared to the Menara, so the Menara is more comfortable than Anno. The difference of maximum effective temperature between outdoor and indoor in Anno's house is about 5.2 O C ET, when compared to the Menara it is 0.8 O C ET higher. The time lag occurs at a maximum effective temperature condition of about 3.5 hours while at minimum conditions only 30 minutes. This situation means, the indoor condition is slower to decrease its effective temperature, and this also causes indoor heat. The indoor thermal comfort conditions on the SNI 03-6572 only at the optimal comfort zone, warm comfort zone and uncomfortable in over 27.  Table 3.

B. Sasirangan Village
Sasirangan village is a residential area of Seberang Mesjid located around the Martapura River. This area has long been a tourist destination in the city of Banjarmasin. In addition to being the center of the traditional clothing industry, this area also has a traditional house type that is a floating house. This floating house has a unique architectural building construction. The uniqueness of the floating house attract visitors to the Sasirangan Village and also becomes the center of the study of the Banjar traditional house, for academics and students ( Figure 4).
The time lag between outdoor and indoor in floating houses is not happening. The outdoor thermal conditions greatly affect the indoor thermal conditions. The indoor thermal changes highly depend on the outdoor thermal environment. The mean of maximum dry bulb temperature is quite high from 2 PM to 3 PM. The mean of indoor maximum relative humidity is higher 9.4% than outdoor and quite high in the morning. The mean relative humidity is low during the day. The mean of indoor maximum wet bulb temperature is higher than the outdoor. The mean indoor maximum relative humidity is higher than outdoor as well as at minimum point. compared to the open space around floating market a very cold in the morning. The thermal and thermal comfort conditions in the floating houses can be seen in Table 4.  The mean time lag occurs only in the maximum dry bulb temperature, maximum and minimum humidity. The mean of outdoor maximum dry bulb temperature is higher than the indoor maximum dry bulb temperature, as well as the mean of maximum outdoor relative humidity is higher than indoor. The mean of indoor wet bulb temperature first reaches the maximum and minimum points as well as the mean of the effective temperature (Table 5). In the sattlement, the indoor thermal comfort only in optimal comfort to warm comfort, but longer on uncomfortable conditions from day to night. In general, the outdoor thermal comfort conditions are always in the comfort zone, except for a moment in the morning and afternoon. The outdoor effective temperature is always lower than the indoor. The outdoor thermal comfort conditions are cooler than the indoor, especially from night to morning.

C. Bilu Village
Bilu Village is a traditional settlement in Banjarmasin City. This village includes the old town whose people's activity are highly dependent on the Martapura River. This is evident from the orientation of the house facing the river. Along the banks of the river there is a pedestrian way. This pedestrian way has been around since the beginning of the settlement was built. Pedestrian way in Bilu village is also used by residents as a place of social interaction, so this pedestrian path also becomes a public space area. Since 2016, this settlement has been arranged by the City Government. The pedestrian way is being renovated and the river-oriented houses are painted in green to make it look attractive, clean and no more slums ( Figure 5). The thermal environment conditions in Bilu village can be seen in Table 6. The mean maximum dry bulb temperature is quite high and indoor and outdoor conditions are relatively not much different. The mean value of maximum relative humidity is also quite high, and the minimum value is quite low. The mean of maximum wet bulb temperature in indoor of houses aside pedestrian way are higher than outdoors, as well as the mean of minimum wet bulb temperature. The mean of maximum effective temperature in indoor of houses aside pedestrian ways are is higher than the outdoor with a difference of 2.7 O C ET. On the other hand, the mean of minimum effective temperature, outdoor conditions are lower than the indoor by a difference of 4.7 O C ET (Table 7). These conditions indicate the indoor conditions are hotter when the effective temperature is maximized, and cooler outdoor conditions when effective temperature is minimized. Each house has a time lag of about 0.5 hours to 1.5 hours, but at the mean of wet bulb temperature and minimum effective temperature there is no time lag. In the settlement houses, the mean of maximum dry bulb temperature in outdoor is higher than indoor with a difference of 1.2 O C. On the other hand, the mean of minimum dry bulb temperature in outdoor is lower. The mean of maximum relative humidity in outdoor is higher. The mean of maximum wet bulb temperature in outdoor is higher than indoor. The mean of maximum effective temperature in indoor is higher than the outdoor with a difference of 1.7 O C ET. On the other hand, the mean of minimum effective temperature in outdoor conditions are lower than indoor by a margin of 5.6 O C ET (Table 7). These conditions indicate the thermal comfort conditions between the houses aside pedestrian ways and the houses in settlement is same. The indoor conditions are hotter when the effective temperature is maximized, and cooler outdoor conditions when effective temperature is minimized. IV. RESEARCH RESULT Indoor effective temperatures always exceeded the threshold of thermal comfort SNI 03-6572. The value of the effective temperature was higher in floating houses in Sasirangan village and houses aside pedestrian ways in Bilu village. The highest effective temperature in both places this happened during the day, about 30 O C ET. The outdoor effective temperature down just past the threshold of thermal comfort SNI 03-6572, as shown in Table 5 and Table 7. Almost all places had minimum effective temperatures outdoor around 20 O C ET and occurred in the morning.
