Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium using Tamarind Fruit Shell

To investigate the Biosorption of chromium(VI) Ion using crude tamarind fruit shell (CTFS) and HCl treated tamarind fruit shells (H-TS) from aqueous solution at room temperature..To compare the extent of biosorptionbetween untreated and treated forms of the tamarind shells..To evaluate the influence of different experimental parameters such as pH , effect of initial metal ion concentration and effect of dosage of adsorbent on biosorption. INTRODUCTION Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least five times greater than that of water. Their multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical, and technological applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment, raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment. Their toxicity depends on several factors including the dose, route of exposure, and chemical species, as well as the age, gender, genetics, and nutritional status of exposed individuals. Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance. These metallic elements are considered systemic toxicants that are known to induce multiple organ damage, even at lower levels of exposure. They are also classified as human carcinogens .Due to their persistence in nature it is inevitable to become essential to remove them from waste waters. Conventional techniques have limitations and often are neither effective nor economical especially for the removal of heavy metals at low concentrations. New separation methods are effective and environmentally acceptable at affordable cost. An alternative method for the removal of heavy metals is considered based on the biological methods of metal removal and recovery. Microorganisms play a significant role in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and wastewater. The ability of microorganisms to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions has been known for some decades. The removal of the metals occur actively only with living cells and or passively at the surface of dead cells .This is known as Biosorption.(2) Biosorption is a fast and reversible reaction of heavy metals with micro organisms or biomass. In this study, heavy metal resistant fungi and bacteria were isolated from the soil samples of an electroplating industry, and the bioaccumulations of Cr(VI) by these isolates were characterized to evaluate their applicability for heavy metal removal from industrial wastewaters. The optimum pH and temperature conditions for both the growth and heavy metal removal were determined for each isolate. The optimal pH for fungal isolates was lower (5– 5.2) than that for bacterial isolates . The observed effects of pH was attributable mainly to organism-specific physiology because in all the tested cases the cellular growth positively correlated with heavy metal removal. The byproducts obtained from biomaterial production are cheap source of biosorbents. Therefore biosorption is potential cost effective way of removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. The process is effective even if the concentration is as low as 200 g/ml. Several approaches have been studied and developed for the effective removal of heavy metals using biosorbent like microbial biomass and other agricultural by products soya been hulls, walnuts hulls, cotton seed hulls and corn cobs. It has also been observed that these biosorbents need further modifications to increase the active binding sites and also made them readily available for sorption. Huang and Huang stated that pre-treatment of biomass removes the surface impurities on the biosorbents and expose the available binding sites for metal sorption.(5) TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM Chromium was discovered in 1797 by Vauqelin. Numerous industrial application raised chromium to very important economic element. At the same time with the development of its uses the adverse effect of chromium compounds in human health were being defined. Chromium has pure metal has no adverse effect. Little toxic effect is attributed to trivalent chromium when present in large quantities. Both acute and chronic toxicity of chromium are mainly caused by hexavalent compounds. Several in vitro studies indicated that high concentrations of chromium(III) in the cell can lead to DNA damage. Hexavalent chromium is also one of the substances whose use is restricted by the European Restriction of Hazardous Substance Directive. The carcinogenity of chromate dust has been known for a long time, and 1890 the first publication described the elevated cancer risk of workers in a chromate dye company. Three mechanisms have been proposed to describe the genotoxicity of chromium (VI) to chromium(III). The first mechanism includes highly reactive hydroxyl radicals and other reactive radicals which are by products of the direct binding chromium(VI), produced by reduction in the cell to the International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 http://www.ijert.org IJERTV9IS050594 (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.) Published by : www.ijert.org Vol. 9 Issue 05, May-2020


INTRODUCTION
Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least five times greater than that of water. Their multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical, and technological applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment, raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment. Their toxicity depends on several factors including the dose, route of exposure, and chemical species, as well as the age, gender, genetics, and nutritional status of exposed individuals. Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance. These metallic elements are considered systemic toxicants that are known to induce multiple organ damage, even at lower levels of exposure. They are also classified as human carcinogens .Due to their persistence in nature it is inevitable to become essential to remove them from waste waters. Conventional techniques have limitations and often are neither effective nor economical especially for the removal of heavy metals at low concentrations. New separation methods are effective and environmentally acceptable at affordable cost.
An alternative method for the removal of heavy metals is considered based on the biological methods of metal removal and recovery. Microorganisms play a significant role in bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and wastewater. The ability of microorganisms to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions has been known for some decades. The removal of the metals occur actively only with living cells and or passively at the surface of dead cells .This is known as Biosorption. (2) Biosorption is a fast and reversible reaction of heavy metals with micro organisms or biomass. In this study, heavy metal resistant fungi and bacteria were isolated from the soil samples of an electroplating industry, and the bioaccumulations of Cr(VI) by these isolates were characterized to evaluate their applicability for heavy metal removal from industrial wastewaters. The optimum pH and temperature conditions for both the growth and heavy metal removal were determined for each isolate. The optimal pH for fungal isolates was lower (5-5.2) than that for bacterial isolates . The observed effects of pH was attributable mainly to organism-specific physiology because in all the tested cases the cellular growth positively correlated with heavy metal removal.
The byproducts obtained from biomaterial production are cheap source of biosorbents. Therefore biosorption is potential cost effective way of removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. The process is effective even if the concentration is as low as 200 g/ml.
Several approaches have been studied and developed for the effective removal of heavy metals using biosorbent like microbial biomass and other agricultural by products soya been hulls, walnuts hulls, cotton seed hulls and corn cobs. It has also been observed that these biosorbents need further modifications to increase the active binding sites and also made them readily available for sorption. Huang and Huang stated that pre-treatment of biomass removes the surface impurities on the biosorbents and expose the available binding sites for metal sorption. (5) TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHROMIUM Chromium was discovered in 1797 by Vauqelin. Numerous industrial application raised chromium to very important economic element. At the same time with the development of its uses the adverse effect of chromium compounds in human health were being defined. Chromium has pure metal has no adverse effect. Little toxic effect is attributed to trivalent chromium when present in large quantities. Both acute and chronic toxicity of chromium are mainly caused by hexavalent compounds. Several in vitro studies indicated that high concentrations of chromium(III) in the cell can lead to DNA damage.
Hexavalent chromium is also one of the substances whose use is restricted by the European Restriction of Hazardous Substance Directive. The carcinogenity of chromate dust has been known for a long time, and 1890 the first publication described the elevated cancer risk of workers in a chromate dye company. Three mechanisms have been proposed to describe the genotoxicity of chromium (VI) to chromium(III). The first mechanism includes highly reactive hydroxyl radicals and other reactive radicals which are by products of the direct binding chromium(VI), produced by reduction in the cell to the DNA. The last mechanism attributes the genotoxicity to the binding to the DNA of the end product of the chromium(III) reduction. Overexposure to chromium can occur in welders and other workers in the metallurgical industry, persons taking chromium-containing dietary supplements ,patients who have received metallic surgical implants and individuals who ingest chromium salts. Chromium concentrations in whole blood ,plasma, serum or urine may be measured to monitor assist in the forensic investigation in the case of fatal over dosage. Since plants lack a specific transport system for Cr, it is taken up by carriers of essential ions such as sulfate or iron. Toxic effects of Cr on plant growth and development include alterations in the germination process as well as in thegrowth of roots, stems and leaves, which may affect total dry matter production and yield. Cr also causes deleterious effects on plant physiological processes such as photosynthesis, water relations and mineral nutrition. Metabolic alterations by Cr exposure have also been described in plants either by a direct effect on enzymes or other metabolites or by its ability to generate reactive oxygen species which may cause oxidative for safety in exposed workers, to confirm the diagnosis in potential poisoning victims, or to stress. The potential of plants with the capacity to accumulate or to stabilize Cr compounds for bioremediation of Cr contamination has gained interest in recent years.(3) Figure 1. Effect of chromium in animal cell Fi ADSORPTION Adsorption refers to the existence of a higher concentration of a molecular species at the surface of solid or liquid material than is present in the bulk of the material. The material attracts and retains other species on its surface is called the adsorbent and the species that gets retained on the surface of material is called adsorbate. ie ,the adsorbing material is called adsorbent and the material that gets adsorbed is called adsorbate. The process in which an adsorbed material leaves the surface is called desorption.
Adsorption is different from absorption. In absorption, the molecules of a substance are uniformly distributed in the bulk of other, whereas in adsorption molecule of one substances are present in higher concentration at the surface rather than bulk of the other substances.

ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS
The process of Adsorption is usually studied through graphs know as adsorption isotherm. It is the graph between the amounts of adsorbate (x) adsorbed on the surface of adsorbent (m) and pressure at constant temperature. Different adsorption isotherms have been Freundlich, Langmuir and BET theory.

a) Basic Adsorption Isotherm
In the process of adsorption, adsorbate gets adsorbed on adsorbent.
According to Le-Chatelier principle, the direction of equilibrium would shift in that direction where the stress can be relieved. In case of application of excess of pressure to the equilibrium system, the equilibrium will shift in the direction where the number of molecules decreases. Since number of molecules decreases in forward direction, with the increases in pressure, forward direction of equilibrium will be favored. From the graph, we can predict that after saturation pressure Ps, adsorption does not occur anymore. This can be explained by the fact that there are limited numbers of vacancies on the surface of the adsorbent. At high pressure a stage is reached when all the sites are occupied and further increase in pressure does not cause any difference in adsorption process. At high pressure, Adsorption is independent of pressure.

b) Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm
In 1909, Freundlich gave an empirical expression representing the isothermal variation of adsorption of a quantity of gas adsorbed by unit mass of solid adsorbent with pressure. This equation is known as Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm or Freundlich Adsorption equation or simply Freundlich Isotherm.
Where x is the mass of the gas adsorbed on mass m of the adsorbent at pressure p and k, n are constants whose values

c) Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm
In 1916 Langmuir proposed another Adsorption Isotherm known as Langmuir Adsorption isotherm. This isotherm was based on different assumptions one of which is that dynamic equilibrium exists between adsorbed gaseous molecules and the free gaseous molecules.
Where A(g) is unadsorbed gaseous molecule, B(s) is unoccupied metal surface and AB is Adsorbed gaseous molecule.Based on his theory, he derived Langmuir Equation which depicted a relationship between the number of active sites of the surface undergoing adsorption and pressure.
Where θ the number of sites of the surface which are covered with gaseous molecule, P represents pressure and K is the equilibrium constant for distribution of adsorbate between the surface and the gas phase .The basic limitation of Langmuir adsorption equation is that it is valid at low pressure only. At lower pressure, KP is so small, that factor (1+KP) in denominator can almost be ignored. So Langmuir equation reduces to θ = KP At high pressure KP is so large, that factor (1+KP) in denominator is nearly equal to KP. So Langmuir equation reduces to Fig.5. Langmuir adsorption isotherm TAMARIND FRUIT SHELL Tamarind( tamarind indica) consist of fruit, black seeds and husk. Tamarind husk is outer shell of tamarind fruit obtained after removing the fruit the process for obtaining tamarind husk is during the separation process to remove the fruit and the black seed. Tamarind seed husk is brown outer shell of black seed obtained after decortications of roasted seeds. It has wide uses in fuel and cattle feed industry and also tannins extracted from tamarind husk are used in leather industry and tamarind husk is also used for fish poison. Tamarind indica fruit shells (TIFSs) are naturally calcium rich compounds. They were impregnated with ammonium carbonate and then carbonized, leading to ammonium carbonate activated ACA-TIFS carbon. The resulting materials and carbon arising from virgin fruit shells V-TIFS were characterized and assayed as adsorbent for the removal of fluoride anions from groundwater. Tamarind husk and seed husk uses are not limited to know applications and usages but it has many unknown usages and applications.

Methods used a) Preparation of Crude Tamarind Fruit Shell (CTFS) biosorbent
Tamarind fruit shells, a waste product of tamarind pulp were collected from the natural tamarind trees. The tamarind fruit shells are cleaned with distilled water , and are powdered and sieved to get uniform size. They are again washed thoroughly with distilled water and dried in the oven for 2 hours at 60ºC. It is used as a biosorbent called Crude Tamarind Fruit shell (CTFS). and kept on the water bath (70ºC) for half an hour. It is cooled and is neutralized with 50 ml of 1N NaOH. The filtrates are separated and are dried in the oven for 4 hrs at 60ºC. Thus the pretreated tamarind fruit shells H-TS,is used as a second and third biosorbent.

c) Effect of pH
The effect of pH on chromium biosorption on CTFS and H-TS are studied at room temperature by varying pH of chromium solution. The pH of the solutions is adjusted with 0.05N HCl and 0.05N NaOH by making use of digital pH meter.

d) Preparation of potassium dichromate solution
1N Potassium dichromate was prepared by weighing accurately 12.25g of potassium dichromate in a 250ml standard flask, dissolved in distilled water and made up to the mark, shaken well for uniform concentration. From the stock solution different concentrations like 0.5N , 0.25N and 0.125N was prepared by pipetting 50ml, 25ml and 12.25ml in 100ml standard flask and made up to the mark, shaken well for uniform concentration. Batch studies pH of the potassium dichromate solution is adjusted with 0.05N HCl and0.05N NaOH. For the first set of solution pH is adjusted to 3 and for the second set of solution pH were adjusted to 5. Batch adsorption experiments are carried out by shaking 1g of biosorbent mixed with 50ml potassium dichromate solution of known concentration in each flask solution. Then flasks where shaken thoroughly for about an hour and then kept in a trey containing water to reach equilibrium. After 12 hours the mixture was filtered using whatmann filter paper no .1.

H-TS p H = 5
The graph log Ce Vs log x/m is a straight line from that we conclude that the adsorption of chromium using tamarind fruit shell follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The data is also fit well to Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

CONCLUSIONS •
Biosorbents CTFS and H-TS have maximum adsorption capacity compared to many adsorbents.

•
The tamarind fruit shell both it's natural and acid treated forms are excellent biosorbents for the removal of chromium ions.

•
The % of removal of chromium is reduced with increase in initial metal ion concentration. • The maximum % of removal chromium occurred at 0.125N.

•
The maximum uptake of Chromium (VI) ions occurs at p H =3. • The data fits well to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.