Analysis of Submarine with the Study of Mechanical Investigations using Borei-Class Submarine Model

In this current era of globalization every prosperous country in the world are wishes to develop a high technological machine-like nuclear-powered submarine, long ranging missile equipped submarines etc. To increase their navel strength and force for their countries pride. Even a highly equipped and technologically advanced submarine got damaged due to the collisions with mountain rocks, or ice bergs in ocean / sea. Sometimes these collisions lead to critical damage of parts of submarine, or injuries to soldiers. In this research work, modelling of a Borei – class submarine models are done by using a modelling software, CATIA V5. Various investigations and their analysis done by using ANSYS CFD & ANYSYS Explicit Dynamics By using ANSYS the analyzed parameters are drag force, drag coefficient, lift Force, lift coefficient, deformation, total velocity, total acceleration, equivalent stress, maximum principal stress, minimum principal stress, maximum shear. stress, stress intensity, equivalent strain, maximum principal elastic strain, minimum principal elastic strain, maximum shear elastic strain, elastic strain intensity. Keywords— Borei-class submarine, CATIA, ANSYS, CFD, Explicit Dynamics, Drag, Lift, Deformation, Stress, Strain, Streamlines, Velocity, Acceleration. INTRODUCTION: A ship powered by atomic energy is called nuclear submarine that travels primarily under-water, but also on the surface of the ocean. previously conventional submarines used diesel engines that required air for moving on the surface of the water, and battery – powered electric motors for moving beneath it. The limited lifetime of electric batteries meant that even the most advanced conventional submarine could only remain submerged for a few days at slow speed, and only a few hours at top speed. On the other hand, nuclear submarines can remain under-water for several months. This ability, combined with advanced weapons technology, makes nuclear submarines one of the most useful warships ever built. [1-3] I. SHIP STRUCTURE AND PARTS A Submarine has Outer hull and inner hull which is made of different material alloys Like Hy80 or Titanium Harden steel, etc. inner hull protects the crew from the water pressure bearing down on the submarine in the outer hull provides a streamlined shape to the submarine. C. Trim tanks: These are in the front part and aft (rearward) sections of the submarine, which are also able to take on or release water in order to keep the submarine's weight equally distributed. D. Rudder: These are vertically aligned, to submarine and by moving it, the ship can be directed side-to-side. E. Stern planes: are horizontally aligned, so that moving them will guide the submarine's movement upward or downward. F. Propeller: These powered by the steam-driven turbine and generators. The steam is created by the nuclear reactor. G. Nuclear Reactor: These are essentially a glorified steam engine. It's usually located in the rear portion of the submarine. The reactor is protected by a thick metal casing that weighs around 100 tons. A specially designed alloy inside this shielding further protects the radioactive fuel rods. H. Sonar sphere: it is located in the Front part of the submarine. Sonar helps a submarine detect other objects in the water. It works by sending out a sound wave. If this sound wave strikes an object, a portion of the sound will be echoed back to the sub. I. Torpedo room: is where all torpedoes are stored and loaded into torpedo tubes to prepare them for launching. J. Mess deck: Forward compartment: submarine's crew is housed and fed in very tight, efficient quarters called the berthing and mess deck. Usually, this area is in the middle level of the ship's forward compartment. II. NUCLEAR SUBMARINE ATMOSPHERE Nuclear Powered Submarines is particularly suitable for vessels which need to be at sea for long periods without refueling. In Nuclear Powered Submarines are submariners live and work in an atmosphere composed of approximately 80% naturally occurring nitrogen, 19% oxygen (manufactured aboard ship), and a complex mixture of inorganic and organic contaminants. The concentrations of contaminants exist as a balance between the rates of production from human and operational activities and the rate of removal by engineering systems. The biological effects of inorganic gases, particularly carbon dioxide, have been extensively studied. Investigators are now attempting to define the composition and concentration of volatile organic compounds that accumulate during 90-day submergences. Medical studies have not conclusively shown that crewmembers incur adverse health effects from continuous exposures to the sealed atmospheres of nuclear submarines. In future, constraints on fossil fuel use in transport may bring marine nuclear propulsion into more widespread use. So far, exaggerated fears about safety have caused political restriction on port access [4-9] International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 http://www.ijert.org IJERTV9IS080110 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : www.ijert.org Vol. 9 Issue 08, August-2020


INTRODUCTION:
A ship powered by atomic energy is called nuclear submarine that travels primarily under-water, but also on the surface of the ocean. previously conventional submarines used diesel engines that required air for moving on the surface of the water, and batterypowered electric motors for moving beneath it. The limited lifetime of electric batteries meant that even the most advanced conventional submarine could only remain submerged for a few days at slow speed, and only a few hours at top speed. On the other hand, nuclear submarines can remain under-water for several months. This ability, combined with advanced weapons technology, makes nuclear submarines one of the most useful warships ever built. [1][2][3] I. SHIP STRUCTURE AND PARTS A Submarine has Outer hull and inner hull which is made of different material alloys Like Hy80 or Titanium Harden steel, etc. inner hull protects the crew from the water pressure bearing down on the submarine in the outer hull provides a streamlined shape to the submarine. C. Trim tanks: These are in the front part and aft (rearward) sections of the submarine, which are also able to take on or release water in order to keep the submarine's weight equally distributed. D. Rudder: These are vertically aligned, to submarine and by moving it, the ship can be directed side-to-side. E. Stern planes: are horizontally aligned, so that moving them will guide the submarine's movement upward ordownward. F. Propeller: These powered by the steam-driven turbine and generators. The steam is created by the nuclear reactor. G. Nuclear Reactor: These are essentially a glorified steam engine. It's usually located in the rear portion of the submarine. The reactor is protected by a thick metal casing that weighs around 100 tons. A specially designed alloy inside this shielding further protects the radioactive fuel rods.
H. Sonar sphere: it is located in the Front part of the submarine. Sonar helps a submarine detect other objects in the water. It works by sending out a sound wave. If this sound wave strikes an object, a portion of the sound will be echoed back to the sub. I. Torpedo room: is where all torpedoes are stored and loaded into torpedo tubes to prepare them for launching. J. Mess deck: Forward compartment: submarine's crew is housed and fed in very tight, efficient quarters called the berthing and mess deck. Usually, this area is in the middle level of the ship's forward compartment.

II.
NUCLEAR SUBMARINE ATMOSPHERE Nuclear Powered Submarines is particularly suitable for vessels which need to be at sea for long periods without refueling. In Nuclear Powered Submarines are submariners live and work in an atmosphere composed of approximately 80% naturally occurring nitrogen, 19% oxygen (manufactured aboard ship), and a complex mixture of inorganic and organic contaminants. The concentrations of contaminants exist as a balance between the rates of production from human and operational activities and the rate of removal by engineering systems. The biological effects of inorganic gases, particularly carbon dioxide, have been extensively studied. Investigators are now attempting to define the composition and concentration of volatile organic compounds that accumulate during 90-day submergences. Medical studies have not conclusively shown that crewmembers incur adverse health effects from continuous exposures to the sealed atmospheres of nuclear submarines. In future, constraints on fossil fuel use in transport may bring marine nuclear propulsion into more widespread use. So far, exaggerated fears about safety have caused political restriction on port access [4][5][6][7][8][9] III.

BOREI-CLASS SUBMARINE MODEL DESIGN
AND ANALYSIS. Using the CATIA Design software and prepare the Boreiclass submarine model. This Boreiclass submarine model was design in Catia and after modelling the submarine it is imported to ANSYS. In ANSYS There is two types tests are conducted on submarine A.
ANSYS CFD Analysis

A. ANSYS CFD Analysis
In this research work CFD analysis done at Boreiclass submarine model and find the Pressure Effect, Velocity Effect, Drag force, Drag Coefficient, Lift force, Lift coefficient, Streamlines, Volume Rendering, at Different velocities and compare the different at different velocities 500m/s, 1000m/s, 1500m/s. and find the results of all these parameters effect on the submarine. [10][11][12][13][14] B.
ANSYS Explicit Dynamics In this research work Explicit Dynamics analysis done at Boreiclass submarine model and find the deformation, total velocity, total acceleration, equivalent stress, maximum principal stress, minimum principal stress, maximum shear. [15][16][17] IV. ABOUT BOREI-CLASS SUBMARINE: The new design for this Borei class submarine carries Bulava submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Boreiclass submarine was planned to launch in 2009 but due to delay of Bulava development and fitted in 2013. There is lot of failures during test launches by 2017 out of 27 tests 12 were failure Development of missiles continues.   Table 1  Table 2 The deformation of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots, found that deformation is independent of fixed supports Total velocity  Table 3  Table 4 The total velocity of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots, found that total velocity is independent of fixed supports Total acceleration  Table 5  Table 6 The total acceleration of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots, found that total acceleration is independent of fixed supports.

Equivalent elastic stress
i.Equivalent stress of ii. Equivalent stress of top fixed support both side fixed support Table 7  Table 8 The equivalent stress of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots, found that equivalent stress is independent of fixed supports Maximum principal stress I.Maximum principal stress ii. Maximum principal stress of top fixed support of both side fixed support Table 9  Table 10 The maximum principal stress of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots, maximum principal stress found that is independent of fixed supports Minimum principal stress I. Minimum principal stress ii. Minimum principal stress of top fixed support both side fixed support Table 5. 11 Table 5. 12 The minimum principal stress of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots, minimum principal stress found that is independent of fixed supports Maximum shear stress I. Maximum shear stress i. Maximum shear stress of top fixed support of both side fixed support Table 13  Table 14 The maximum shear stress of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots, maximum shear stress found that is independent of fixed supports Stress intensity I.Stress intensityof ii. Stress intensityof top fixed support both side fixed support Table 5. 15  Table 5. 16 The stress intensity of the submarine analyzed at a velocity of 8.09935 knots, stress intensity found that is independent of fixed supports

Equivalent elastic strain
i.Equivalent strain of ii. Equivalent strain of top fixed support both side fixed support Table 17  Table 18 The equivalent strain of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots, found that equivalent strain is independent of fixed supports

Maximum principal elastic strain
I. Maximum principal elastic ii. Maximum principal elastic strain strain of top fixed support of both side fixed support The maximum principal elastic strain of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots, found that maximum principal elastic strain is independent of fixed supports Minimum principal elastic strain i. Minimum principal elastic ii. Minimum principal elastic strain of top fixed support strain of both side fixed support Table 21  Table 22 The minimum principal elastic strain of the submarine analyzed at a velocity of 8.09935 knots, found that minimum principal elastic strain is independent of fixed supports.

Maximum shear elastic strain
i.Maximum shear elastic strain ii. Maximum shear elastic strain of top fixed support of both side fixed support Table 23  Table 24 The maximum shear elastic strain of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots, found that maximum shear elastic strain is independent of fixed supports.

Elastic strain intensity
i. Elastic strain intensity of ii. Elastic strain intensity of Top fixed support both side fixed support Table 25  Table 26 The elastic strain intensity of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots, found that elastic strain intensity is independent of fixed supports.
Comparing the top fixed support at velocity 8.09935 knots with same velocity changing the fixed supports and increases the collision time from 10000 s to 1000000 s. Deformation  Table 27  Table 28 The deformation of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing collision time from 10000 s to 1000000 s, found that deformation is high compare less collision time  Table 29  Table 30 The total velocity of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing collision time from 10000 s to 1000000 s, found that total velocity is high compare to less collision time Total acceleration .  Table 31  Table 32 The total acceleration of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing changing the fixed support and with increasing collision time from 10000 s to 1000000 s, found that total acceleration is less compare to less collision time Equivalent elastic stress i.Equivalent stress of ii. Equivalent stress of top fixed support both bottom support Table 33  Table 34 The equivalent elastic stress of the submarine analyzed at a velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing collision time from 10000 s to 1000000 s, found that equivalent elastic stress is less compare with less collision time Maximum principal stress I.Maximum principal stress ii. Maximum principal stress of top fixed support of bottom fixed support Table 35  Table 36 The maximum principal stress of the submarine analyzed at a velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing collision time from 10000 s to 1000000 s, found that maximum principal stress is high compare with less collision time Minimum principal stress I.Minimum principal stress of ii. Minimum principal stress of top fixed support bottom fixed support Table 37  Table 38 The minimum principal stress of the submarine analyzed at a velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing collision time from 10000 s to 1000000 s, found that minimum principal stress is low compare with less collision time Maximum shear stress I. Maximum shear stress of ii. Maximum shear stress of top fixed support bottom fixed support Table 39  Table 40 The maximum shear stress of the submarine analyzed at a velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing collision time from 10000 s to 1000000 s, found that maximum shear stress is low compare with less collision time  Table 41  Table 42 The stress intensity of the submarine analyzed at a velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing collision time from 10000 s to 1000000 s, found that stress intensity is low compare with less collision time Equivalent elastic strain i.Equivalent strain of ii. Equivalent strain of top fixed support bottom support Table 43  Table 44 The equivalent elastic strain of the submarine analyzed at a velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing collision time from 10000 s to 1000000 s, found that equivalent elastic strain is high compare with less collision time Maximum principal elastic strain I. Maximum principal elastic ii. Maximum principal elastic strain of top fixed support strain of bottom fixed support Table 45  Table 46 The maximum principal elastic strain of the submarine analyzed at a velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing collision time, found that maximum principal elastic strain is high compare with less collision time Minimum principal elastic strain i.Minimum principal elastic ii. Minimum principal elastic strain of top fixed support strain of bottom fixed support Table 47  Table 48 The minimum principal elastic strain of the submarine analyzed at a velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing collision time, found that minimum principal elastic strain is high compare with less collision time Maximum shear elastic strain i.Maximum shear elastic strain ii. Maximum shear elastic strain of top fixed support of bottom fixed support Table 49  Table 50 The maximum shear elastic strain of the submarine analyzed at a velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing collision time from 10000 s to 1000000 s, found that maximum shear elastic strain is high compare with less collision time Elastic strain intensity i. Elastic strain intensity of ii. Elastic strain intensity of Top fixed support bottom fixed support Table 51  Table 52 The elastic strain intensity of the submarine analyzed at a velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing collision time from 10000 s to 1000000 s, found that elastic strain intensity is high compare with less collision time

Total velocity
Comparing the top fixed support at velocity 8.09935 knots with chaining the velocity at 16.1987 knots with bottom fixed support with same collision time 10000 sec. DEFORMATION  Table 53  Table 54 The deformation of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that deformation is high in 16.1987 Table 55  Table 56 The total velocity of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that total velocity is high in 16.1987 in compare to 8.09935.  Table 5. 57 Table 5. 58

Total acceleration
The total acceleration of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that total acceleration is high in 16.1987 Table 59  Table 60 The total acceleration of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that total acceleration is low in 16.1987 in compare to 8.09935.  Table 61  Table 62 The maximum principal stress of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that maximum principal stress is low in 16.1987 in compare to 8.09935.

Minimum principal stress
i.Minimum principal stress of ii. Minimum principal stress of top fixed support bottom fixed suppot Table 63  Table 64 The minimum principal stress of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that minimum principal stress is low in 16.1987 Table 65  Table 66 The maximum shear stress of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that maximum shear stress is low in 16.1987 in compare to 8.09935.

Stress intensity
I.stress intensityof ii. Stress intensityof Top fixed support bottom fixed support Table 67  Table 68 The stress intensity of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that stress intensity is low in 16.1987 in compare to 8.09935.

Equivalent elastic strain
i.Equivalent strain of ii. Equivalent strain of top fixed support bottom fixed support Table 69  Table 70 The equivalent elastic strain of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that equivalent elastic strain is high in 16.1987 in compare to 8.09935.

Maximum principal elastic strain
i. Maximum principal elastic ii. Maximum principal elastic strain of top fixed support strain of bottom fixed support Table 71  Table 72 The maximum principal elastic strain of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that maximum principal elastic strain is high in 16.1987 in compare to 8.09935.

Minimum principal elastic strain
i.Minimum principal elastic ii. Minimum principal elastic strain of top fixed support strain of bottom support Table 73  Table 74 The minimum principal elastic strain of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that minimum principal elastic strain is high in 16.1987 in compare to 8.09935.

Maximum shear elastic strain
i.maximum shear elastic strain ii. Maximum shear elastic strain of top fixed support of bottom fixed support Table 75  Table 76 The maximum shear elastic strain of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that maximum shear elastic strain is high in 16.1987 in compare to 8.09935.

Elastic strain intensity
i. Elastic strain intensity of ii. Elastic strain intensity of top fixed support bottom fixed support Table 77  Table 78 The elastic strain intensity of the submarine analyzed at velocity of 8.09935 knots and comparing with changing the fixed support and increasing the velocity to 16.1987, found that elastic strain intensity is high in 16.1987 Table 82 Graph 4 Lift coefficient In this research the blow tables show the deformations and velocities and accelerations and stress, strains and shows the changes of the occurs on the submarine. In this research we did this compression between changed the Fixed supports with same velocities and increasing the collision time.                    Table 108 Graph 30 Time vs velocity (Top vs bottom supports) Elastic strain intensity CONCLUSION It is observed that when submarine collision test with some object in under water with a velocity the deformations and stress and strain which are occurred on submarine and find the drag and lift on the submarine.
In this research work of Computational Fluid Dynamics, the Drag force and drag coefficient, is gradually increases when the velocities are increases from 500 to 1500, Lift coefficient and lift force is decreasing when the velocity increases from 500 to 1500.
Using explicit dynamics the collision test did on the submarine with the velocity of 8.09935(15kmph) knots with variable fixed supports of both top and bottom supports and only top fixed support and collision time is same(10000 s), and found that there is no change in deformations, velocities, accelerations, Equivalent stress, maximum principal stress, minimum principal stress, stress intensity, Equivalent elastic strain, maximum principal elastic strain, minimum principal elastic strain, maximum shear elastic strain, strain intensity There is No effect on submarine with changing the fixed support.
Due to that we compare that submarine collision test with velocity (8.09935 Knots) and compare with top fixed support and bottom fixed support and increasing collision time (time from 10000 s to 1000000 s) the Total Deformation and Total velocity also increases but acceleration decreases. In stress we found Equivalent stress, minimum principal stress, stress intensity is same, but the maximum principal stress is increased. In strains we found Equivalent elastic strain, maximum principal elastic strain, minimum principal elastic strain, maximum shear elastic strain, strain intensity all strains are high compared to previous collision time.
When we compare this collision test with changing the velocity from 8.09935 knots to 16.1987 knots with bottom fixed support with collision time(10000 s) the deformations, velocities and accelerations are high compared to the 15kmph and in the stress we found equivalent stress, maximum principal stress, minimum principal stress, stress intensity all are low compared to the 8.09935 knots speed collision. In strains we found Equivalent elastic strain, maximum principal elastic strain, minimum principal elastic strain, maximum shear elastic strain, strain intensity all strains are high compare to 8.09935 knots.