These conditions indicate that the environmental conditions outdoor relatively comfortable to move. Green open space is the best condition. Effective temperature is always in the comfort zone. This proves the more open green space, the better micro-climatic conditions. Effective temperatures around the river are lower than the mainland region. The difference of effective temperature between the river and the mainland is 0.5 O C ET-0.9 O C ET, as shown in Table 9. The difference of minimum effective temperature between indoor and outdoor is highest about 3. effective temperature in open space first reach the maximum point at 11 AM. As shown in Table 8.  After the text edit has been completed, the paper is ready for the template. Duplicate the template file by using the Save As command, and use the naming convention prescribed by your conference for the name of your paper. In this newly created file, highlight all of the contents and import your prepared text file. You are now ready to style your paper; use the scroll down window on the left of the MS Word Formatting toolbar.  (Table 9). Based on the conditions described, the environmental conditions will be better with the vegetation and vegetation planting provides a better effect on the thermal comfort of the environment. The vegetation around the river was also able to withstand the effective temperature not less than 20.5 O C ET.
The indoor thermal comfort in all research locations during the day has always uncomfortable conditions. The thermal discomfort during the day due to the high effective temperature, exceeds 27.1 O C ET from around 10 AM to 8 PM. The indoor and outdoor thermal comfort occurs at different time (Table 9). Outdoor comfortable conditions occur during the day while indoor at night. The outdoor uncomfortable conditions occur at night because the effective temperature exceeds the lower comfort level limits (17-20.4 O C ET), while indoor occurs during the day because the effective temperature exceeds the upper comfort level limit (27.2-30 O C ET). The outdoor thermal comfort conditions around the river are quite good. This is because the river becomes an open space that can drain the air (wind) well. This potential can be further optimized with the rehabilitation and structuring of slum areas. The outdoor of Menara and Anno are the most comfortable places concerning thermal environment compared to other places in outdoor research buildings. The outdoor comfort conditions of Menara and Anno are influenced by the green open spaces that exist around the building. However, the comfortable outdoor conditions, cannot be used optimally for the indoor thermal comfort. The indoor thermal comforts are not good during the day. The thermal comfort conditions in Menara is better than Anno, caused by the building shape in Menara is rectangular that can maximize indoor air movement. Anno's building is large form, plus the design does not use the cross ventilation system, causing this building to be more uncomfortable. Although the construction of Anno's building is made of wood which is faster in receiving and removing the heat than the concrete material, because the building design does not utilize the cross ventilation system, the heat inside the building does not come out. As a result, the air conditions and fans are used during the day in the building.
The houses indoor in the settlement Bilu village are the most comfortable. This condition is caused by the environment around the house is an open space in the Muslim cemetery. Muslim cemetery is overgrown by vegetation. In addition, the distance between buildings that are not so close to making indoor and outdoor ventilation can circulate well. The influence of the condition of the building is caused by the shape and material of the building. Simple building form with the pattern of the room is also simple, causing air circulation in the house to run smoothly. The presence of ceiling in the house is also able to reduce heat coming from the roof of the building. Building materials made of wooden construction which more quickly absorb and release environmental thermal conditions also affect the thermal comfort in buildings.
Thermal comfort conditions in floating houses and houses aside pedestrian ways have the same conditions. Thermal comfort during the day is uncomfortable because the effective temperatures are greater than 27.1 O C ET. This condition occurs in 9 hours. The same thermal conditions in these buildings are also due to the same thermal conditions that are in the vicinity of the river. In addition, the shape and character of the building are also the same. The houses on the riverbank have small dimensions. And these houses also do not have a ceiling (Table 10), so the heat from the roof during the day directly affect the thermal environment. The condition is exacerbated by the absence of a good cross-ventilation system in buildings. The roof material made of zinc also adds to the heat of the room, because the zinc material is very hot when exposed to direct sunlight. The houses indoor condition in the Sasirangan village settlement is most uncomfortable. This is due to the very close inter-house distance below 4 meters (high house density), causing the ventilation is not good. Air circulation can only be from the front side of building. The large house form with many room bulkheads also causes less ventilation in the building. Renovate the back of house for opening access to the river, so the air can enter into buildings that blow from the river. To support this idea, it is necessary to access pedestrian ways on the riverbank such as in Bilu village. The pedestrian way is designed with due regard to thermal comfort. The pedestrian way design can pay attention to the selection of construction materials, vegetation planting and shading. Shade is significant to protect from heat and rain. The shade materials from wood and vegetation are better and the zinc material as shade should be avoided. This arrangement will also improve the visual quality of the riverside. The river is an open space. The open space of the river affects the velocity of the airflow, resulting in higher wind speeds around the river. The value of effective temperature is lower if wind speed is higher. Thermal comfort around the river is influenced by wind movement. Minimum and maximum outdoor relative humidity between riverside buildings and settlements have differences. Minimum relative humidity on the riverside is 4.5% higher than outdoor settlement. Relative humidity by the river is higher in the morning. The maximum outdoor relative humidity at the riverside is 12% lower than the outdoor settlement. The relative humidity in settlement is higher on the day.
The condition of indoor buildings in thermal comfort around the river will be explained below: